Multidimensional diversity patterns and their environmental drivers of Lauraceae plants in Yunnan

doi:10.17520/biods.2024558

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: Analyzing biodiversity patterns across multiple dimensions such as species, evolution, and function is essential for deeply understanding biological diversification and informing effective conservation strategies. As the province with the richest biodiversity in China and an important distribution center of Lauraceae plants globally, Yunnan is a key region for studying the multidimensional diversity patterns of Lauraceae plants and their environmental driving mechanisms. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the multidimensional patterns of biodiversity and to enhance the conservation system in Yunnan, we focused on Lauraceae, which is highly endemic and threatened in Yunnan, to conduct studies on diversity patterns and conservation.

Methods: By collecting distribution data, we examined the multidimensional diversity patterns of Lauraceae in Yunnan, identified its endemism and diversity hotspots, analyzed the dominant environmental factors shaping these patterns, conducted conservation gap analysis to inform conservation planning.

Results: (1) The results indicated that there were 21 genera and 225 species of Lauraceae in Yunnan, and the diversity patterns of the different dimensions were mismatched. (2) Southeast Yunnan, South Yunnan, Southwest Yunnan, Northwest Yunnan, Northeast Yunnan, as well as the Ailaoshan-Wuliangshan area in the central part were the diversity hotspots and centers of endemism of Lauraceae in Yunnan. (3) Water and soil were the dominant factors affecting the patterns of Lauraceae in Yunnan. (4) Current protected areas in Yunnan did not adequately cover Lauraceae conservation hotspots, leaving 63.4% of the critical areas unprotected. Notably, 52.6% of these conservation hotspots were located in narrow areas adjacent to neighboring provinces and countries.

Conclusion: A multidimensional comprehensive analysis method should be employed to fully understand the distribution patterns of regional biodiversity, and develop scientific and effective conservation planning. The conservation planning of Yunnan needs to focus particularly on edge conservation hotspot grids that are adjacent to neighboring provinces or countries.

Key words: biodiversity pattern, biodiversity hotspots, priority conservation area, Lauraceae, Yunnan

Wenyan Chen, Xiuqin Ci, Junling Chen, Zhifang Liu, Lang Li, Jie Li. Multidimensional diversity patterns and their environmental drivers of Lauraceae plants in Yunnan[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2025, 33(6): 24558.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2024558

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2025/V33/I6/24558

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1 Multidimensional diversity patterns of Lauraceae plants in Yunnan

Fig. 2 Results of the multiple regression model between species richness and environmental factors. Before conducting the multiple regression, each variable was standardized. Solid dots indicate significant effects (P < 0.05), error bars represent standard errors. *** P < 0.001. tpd05, Total phosphorus density in the 0-5 cm soil layer; tk05, Total potassium content in the 0-5 cm soil layer; thickness, Soil thickness; PDQ, Precipitation of the driest quarter; HFP, Human footprint index; btslt100200, Silt content in the 100-200 cm soil layer; AMAT, Temperature change since the last glacial maximum; AI, Aridity index.

Fig. 3 Results of the multiple regression model between phylogenetic diversity and environmental factors. Before conducting the multiple regression, each variable was standardized. Solid dots indicate significant effects (P < 0.05), error bars represent standard errors. *** P < 0.001, ** P < 0.01. tp05, Total phosphorus content in the 0-5 cm soil layer; tkd05, Total potassium density in the 0-5 cm soil layer; thickness, Soil thickness; PDQ, Precipitation of the driest quarter; PDM, Precipitation of the driest month; HFP, Human footprint index; AMAT, Temperature change since the last glacial maximum.

Fig. 4 Results of the multiple regression model between functional diversity and environmental factors. Before conducting the multiple regression, each variable was standardized. Solid dots indicate significant effects (P < 0.05), error bars represent standard errors. *** P < 0.001. RE, Elevation range; PS, Precipitation variability coefficient; ph05, pH value of the 0-5 cm soil layer; MDTR, Mean diurnal temperature range; HFP, Human footprint index; bd100200, Bulk density of the 100-200 cm soil layer.

