Biodiv Sci ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (6): 25021. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025021 cstr: 32101.14.biods.25021
• Original Papers: Ecosystem Diversity • Previous Articles Next Articles
Quanfeng Yang1(
), Yanjie Tang1, Haijun Xiao1(), Ying Wang2(), Rong Zhang2(), Fang Ouyang3,*()(
), Shuhua Wei2,*()()
Received:2025-01-13
Accepted:2025-05-28
Online:2025-06-20
Published:2025-07-29
Contact:
Fang Ouyang, Shuhua Wei
Supported by:Quanfeng Yang, Yanjie Tang, Haijun Xiao, Ying Wang, Rong Zhang, Fang Ouyang, Shuhua Wei. Cascading effects of plant diversity-grasshoppers-carabids and their impacts on primary productivity across grassland types of Ningxia, China[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2025, 33(6): 25021.
Fig. 1 The distribution map of research sites and typical habitat photos of four grassland types in Ningxia
| 自变量 Independent variable | 因变量 Dependent variable | 温性草甸草原 Temperate meadow steppe | 温性典型草原 Temperate typical steppe | 温性荒漠草原 Temperate desert steppe | 温性草原化荒漠 Temperate steppe-desert |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 植物多样性 Plant diversity | 蝗虫丰度 Grasshopper abundance | P = 0.808, R2 = 0.005 | P = 0.445, R2 = 0.014 | P = 0.180, R2 = 0.034 | P = 0.040, R2 = 0.350 (+) |
| 蝗虫丰富度 Grasshopper richness | P = 0.912, R2 = 0.009 | P = 0.744, R2 = 0.002 | P = 0.020, R2 = 0.311 | P = 0.049, R2 = 0.310 (+) | |
| 步甲丰度 Carabid beetle abundance | P = 0.568, R2 = 0.026 | P = 0.589, R2 = 0.007 | P = 0.007, R2 = 0.540 | P = 0.416, R2 = 0.067 | |
| 步甲丰富度 Carabid beetle richness | P = 0.754, R2 = 0.008 | P = 0.579, R2 = 0.002 | P = 0.048, R2 = 0.060 (-) | P = 0.623, R2 = 0.025 | |
| 草原初级生产力 Grassland primary productivity | P = 0.476, R2 = 0.040 | P = 0.040, R2 = 0.100 (+) | P = 0.040, R2 = 0.050 (+) | P = 0.047, R2 = 0.340 (-) | |
| 温度 Temperature | 蝗虫丰度 Grasshopper abundance | P = 0.364, R2 = 0.064 | P = 0.271, R2 = 0.028 | P = 0.940, R2 = 0 | P = 0.561, R2 = 0.035 |
| 蝗虫丰富度 Grasshopper richness | P = 0.345, R2 = 0.069 | P = 0.124, R2 = 0.054 | P = 0.954, R2 = 0 | P = 0.627, R2 = 0.024 | |
| 步甲丰度 Carabid beetle abundance | P = 0.368, R2 = 0.063 | P = 0.040, R2 = 0.100 (+) | P = 0.412, R2 = 0.010 | P = 0.711, R2 = 0.014 | |
| 步甲丰富度 Carabid beetle richness | P = 0.591, R2 = 0.023 | P = 0.109, R2 = 0.058 | P = 0.084, R2 = 0.056 | P = 0.775, R2 = 0.008 | |
| 草原初级生产力 Grassland primary productivity | P = 0.377, R2 = 0.060 | P = 0.251, R2 = 0.319 | P = 0.629, R2 = 0.005 | P = 0.157, R2 = 0.457 | |
| 降水 Rainfall | 蝗虫丰度 Grasshopper abundance | P = 0.220, R2 = 0.113 | P = 0.251, R2 = 0.030 | P = 0.805, R2 = 0.001 | P = 0.167, R2 = 0.181 |
| 蝗虫丰富度 Grasshopper richness | P = 0.462, R2 = 0.042 | P = 0.150, R2 = 0.048 | P = 0.899, R2 = 0 | P = 0.255, R2 = 0.127 | |
| 步甲丰度 Carabid beetle abundance | P = 0.368, R2 = 0.063 | P = 0.453, R2 = 0.013 | P = 0.709, R2 = 0.003 | P = 0.537, R2 = 0.039 | |
| 步甲丰富度 Carabid beetle richness | P = 0.040, R2 = 0.300 (+) | P = 0.680, R2 = 0.004 | P = 0.093, R2 = 0.053 | P = 0.511, R2 = 0.044 | |
| 草原初级生产力 Grassland primary productivity | P = 0.315, R2 = 0.078 | P = 0.127, R2 = 0.053 | P = 0.020, R2 = 0.100 (+) | P = 0.649, R2 = 0.024 |
Table 1 Impacts of plant diversity, temperature, and precipitation on the abundance or richness of grasshoppers/carabids and primary productivity among four grassland types. The bolded fonts indicate that the independent variable has a significant impact on the dependent variable. The P value represents the significance level, and R2 indicates the goodness of fit of the model. +, Positive effect; -, Negative effect.
