Soil microbial diversity, network structure, and functional potential differ between natural and plantation forests of Cathaya argyrophylla

doi:10.17520/biods.2026122

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: Cathaya argyrophylla is the only extant species of the genus Cathaya in the family Pinaceae and has great evolutionary significance. As a typical ectomycorrhizal-dependent tree species, its ex situ conservation and artificial propagation are often constrained by low seedling survival and slow population regeneration. These limitations may be associated with disturbances to the rhizosphere microecosystem under artificial cultivation. This study aimed to reveal the effects of artificial cultivation on the soil microecology of C. argyrophylla and to provide a scientific basis for improving conservation strategies.
Methods: Using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and ITS regions, we characterized soil microbial communities and evaluated differences in soil physicochemical properties, microbial diversity, community assembly processes, co-occurrence network characteristics, and functional potential between C. argyrophylla plantations and natural forests.
Results: Compared with natural forests, plantation soils had significantly higher available phosphorus, available potassium, nitrate nitrogen, and pH, but lower total carbon and soil organic matter contents. Bacterial α diversity was significantly higher in plantation soils, whereas the connectivity and stability of microbial co-occurrence networks markedly decreased. Community assembly shifted from deterministic selection-dominated processes in natural forests to increased stochastic processes in plantations. In terms of taxonomic composition, natural forests were enriched with acid-tolerant and symbiotic taxa such as Acidothermus and Oidiodendron, whereas plantations were dominated by copiotrophic taxa such as Bacillus and Trichoderma.
Conclusion: Current plantation management practices may enhance soil nutrient availability and bacterial diversity in the short term, but they are also associated with fragmented microbial network structures, loss of key symbiotic taxa, and degradation of functional potential. These changes may constrain the long-term recovery and self-maintenance of C. argyrophylla populations by weakening mycorrhizal nutrient acquisition and the buffering capacity of soil ecosystems. Therefore, ex situ conservation of C. argyrophylla should shift from a sole focus on plant survival to the maintenance of soil microecological network integrity. Management practices such as reducing chemical fertilizer inputs, promoting litter return, maintaining moderately acidic soil conditions, and introducing indigenous keystone symbiotic taxa may help reconstruct a functionally stable and mutualism-dominated rhizosphere interaction system, thereby providing microecological support for the sustainable conservation of C. argyrophylla and other mycorrhizal-dependent rare species.

Key words: Cathaya argyrophylla, soil microbiome communities, microbial network stability, community assembly, sustainable management, ex situ conservation

Peng Xie, Zhibo Zhou, Shaogang Fan, Ping Mo, Kerui Huang, Aihua Deng, Youwei Yang, Fei Wu, Dewei Xiao, Yun Wang. Soil microbial diversity, network structure, and functional potential differ between natural and plantation forests of Cathaya argyrophylla[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2026, 34(7): 26122.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2026122

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2026/V34/I7/26122

Figures/Tables 11

Table 1 Basic information of sampling sites in natural and plantation forests of Cathaya argyrophylla

林分类型 Forest stand type	样地 Plot	地点 Location	海拔 Altitude (m)	坡向 Slope aspect	母岩 Parent material	土壤类型 Soil type	郁闭度 Canopy closure	管理方式 Management regime
天然林 Natural forest	马屁股 Mapigu (CBE)	沙角洞银杉自然保护区 Shajiaodong yinshan Natural reserve	928	北坡 North slope	石灰岩、页岩和砂岩 Limestone, shale and sandstone	山地黄壤 Mountain yellow soil	0.85	无 None
	乱岩洞 Luanyandong (CBY)	沙角洞银杉自然保护区 Shajiaodong yinshan Natural reserve	1,066	东北坡 Northeast slope	石灰岩、页岩和砂岩 Limestone, shale and sandstone	山地黄壤 Mountain yellow soil	0.90	无 None
	丝茅坪 Simaoping (SMP)	八面山国家级自然保护区 Bamianshan National Nature Reserve	1,137	西北坡 Northwest slope	花岗岩和板岩 Granite and slate	红壤和黄壤 Red soil and yellow soil	0.85	无 None
	脚盆寮 Jiaopenliao (JPL)	八面山国家级自然保护区 Bamianshan National Nature Reserve	1,213	西北坡 Northwest slope	花岗岩和板岩 Granite and slate	红壤和黄壤 Red soil and yellow soil	0.85	无 None
人工林 Plantation forest	城步-1 Chengbu-1	青界山国有林场 Qingjieshan State Forest Farm	600	南坡 South slope	石灰岩、页岩和砂岩 Limestone, shale and sandstone	山地黄壤 Mountain yellow soil	0.60	粗放 Extensive
	新宁-1 Xinning-1	崀山珍稀植物研究所 Langshan Rare Plant Research Institute	400	东南坡 Southeast slope	红色砂砾岩 Red gravelly sandstone	红壤和紫色土 Red soil and purple soil	0.75	中等 Moderate
	新宁-2 Xinning-2		400	东南坡 Southeast slope	红色砂砾岩 Red gravelly sandstone	红壤和紫色土 Red soil and purple soil	0.75	中等 Moderate
	新宁-3 Xinning-3		400	东南坡 Southeast slope	红色砂砾岩 Red gravelly sandstone	红壤和紫色土 Red soil and purple soil	0.75	中等 Moderate

