Genetic diversity and population structure of Bretschneidera sinensis, an endangered species

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.09117

Abstract

Abstract:

Amounts and distribution of intraspecific genetic variation provide benchmarks for developing conservation strategies. Bretschneidera sinensis is a monotypic relic species listed in the First Grade of the List of Wild Plants Under State Protection (First Batch) in China. We examined the genetic diversity and genetic structure of 219 B. sinensis individuals sampled from 15 natural populations distributed in Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Guizhou using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers generated by seven ISSR primers. The percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) at the species and population level was 74.42% and 38.06%, respectively. Shannon’s index (I) of phenotypic diversity at the species and population level was 0.3630 and 0.2081, respectively, and Nei’s genetic diversity (H_e) at the species and population level was 0.2397 and 0.1405, respectively. These results indicate that B. sinensis contains relatively high levels of genetic diversity. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and estimates of the coefficient of genetic differentiation based on phenotypic diversity index also indicated high levels of population subdivision (G_ST = 0.2973; F_ST= 0.4267) in the species. Analysis of the ISSR data using UPGMA further revealed that populations were genetically clustered into two groups, while a Mantel test showed that genetic divergence was significantly correlated with geographical distance among populations (Mantel test; r = 0.3096, P = 0.008). We conclude from our results that B. sinensis is not endangered due to low evolutionary potential stemming from low genetic diversity, but by habitat destruction coupled with a low reproductive capacity, poor adaptability and weak competitiveness. The Mt. Yangming, Mt. Mangshan, Ruyang, and Mt. Bamianshan populations of the species with higher genetic diversity should be given priority for conservation, and inbreeding depression monitoring should be conducted.

Key words: Bretschneidera sinensis, ISSR markers, population genetic structure, endangered mechanism

Gangbiao Xu,Yan Liang,Yan Jiang,Xiongsheng Liu,Shangli Hu,Yufei Xiao,Bobo Hao. Genetic diversity and population structure of Bretschneidera sinensis, an endangered species[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2013, 21(6): 723-731.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.09117

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2013/V21/I6/723

Figures/Tables 7

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种群 Population	位置 Location	经纬度 Latitude and longitude	海拔 Altitude (m)	株数 Sample size
YMS	湖南阳明山省级自然保护区 Yangmingshan Provincial Nature Reserve, Hunan	26º07′ N, 111º50′ E	1,390	22
MS	湖南莽山国家级自然保护区 Mangshan National Nature Reserve, Hunan	24º58′ N, 112º51′ E	1,230	23
SHS	湖南舜皇山国家级自然保护区 Shunhuangshan National Nature Reserve, Hunan	26º35′ N, 110º00′ E	950	22
BMS	湖南八面山国家级自然保护区 Bamianshan National Nature Reserve, Hunan	26º10′ N, 113º39′ E	1,020	15
HS	湖南黄桑国家级自然保护区 Huangsang National Nature Reserve, Hunan	26º38′ N, 110º55′ E	1,180	16
LP	贵州黎平国家森林公园 Liping National Forest Park, Guizhou	25º42′ N, 109º13′ E	500	14
DY	广西大瑶山国家级自然保护区 Dayaoshan National Nature Reserve, Guangxi	24º14′ N, 110º12′ E	920	11
MRS	广西猫儿山国家级自然保护区 Maoershan National Nature Reserve, Guangxi	24º25′ N, 111º29′ E	800	10
HP	广西花坪国家级自然保护区 Huaping National Nature Reserve, Guangxi	25º18′ N, 110º53′ E	1,070	5
TX	广东田心省级自然保护区 Tianxin Provincial Nature Reserve, Guangdong	25°01′ N, 112°30′ E	970	15
DDS	广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山管理处 Dadongshan Administration Bureau of the Nanling National Nature Reserve, Guangdong	24°38′ N, 113°12′ E	950	16
RY	广东南岭国家级自然保护区乳阳管理处 Rurang Administration Bureau of the Nanling National Nature Reserve, Guangdong	24°45′ N, 112°53′ E	1,000	21
JGS	江西井冈山国家级自然保护区 Jinggangshan National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi	26°26′ N, 114°15′ E	450	14
NKS	广东南昆山省级自然保护区 Nankunshan Provincial Nature Reserve, Guangdong	23°40′ N, 113°50′ E	600	10
JLS	江西九连山国家级自然保护区 Jiulianshan National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi	24°33′ N, 114°28′ E	580	5

