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Fig. 1 Diagram of the compartment cultivation system. Different compartments were separated by microporous filter with pore size of 0.45 μm. AM and NM represent inoculation of donor plants with AM fungus and the non-mycorrhizal control respectively. There are two phosphorus levels (10 mg?kg ^-1 and 100 mg?kg ^-1), and three replications for each treatment ( n = 3).
Fig. 2 Effects of mycorrhizal inoculation on maize dry mass under different P levels (mean ± SD). LP and HP refer to low P level (10 mg·kg ^-1) and high P level (100 mg·kg ^-1) respectively. AMD and NMD represent donor plants with and without AM fungus incubation, while AMR and NMR represent receiver plants with and without AM exudates respectively. Different letters above the columns indicate significant difference ( p < 0.05) between corresponding treatments. # indicates significant difference ( p < 0.05) between different P levels under the same inoculation treatment.
Fig. 3 Effects of inoculation with AM fungus on maize P concentrations under different P levels (mean ± SD). LP and HP refer to low P level (10 mg·kg ^-1) and high P level (100 mg·kg ^-1) respectively. AMD and NMD represent donor plants with and without AM fungus incubation, while AMR and NMR represent receiver plants with and without AM exudates respectively. The different letters indicates significant difference ( p < 0.05) between corresponding treatments. # indicates significant difference ( p < 0.05) between different P levels under the same inoculation treatment; * indicates significant difference ( p < 0.05) between inoculation treatments under the same P level.
Fig. 4 Expression of AM fungal genes relevant to C and P metabolisms under different P levels (mean ± SD). LP refers to low P treatments, HP refers to high P treatments, * indicates significant difference ( p < 0.05) between different P levels. GiPT, AM fungal P transporter gene; NGT1, GlcNAc transporter gene, HXK1b, GlcNAc kinase gene; AGM1, GlcNAc phosphomutase gene; UAP1, UDP GlcNAc pyrophosphorylase gene; CHS1, chitin synthase gene; DAC1, GlcNAc-6-phosphate deacetylase gene; NAG1, glucosamine- 6-phosphate isomerase gene.
Fig. 5 Expression of genes relevant to C and P metabolism in maize roots from donor compartment under different P levels (mean ± SD). LP and HP refer to low P level (10 mg?kg ^-1) and high P level (100 mg?kg ^-1) respectively. AMD and NMD represent donor plants with and without AM fungus. Different letters above the columns indicate significant difference ( p < 0.05) between corresponding treatments. # indicates significant difference ( p < 0.05) between different P levels. Pht1;2, Pht1;6, P transporter genes; PEPC, phosphoenolpiruvate carboxylase gene; TC289, inorganic pyrophosphatase gene; G3PT, glycerol- 3-phosphate transporter gene; MAS1, malate synthase gene.
Fig. 6 Expression of genes relevant to C and P metabolism in maize roots from receiver compartment under different P levels (mean ± SD). LP and HP refer to low P level (10 mg?kg ^-1) and high P level (100 mg?kg ^-1) respectively. AMR and NMR represent receiver plants with and without AM exudates respectively. # indicates significant difference ( p < 0.05) between different P levels, while $ indicates significant difference ( p < 0.05) between inoculation treatments under the same P level. Pht1;2, Pht1;6, P transporter genes; PEPC, phosphoenolpiruvate carboxylase gene; TC289, inorganic pyrophosphatase gene; G3PT, glycerol-3-phosphate transporter gene; MAS1, malate synthase gene.
Appendix I The PCR primer sequences for functional genes in maize plants
Appendix II The PCR primer sequences for AM fungal genes
Appendix III Two-way ANOVA of shoot and root dry mass, P concentrations and expression of genes related to C and P metabolisms as influenced by mycorrhizal inoculation and soil P levels
Fig. 2 Principles of 3-PG model (based on Sands & Landsberg, 2002 ). GPP, gross primary productivity; LAI, leaf area index; NPP, net primary productivity; PAR, photosynthetically active radiation; PAR° , photosynthetically active radiation of canopy absorption; PAR°° , photosynthetically active radiation of photosynthesis; SLA, specific leaf area; VPD, vapor pressure deficiency.
Table 3 3-PG model parameters and the initial values for Larix olgensis plantations
Fig. 3 Comparisons between simulated net primary productivity ( NPP) by 3-PG model and the measured data for the 30 sample plots in Larix olgensis plantations. Triangles mean net primary productivity ( NPP) values. The black line means linear regression line, and gray line means 1:1 positive linear regression line.
Table 4 The comparison of errors between calibration data and validation data
Fig. 4 Changes in net primary productivity ( NPP) simulated by 3-PG model for the 30 sample plots over a rotation period in Larix olgensis plantations.
Fig. 5 Changes in monthly mean temperature (curves), precipitation (bar charts) and net primary productivity ( NPP) in the study area during 1999-2013 (mean ± SD).
Fig. 6 The influences of optimum temperature for growth ( T _opt), age at which specific leaf area= ( SLA ₀+ SLA ₁)/2) ( tSLA) and days of production loss due to frost ( kF) on simulated net primary productivity ( NPP) in Larix olgensis plantations.
Fig. 7 Relative changes in simulated net primary productivity ( NPP) for Larix olgensis plantations under RCP 2.6, RCP 6.0 and RCP 8.5 scenarios (mean ± SD). C, CO ₂; P, precipitation; T, air temperature. 1, change; 0, no change.
Appendix I Basic information of the Larix olgensis plantation stands
Table 1 Formulae for biomass in different components of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica and Larix principis-rupprechtii
Table 2 Stand characteristics of Pinus sylvestris var . mongolica plantations (mean ± SD)

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