| 自变量 Independent variable | 因变量 Dependent variable | 温性草甸草原 Temperate meadow steppe | 温性典型草原 Temperate typical steppe | 温性荒漠草原 Temperate desert steppe | 温性草原化荒漠 Temperate steppe-desert |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 植物多样性 Plant diversity | 蝗虫丰度 Grasshopper abundance | P = 0.808, R2 = 0.005 | P = 0.445, R2 = 0.014 | P = 0.180, R2 = 0.034 | P = 0.040, R2 = 0.350 (+) |
| 蝗虫丰富度 Grasshopper richness | P = 0.912, R2 = 0.009 | P = 0.744, R2 = 0.002 | P = 0.020, R2 = 0.311 | P = 0.049, R2 = 0.310 (+) | |
| 步甲丰度 Carabid beetle abundance | P = 0.568, R2 = 0.026 | P = 0.589, R2 = 0.007 | P = 0.007, R2 = 0.540 | P = 0.416, R2 = 0.067 | |
| 步甲丰富度 Carabid beetle richness | P = 0.754, R2 = 0.008 | P = 0.579, R2 = 0.002 | P = 0.048, R2 = 0.060 (-) | P = 0.623, R2 = 0.025 | |
| 草原初级生产力 Grassland primary productivity | P = 0.476, R2 = 0.040 | P = 0.040, R2 = 0.100 (+) | P = 0.040, R2 = 0.050 (+) | P = 0.047, R2 = 0.340 (-) | |
| 温度 Temperature | 蝗虫丰度 Grasshopper abundance | P = 0.364, R2 = 0.064 | P = 0.271, R2 = 0.028 | P = 0.940, R2 = 0 | P = 0.561, R2 = 0.035 |
| 蝗虫丰富度 Grasshopper richness | P = 0.345, R2 = 0.069 | P = 0.124, R2 = 0.054 | P = 0.954, R2 = 0 | P = 0.627, R2 = 0.024 | |
| 步甲丰度 Carabid beetle abundance | P = 0.368, R2 = 0.063 | P = 0.040, R2 = 0.100 (+) | P = 0.412, R2 = 0.010 | P = 0.711, R2 = 0.014 | |
| 步甲丰富度 Carabid beetle richness | P = 0.591, R2 = 0.023 | P = 0.109, R2 = 0.058 | P = 0.084, R2 = 0.056 | P = 0.775, R2 = 0.008 | |
| 草原初级生产力 Grassland primary productivity | P = 0.377, R2 = 0.060 | P = 0.251, R2 = 0.319 | P = 0.629, R2 = 0.005 | P = 0.157, R2 = 0.457 | |
| 降水 Rainfall | 蝗虫丰度 Grasshopper abundance | P = 0.220, R2 = 0.113 | P = 0.251, R2 = 0.030 | P = 0.805, R2 = 0.001 | P = 0.167, R2 = 0.181 |
| 蝗虫丰富度 Grasshopper richness | P = 0.462, R2 = 0.042 | P = 0.150, R2 = 0.048 | P = 0.899, R2 = 0 | P = 0.255, R2 = 0.127 | |
| 步甲丰度 Carabid beetle abundance | P = 0.368, R2 = 0.063 | P = 0.453, R2 = 0.013 | P = 0.709, R2 = 0.003 | P = 0.537, R2 = 0.039 | |
| 步甲丰富度 Carabid beetle richness | P = 0.040, R2 = 0.300 (+) | P = 0.680, R2 = 0.004 | P = 0.093, R2 = 0.053 | P = 0.511, R2 = 0.044 | |
| 草原初级生产力 Grassland primary productivity | P = 0.315, R2 = 0.078 | P = 0.127, R2 = 0.053 | P = 0.020, R2 = 0.100 (+) | P = 0.649, R2 = 0.024 |
Fig. 2 The effects of grasshopper richness on carabid beetle richness, grasshopper abundance on carabid beetle abundance, and the effect of the above single variable on the grassland primary productivity in temperate meadow steppe. If there is a significant correlation between the independent variable and the dependent variable, the P value and the coefficient of determination R2 of the linear model will be marked on the figure.
| 自变量 Independent variable | 因变量 Dependent variable | 温性草甸草原 Temperate meadow steppe | 温性典型草原 Temperate typical steppe | 温性荒漠草原 Temperate desert steppe | 温性草原化荒漠 Temperate steppe-desert |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 蝗虫丰度 Grasshopper abundance | 步甲丰度 Carabid beetle abundance | P = 0.673, R2 = 0.014 | P = 0.729, R2 = 0.003 | P = 0.420, R2 = 0.012 | P = 0.050, R2 = 0.320 (+) |
| 蝗虫丰富度 Grasshopper richness | 步甲丰富度 Carabid beetle richness | P = 0.679, R2 = 0.014 | P = 0.472, R2 = 0.012 | P = 0.682, R2 = 0.003 | P = 0.307, R2 = 0.103 |
Table 2 Impacts of grasshopper richness on carabid beetle richness, and the grasshopper abundance on carabid beetle abundance among four grassland types. The bolded fonts indicate that the independent variable has a significant impact on the dependent variable. The P value represents the significance level, and R2 indicates the goodness of fit of the model. +, Positive effect.