Fig. 5 Results of the multiple regression model between corrected weighted endemism and environmental factors. Before conducting the multiple regression, each variable was standardized. Solid dots indicate significant effects (P < 0.05), error bars represent standard errors. *** P < 0.001. tk100200, Total potassium content in the 100-200 cm soil layer; pop, Population density; MDTR, Mean diurnal temperature range; cec60100, Cation exchange capacity of the 60-100 cm soil layer; bd3060, Bulk density of the 30-60 cm soil layer; AMAT, Temperature change since the last glacial maximum; AI, Aridity index.

Fig. 6 Results of the multiple regression model between phylogenetic endemism and environmental factors. Before conducting the multiple regression, each variable was standardized. Solid dots indicate significant effects (P < 0.05), error bars represent standard errors. *** P < 0.001. tp1530, Total phosphorus content in the 15-30 cm soil layer; tkd60100, Total potassium density in the 60-100 cm soil layer; socd100200, Organic carbon density in the 100-200 cm soil layer; RE, Elevation range; PDQ, Precipitation of the driest quarter; HFP, Human footprint index; AP, Annual average precipitation; AMAT, Temperature change since the last glacial maximum.

Fig. 7 Distribution of diversity hotspots of Lauraceae in Yunnan. Diversity hotspot, Union areas comprising the top 15 grid cells ranked by each diversity index (species richness, corrected weighted endemism, phylogenetic diversity, phylogenetic endemism, functional diversity, evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered); Overlap of diversity hotspots and endemic, Geographic overlap zones where diversity hotspots (top 15 grid cells) coincide with endemic centers.

Fig. 8 Distribution of neo- and paleo-endemism of Lauraceae in Yunnan. No significant endemism, Areas with no significant endemism; Neoendemism, Neo-endemic centers; Paleoendemism, Paleo-endemic centers; Mixed endemism, Mixed endemic centers.

Fig. 9 Overlap of nature reserves and Lauraceae diversity hotspot areas in Yunnan. Neo-endemic, Neo-endemic centers; Paleo-endemic, Paleo-endemic centers; Mixed-endemic, Mixed endemic centers; Nature reserves, Nature reserves; Diversity hotspot, Diversity hotspots; 18 conservation gap grids, Conservation gap grids within the overlap of diversity hotspots and endemic centers; 20 conservation gap grids, Conservation gap grids in diversity hotspots outside the overlap of diversity hotspots and endemic centers; 14 conservation gap grids, Conservation gap grids in endemic centers outside the overlap of diversity hotspots and endemic centers; Important priority conservation area in Hekou, Important priority conservation area in Hekou.

Table 1 Protection effectiveness of nature reserves with different regions on conservation hotspots of different dimensions of Lauraceae in Yunnan (/, The region is not identified as a hotspot for that particular diversity index; 0, The nature reserves within the region provide no protection for the hotspot of that particular diversity index)

区域 Region	物种丰富度 Species richness (SR)	修正加权特有性 Corrected weighted endemism (CWE)	系统发育多样性 Phylogenetic diversity (PD)	系统发育特有性 Phylogenetic endemism (PE)	功能多样性 Functional diversity (FD)	进化独特和全球濒危 Evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered (EDGE)	特有中心 Endemism
滇东南保护区 Nature reserves of southeastern Yunnan	50.0%	42.9%	0	57.1%	14.3%	50.0%	27.8%
滇南保护区 Nature reserves of southern Yunnan	50.0%	/	54.5%	33.3%	0.0%	75.0%	12.5%
滇西南保护区 Nature reserves of southwestern Yunnan	/	/	50.0%	50.0%	0	0	50.0%
滇西北保护区 Nature reserves of northwestern Yunnan	100.0%	0	/	/	25.0%	14.2%	25.0%
滇东北保护区 Nature reserves of northeastern Yunnan	/	40.0%	/	/	100.0%	0.0%	50.0%
中部哀牢山-无量山区域保护区 Nature reserves of Ailaoshan-Wuliangshan region in central Yunnan	/	100.0%	/	/	/	0	100.0%
所有保护区 All nature reserves	53.3%	40.0%	46.7%	46.7%	20.0%	26.6%	30.4%

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