Fig. 1 Differences in soil physicochemical properties between natural (W, n = 12) and plantation (P, n = 12) forests of Cathaya argyrophylla. AN, Available nitrogen; AP, Available phosphorus; AK, Available potassium; TN, Total nitrogen; NO3--N, Nitrate nitrogen; NH4+-N, Ammonium nitrogen; TC, Total carbon; SOM, Soil organic matter. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.

Fig. 2 Soil microbial diversity in natural (W, n = 12) and plantation (P, n = 12) forests of Cathaya argyrophylla. (A) α diversity of bacterial communities; (B) α diversity of fungal communities; (C) β diversity of bacterial communities; (D) β diversity of fungal communities. **** P < 0.0001.

Fig. 3 Microbial community composition in soils of natural (W, n = 12) and plantation (P, n = 12) forests of Cathaya argyrophylla. (A) Venn diagram showing the overlap of bacterial and fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs); (B) Composition of bacterial communities at the genus level; (C) Composition of dominant fungal communities at the genus level.

Fig. 4 Occupancy-specificity relationships and dominant genera of bacterial and fungal communities in soils of natural and plantation forests of Cathaya argyrophylla. (A) Specificity-occupancy distribution of bacterial OTUs; (B) Specificity-occupancy distribution of fungal OTUs; (C) Proportions of dominant bacterial genera; (D) Proportions of dominant fungal genera. Dominant genera were defined as core taxa exhibiting high specificity and occupancy in the SPEC-OCCU analysis.

Fig. 5 Differential abundance of enriched bacterial (A) and fungal (B) genera in soils of natural and plantation forests of Cathaya argyrophylla. Bars indicate the mean relative abundance of each taxon, and error bars indicate the standard error. Between-group differences were tested using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, with Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.

Fig. 6 Microbial co-occurrence networks and connectivity in soils of natural (W, n = 12) and plantation (P, n = 12) forests of Cathaya argyrophylla. Soil microbial co-occurrence networks in natural forest (A) and plantation forest (B) soils, respectively; average variation degree of bacterial (C) and fungal (D) community networks. In A and B, the size of each node is proportional to its abundance, and the co-occurrence networks are colored by module.

Table 2 Topological properties of co-occurrence networks of soil bacteria and fungi at the genus level in natural and plantation forests of Cathaya argyrophylla

	天然林 Natural forest		人工林 Plantation forest
	细菌 Bacteria	真菌 Fungi	细菌 Bacteria	真菌 Fungi
节点 Nodes	112.75 ± 1.29	47.50 ± 5.20	79.17 ± 11.71	32.55 ± 6.55
边数 Edges	6,062.58 ± 97.86	427.42 ± 54.96	2,269.08 ± 29.19	226.91 ± 95.77
边密度 Edge density	0.96 ± 0.01	0.39 ± 0.06	0.75 ± 0.01	0.42 ± 0.07
度中心化 Degree centralization	0.03 ± 0.00	0.29 ± 0.04	0.23 ± 0.08	0.26 ± 0.02
介数中心化 Betweenness centralization	0.00 ± 0.00	0.10 ± 0.05	0.02 ± 0.02	0.21 ± 0.17
平均聚类系数 Average clustering coefficient	0.98 ± 0.01	0.80 ± 0.04	0.88 ± 0.04	0.75 ± 0.00
网络复杂度 Network complexity	53.77 ± 0.35	9.00 ± 0.64	28.71 ± 0.62	6.68 ± 1.87
网络模块化 Network modularity	0.01 ± 0.00	0.19 ± 0.07	0.13 ± 0.05	0.28 ± 0.09

Fig. 7 Community assembly processes of bacteria (W, n = 12) and fungi (P, n = 12) in soils of natural and plantation forests of Cathaya argyrophylla. (A) Distribution of βNTI values for bacterial and fungal communities; (B) Relative contributions of different community assembly processes.

Fig. 8 Random forest analysis of microbe-related variables in natural and plantation forests of Cathaya argyrophylla. (A) Importance of bacteria-related variables. (B) Importance of fungi-related variables.

Fig. 9 Functional potential characteristics of soil bacterial and fungal communities in natural and plantation forests of Cathaya argyrophylla. (A) Bacterial functional composition; (B) Fungal functional composition; (C) Differential bacterial functions; (D) Differential fungal functions. * P < 0.05; *** P < 0.001.

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