| 自变量 Independent variable | 因变量 Dependent variable | 温性草甸草原 Temperate meadow steppe | 温性典型草原 Temperate typical steppe | 温性荒漠草原 Temperate desert steppe | 温性草原化荒漠 Temperate steppe-desert |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 蝗虫丰度 Grasshopper abundance | 步甲丰度 Carabid beetle abundance | P = 0.673, R2 = 0.014 | P = 0.729, R2 = 0.003 | P = 0.420, R2 = 0.012 | P = 0.050, R2 = 0.320 (+) |
| 蝗虫丰富度 Grasshopper richness | 步甲丰富度 Carabid beetle richness | P = 0.679, R2 = 0.014 | P = 0.472, R2 = 0.012 | P = 0.682, R2 = 0.003 | P = 0.307, R2 = 0.103 |
| 自变量 Independent variable | 因变量 Dependent variable | 温性草甸草原 Temperate meadow steppe | 温性典型草原 Temperate typical steppe | 温性荒漠草原 Temperate desert steppe | 温性草原化荒漠 Temperate steppe-desert |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 蝗虫丰度 Grasshopper abundance | 草原初级生产力 Grassland primary productivity | P = 0.987, R2 = 0 | P = 0.577, R2 = 0.007 | P = 0.539, R2 = 0.007 | P = 0.040, R2 = 0.250 (-) |
| 蝗虫丰富度 Grasshopper richness | 草原初级生产力 Grassland primary productivity | P = 0.679, R2 = 0.014 | P = 0.928, R2 = 0 | P = 0.819, R2 = 0.001 | P = 0.040, R2 = 0.320 (-) |
| 步甲丰度 Carabid beetle abundance | 草原初级生产力 Grassland primary productivity | P = 0.799, R2 = 0.005 | P = 0.010, R2 = 0.130 (+) | P = 0.217, R2 = 0.029 | P = 0.191, R2 = 0.165 |
| 步甲丰富度 Carabid beetle richness | 草原初级生产力 Grassland primary productivity | P = 0.503, R2 = 0.035 | P = 0.050, R2 = 0.080 (+) | P = 0.502, R2 = 0.009 | P = 0.440, R2 = 0.061 |
Table 3 Impacts of the abundance or richness of grasshopper/carabid beetle on grassland primary productivity across four grassland types. The bolded fonts indicate that the independent variable has a significant impact on the dependent variable. The P value represents the significance level, and R2 indicates the goodness of fit of the model. +, Positive effect; -, Negative effect.
| 自变量 Independent variable | 因变量 Dependent variable | 温性草甸草原 Temperate meadow steppe | 温性典型草原 Temperate typical steppe | 温性荒漠草原 Temperate desert steppe | 温性草原化荒漠 Temperate steppe-desert |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 蝗虫丰度 Grasshopper abundance | 草原初级生产力 Grassland primary productivity | P = 0.987, R2 = 0 | P = 0.577, R2 = 0.007 | P = 0.539, R2 = 0.007 | P = 0.040, R2 = 0.250 (-) |
| 蝗虫丰富度 Grasshopper richness | 草原初级生产力 Grassland primary productivity | P = 0.679, R2 = 0.014 | P = 0.928, R2 = 0 | P = 0.819, R2 = 0.001 | P = 0.040, R2 = 0.320 (-) |
| 步甲丰度 Carabid beetle abundance | 草原初级生产力 Grassland primary productivity | P = 0.799, R2 = 0.005 | P = 0.010, R2 = 0.130 (+) | P = 0.217, R2 = 0.029 | P = 0.191, R2 = 0.165 |
| 步甲丰富度 Carabid beetle richness | 草原初级生产力 Grassland primary productivity | P = 0.503, R2 = 0.035 | P = 0.050, R2 = 0.080 (+) | P = 0.502, R2 = 0.009 | P = 0.440, R2 = 0.061 |
Fig. 3 The effects of grasshopper richness on carabid beetle richness, grasshopper abundance on carabid beetle abundance, and the effect of the above single variable on the grassland primary productivity in temperate typical steppe. If there is a significant correlation between the independent variable and the dependent variable, the P value and the coefficient of determination R2 of the linear model will be marked on the figure.
Fig. 4 The effects of grasshopper richness on carabid beetle richness, grasshopper abundance on carabid beetle abundance, and the effect of the above single variable on the grassland primary productivity in temperate desert steppe. If there is a significant correlation between the independent variable and the dependent variable, the P value and the coefficient of determination R2 of the linear model will be marked on the figure.
Fig. 5 The effects of grasshopper richness on carabid beetle richness, grasshopper abundance on carabid beetle abundance, and the effect of the above single variable on the grassland primary productivity in temperate steppe-desert. If there is a significant correlation between the independent variable and the dependent variable, the P value and the coefficient of determination R2 of the linear model will be marked on the figure.
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