Research progress on the geographical isolation of terrestrial mammals

doi:10.17520/biods.2020476

Abstract

Abstract:

Background & Aim: Geographical isolation is one of the main factors that drives the formation of species distribution patterns. This paper reviews the research done in recent decades on the effects of geographical isolation on the spatial distribution of terrestrial mammals, and explores the influence of different factors on the species distribution. Progresses: Both natural factors (e.g., mountain ranges, bodies of water, deserts, extreme environments, and climate change) and human factors (e.g., landscape structure changes, transportation facilities, and construction) can affect the distribution of terrestrial mammals. Natural factors usually play a role in the long-term evolution of terrestrial mammals. However, in recent centuries or even decades, species distribution characteristics have significantly changed due to human impacts. The effect of geographical isolation on terrestrial mammals is common in nature, and is a dynamic change where the scale effects vary for different kinds of geographical isolation. Regardless, mammals have responded to these forms of geographical isolation at individual and population levels. While human activities have greater impacts on the spatial distribution pattern of terrestrial mammals, efforts have been made to improve the living conditions of wildlife.Prospects: We propose the following suggestions for future research: (1) a deeper study on the contribution of geographical isolation to zoogeographical boundary formation; (2) a deeper study on the effects of geographical isolation on the genetic and adaptive mechanisms of species at the micro scale through the use molecular biology and various omics techniques; (3) learning from research done on other animal groups in an effort to strengthen the tracking and monitoring of terrestrial mammals in China; (4) a better analysis on the evolutionary history of animal distribution by combining zoogeography with data science.

Key words: terrestrial mammals, geographical isolation, spatial distribution, human activities

Lu Liu, Yao Chi, Zhaoning Wu, Tianlu Qian, Jiechen Wang. Research progress on the geographical isolation of terrestrial mammals[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(8): 1134-1145.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2020476

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2021/V29/I8/1134

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	[ 赵庆洋, 鲍毅新, 孙波, 张龙龙, 胡知渊 (2009) 千岛湖岛屿小型兽类群落分布格局及其影响因素. 动物学研究, 30, 671-678.]

隔离因素 Isolation factors		主要影响方式及强度 Main influence mode and intensity
自然因素 Natural factors	山脉 Mountain range	造成山脉两侧物种差异, 促进动物的支系分化, 形成“天空之岛”。但也有可能利于山地动物的扩散。It causes species differences on both sides of the mountain, promotes the divergence of branches, and forms “islands in the sky”. But it may also be conducive to the dispersals of mountain animals.
	江河 Rivers	可能阻碍动物扩散, 促进两岸种群遗传分化。结冰期可为扩散提供条件。隔离效果差异与河流宽度有关。会驱动兽类群落分布格局的变化, 如“千岛湖”呈现出的典型嵌套格局。It inhibits the dispersals and intensifies genetic differentiation of cross-strait populations. The glaciation period can provide conditions for dispersal. And the difference of isolation effect is related to the width of river. It drives the change of the distribution pattern of mammal community, such as the typical nested pattern of “Thousand-Islet Lake”.
	海洋 Oceans	导致岛屿隔离, 隔离作用强于江河, 促进岛屿特有种的形成。It promotes the formation of endemic species on islands. The isolation effect of ocean is stronger than that of river.
	沙漠 Deserts	阻碍大多数哺乳动物的扩散, 促进动物分化形成不同的亚种, 但有利于沙漠动物范围的扩大。It inhibits the dispersals of most mammals and promotes the division of animals into different subspecies. However, it is conducive to the expansion of desert animal range.
	其他极端环境与气候变化 Other extreme environments and climate change	冰川扩张收缩加剧动物遗传分化, 气温波动影响物种分布。如全球变暖引起的北极海冰消融, 造成北极熊生境缩小且碎片化。The expansion and contraction of glaciers aggravate genetic differentiation. Temperature fluctuations affect the distribution of species. For example, the melting of Arctic sea ice caused by global warming leads to the shrinking and fragmentation of polar bear habitat.
人为因素 Human factors	景观格局变化 Change of landscape pattern	大规模森林砍伐导致树栖哺乳动物生境面积减少, 但可能促进非树栖动物的种群扩张。土地利用类型变化会影响物种分布, 重新造林会促进树栖动物的再次扩张。Large-scale deforestation reduces the habitat area of arboreal mammals, but it may promote the population expansion of non-arboreal mammals. Changes in land use types will affect species distribution and reforestation will promote the re-expansion of arboreal fauna.
	交通设施建设 Construction of transportation facilities	阻碍动物迁徙, 导致动物生境破碎化程度加剧。不同物种对道路的响应不同。野生动物桥梁可为动物提供迁徙通道。It inhibits the migration of animals and leads to the fragmentation of the habitat. Different species respond differently to the road. Wildlife bridges can provide migration passages for mammals.
	其他因素 Other factors	水库修建、偷猎狩猎、人为火灾等均会影响动物分布和扩散。人为干预可打破地理隔离限制, 加强地理隔离可防治物种入侵。Reservoir construction, poaching, and man-made fires all affect the distribution and the dispersal of mammals. Human intervention can break the restriction of geographical isolation, and strengthening geographical isolation can prevent and control species invasion.