种群 Population	位置 Location	经纬度 Latitude and longitude	海拔 Altitude (m)	株数 Sample size
YMS	湖南阳明山省级自然保护区 Yangmingshan Provincial Nature Reserve, Hunan	26º07′ N, 111º50′ E	1,390	22
MS	湖南莽山国家级自然保护区 Mangshan National Nature Reserve, Hunan	24º58′ N, 112º51′ E	1,230	23
SHS	湖南舜皇山国家级自然保护区 Shunhuangshan National Nature Reserve, Hunan	26º35′ N, 110º00′ E	950	22
BMS	湖南八面山国家级自然保护区 Bamianshan National Nature Reserve, Hunan	26º10′ N, 113º39′ E	1,020	15
HS	湖南黄桑国家级自然保护区 Huangsang National Nature Reserve, Hunan	26º38′ N, 110º55′ E	1,180	16
LP	贵州黎平国家森林公园 Liping National Forest Park, Guizhou	25º42′ N, 109º13′ E	500	14
DY	广西大瑶山国家级自然保护区 Dayaoshan National Nature Reserve, Guangxi	24º14′ N, 110º12′ E	920	11
MRS	广西猫儿山国家级自然保护区 Maoershan National Nature Reserve, Guangxi	24º25′ N, 111º29′ E	800	10
HP	广西花坪国家级自然保护区 Huaping National Nature Reserve, Guangxi	25º18′ N, 110º53′ E	1,070	5
TX	广东田心省级自然保护区 Tianxin Provincial Nature Reserve, Guangdong	25°01′ N, 112°30′ E	970	15
DDS	广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山管理处 Dadongshan Administration Bureau of the Nanling National Nature Reserve, Guangdong	24°38′ N, 113°12′ E	950	16
RY	广东南岭国家级自然保护区乳阳管理处 Rurang Administration Bureau of the Nanling National Nature Reserve, Guangdong	24°45′ N, 112°53′ E	1,000	21
JGS	江西井冈山国家级自然保护区 Jinggangshan National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi	26°26′ N, 114°15′ E	450	14
NKS	广东南昆山省级自然保护区 Nankunshan Provincial Nature Reserve, Guangdong	23°40′ N, 113°50′ E	600	10
JLS	江西九连山国家级自然保护区 Jiulianshan National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi	24°33′ N, 114°28′ E	580	5

引物 Primer code	序列(5′ to 3′) Sequence (5′ to 3′)	退火温度 Annealing temperature (℃)	总条带数 Scored bands	多态条带数 No. of polymorphic bands	多态条带百分比 % of polymorphic bands
UBC824	(TC)8G	51	11	6	54.54
UBC825	(AC)8T	52	13	12	92.30
UBC834	(AG)8YT	53	12	11	91.66
UBC836	(AG)8YA	52	11	8	72.72
UBC843	(CT)8RA	53	8	4	50.00
UBC844	(CT)8RC	52	16	12	75.00
UBC872	(GATA)4	40	15	11	73.33
平均 Mean			12	9	72.80
物种 Species level			86	64	74.42

引物 Primer code	序列(5′ to 3′) Sequence (5′ to 3′)	退火温度 Annealing temperature (℃)	总条带数 Scored bands	多态条带数 No. of polymorphic bands	多态条带百分比 % of polymorphic bands
UBC824	(TC)8G	51	11	6	54.54
UBC825	(AC)8T	52	13	12	92.30
UBC834	(AG)8YT	53	12	11	91.66
UBC836	(AG)8YA	52	11	8	72.72
UBC843	(CT)8RA	53	8	4	50.00
UBC844	(CT)8RC	52	16	12	75.00
UBC872	(GATA)4	40	15	11	73.33
平均 Mean			12	9	72.80
物种 Species level			86	64	74.42

种群 Population	Shannon表型多样性指数 Shannon's phenotypic diversity index							I	PPB (%)	H_e
种群 Population	UBC824	UBC825	UBC834	UBC836	UBC843	UBC844	UBC872	I	PPB (%)	H_e
阳明山 YMS	0.1411	0.5048	0.3045	0.3181	0.2545	0.3374	0.2520	0.3079	53.49	0.2057
莽山 MS	0.0955	0.5595	0.2976	0.2004	0.0700	0.3008	0.1728	0.2566	45.35	0.1742
舜皇山 SHS	0.0843	0.4068	0.3353	0.1152	0.2191	0.2371	0.2288	0.2382	43.02	0.1608
八面山 BMS	0.1678	0.2706	0.3439	0.2200	0.1838	0.3210	0.2119	0.2522	46.51	0.1698
黄桑 HS	0.2377	0.2266	0.2901	0.1870	0.1258	0.1903	0.2378	0.2176	38.37	0.1486
黎平 LP	0.1241	0.2029	0.3086	0.2841	0.1512	0.2671	0.0860	0.2047	37.21	0.1373
大瑶山 DY	0.1699	0.1481	0.0908	0.1573	0.0522	0.1815	0.1051	0.1339	26.74	0.0881
猫儿山 MRS	0.0625	0.1420	0.0919	0.1948	0.0920	0.1922	0.0940	0.1279	26.74	0.0834
花坪 HP	0.1110	0.1518	0.0562	0.0792	0.1527	0.0955	0.0581	0.0972	18.60	0.0644
田心 TX	0.1752	0.2798	0.2685	0.2125	0.1202	0.3412	0.1671	0.2331	41.86	0.1578
大东山 DDS	0.2163	0.2111	0.2097	0.2226	0.1111	0.3094	0.1819	0.2170	39.53	0.1466
乳阳 RY	0.2650	0.2446	0.2693	0.2859	0.1311	0.2660	0.1468	0.2323	45.35	0.1538
井冈山 JGS	0.2127	0.1014	0.2787	0.2018	0.0539	0.2452	0.1651	0.1867	36.05	0.1255
南昆山 NKS	0.0856	0.3194	0.1156	0.2362	0.1973	0.3532	0.2950	0.2411	41.86	0.1641
九连山 JLS	0.0600	0.2047	0.1377	0.3304	0.1644	0.1567	0.2223	0.1833	30.23	0.1269
平均 Mean	0.1472	0.2650	0.2266	0.2134	0.1386	0.2522	0.1750	0.2081	38.06	0.1405
物种 Species level	0.2622	0.4607	0.3942	0.3190	0.2279	0.4369	0.3528	0.3630	74.42	0.2397