隔离因素 Isolation factors		主要影响方式及强度 Main influence mode and intensity
自然因素 Natural factors	山脉 Mountain range	造成山脉两侧物种差异, 促进动物的支系分化, 形成“天空之岛”。但也有可能利于山地动物的扩散。It causes species differences on both sides of the mountain, promotes the divergence of branches, and forms “islands in the sky”. But it may also be conducive to the dispersals of mountain animals.
	江河 Rivers	可能阻碍动物扩散, 促进两岸种群遗传分化。结冰期可为扩散提供条件。隔离效果差异与河流宽度有关。会驱动兽类群落分布格局的变化, 如“千岛湖”呈现出的典型嵌套格局。It inhibits the dispersals and intensifies genetic differentiation of cross-strait populations. The glaciation period can provide conditions for dispersal. And the difference of isolation effect is related to the width of river. It drives the change of the distribution pattern of mammal community, such as the typical nested pattern of “Thousand-Islet Lake”.
	海洋 Oceans	导致岛屿隔离, 隔离作用强于江河, 促进岛屿特有种的形成。It promotes the formation of endemic species on islands. The isolation effect of ocean is stronger than that of river.
	沙漠 Deserts	阻碍大多数哺乳动物的扩散, 促进动物分化形成不同的亚种, 但有利于沙漠动物范围的扩大。It inhibits the dispersals of most mammals and promotes the division of animals into different subspecies. However, it is conducive to the expansion of desert animal range.
	其他极端环境与气候变化 Other extreme environments and climate change	冰川扩张收缩加剧动物遗传分化, 气温波动影响物种分布。如全球变暖引起的北极海冰消融, 造成北极熊生境缩小且碎片化。The expansion and contraction of glaciers aggravate genetic differentiation. Temperature fluctuations affect the distribution of species. For example, the melting of Arctic sea ice caused by global warming leads to the shrinking and fragmentation of polar bear habitat.
人为因素 Human factors	景观格局变化 Change of landscape pattern	大规模森林砍伐导致树栖哺乳动物生境面积减少, 但可能促进非树栖动物的种群扩张。土地利用类型变化会影响物种分布, 重新造林会促进树栖动物的再次扩张。Large-scale deforestation reduces the habitat area of arboreal mammals, but it may promote the population expansion of non-arboreal mammals. Changes in land use types will affect species distribution and reforestation will promote the re-expansion of arboreal fauna.
	交通设施建设 Construction of transportation facilities	阻碍动物迁徙, 导致动物生境破碎化程度加剧。不同物种对道路的响应不同。野生动物桥梁可为动物提供迁徙通道。It inhibits the migration of animals and leads to the fragmentation of the habitat. Different species respond differently to the road. Wildlife bridges can provide migration passages for mammals.
	其他因素 Other factors	水库修建、偷猎狩猎、人为火灾等均会影响动物分布和扩散。人为干预可打破地理隔离限制, 加强地理隔离可防治物种入侵。Reservoir construction, poaching, and man-made fires all affect the distribution and the dispersal of mammals. Human intervention can break the restriction of geographical isolation, and strengthening geographical isolation can prevent and control species invasion.