Biodiv Sci ›› 2024, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (11): 24178. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024178 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2024178
• Original Papers • Previous Articles Next Articles
Xiaotong Mai1,2,3(), Jia Kang1,2,3, Zichen Li1,2,3, Tianming Wang1,2,3,*(
)(
)
Received:
2024-05-10
Accepted:
2024-07-22
Online:
2024-11-20
Published:
2024-09-26
Contact:
E-mail: Supported by:
Xiaotong Mai, Jia Kang, Zichen Li, Tianming Wang. Assessing activity pattern of sika deer (Cervus nippon) and their response to roads in the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2024, 32(11): 24178.
Fig. 3 Diel activity patterns (left) and posterior distributions of the probability of activity (right) of sika deer in different seasons. In the left panel, light blue represents the activity range (95% isopleth), and dark blue represents the activity peak (50% isopleth).
Fig. 4 Diel activity patterns (left) and posterior distributions of the probability of activity (right) of different sex/age groups of sika deer. In the left panel, light blue represents the activity range (95% isopleth), and dark blue represents the activity peak (50% isopleth).
Fig. 6 Diel activity patterns and overlaps of sika deer near and far from the roads in different seasons. The red curve represents the activity pattern near the road, with the red shadow on both sides indicating the 95% confidence interval (CI), and the red rectangle shadow is the activity peak near the road. The green curve represents the activity pattern far from the road, with the green shadow on both sides of the curve indicating the 95% CI, and the green rectangle shadow is the activity peak away from the road.
道路 Road | 独立事件数 Individual events count (N) | 晨昏活动概率 Crepuscular activity probability | 白天活动概率 Daytime activity probability | 夜晚活动概率 Nighttime activity probability | 卡方检验 Chi-square test | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
季节 Seasons | ||||||
春季 Spring | 近处 Close | 1,043 | 0.39 (0.36-0.42) | 0.33 (0.30-0.35) | 0.28 (0.26-0.31) | χ² = 8.695; P = 0.013 |
远处 Far | 1,128 | 0.33 (0.31-0.36) | 0.37 (0.35-0.39) | 0.30 (0.27-0.32) | ||
夏季 Summer | 近处 Close | 1,683 | 0.40 (0.38-0.42) | 0.36 (0.34-0.38) | 0.24 (0.22-0.26) | χ² = 1.107; P = 0.575 |
远处 Far | 1,711 | 0.42 (0.39-0.44) | 0.36 (0.33-0.38) | 0.23 (0.21-0.25) | ||
秋季 Autumn | 近处 Close | 1,659 | 0.34 (0.32-0.36) | 0.21 (0.19-0.23) | 0.45 (0.42-0.47) | χ² = 20.528; P < 0.001 |
远处 Far | 1,885 | 0.30 (0.28-0.32) | 0.17 (0.16-0.19) | 0.52 (0.50-0.55) | ||
冬季 Winter | 近处 Close | 413 | 0.31 (0.27-0.31) | 0.47 (0.42-0.52) | 0.22 (0.18-0.26) | χ² = 3.472; P = 0.176 |
远处 Far | 303 | 0.25 (0.20-0.30) | 0.49 (0.43-0.55) | 0.26 (0.21-0.31) | ||
类群 Sex/age groups | ||||||
雌雄混合群 Adult mix | 近处 Close | 360 | 0.45 (0.40-0.50) | 0.33 (0.29-0.38) | 0.21 (0.17-0.26) | χ² = 6.022; P = 0.050 |
远处 Far | 356 | 0.41 (0.36-0.46) | 0.29 (0.25-0.34) | 0.29 (0.25-0.34) | ||
成年雄性 Adult male | 近处 Close | 1,035 | 0.32 (0.29-0.35) | 0.23 (0.21-0.26) | 0.45 (0.42-0.48) | χ² = 0.076; P = 0.963 |
远处 Far | 1,302 | 0.32 (0.30-0.35) | 0.23 (0.21-0.25) | 0.44 (0.42-0.47) | ||
成年雌性 Adult female | 近处 Close | 2,558 | 0.38 (0.36-0.39) | 0.32 (0.30-0.33) | 0.31 (0.29-0.33) | χ² = 14.895; P < 0.001 |
远处 Far | 2,483 | 0.33 (0.32-0.35) | 0.32 (0.30-0.33) | 0.35 (0.34-0.37) | ||
母子群 Adult with fawn | 近处 Close | 468 | 0.40 (0.36-0.42) | 0.43 (0.40-0.47) | 0.17 (0.14-0.21) | χ² = 3.055; P = 0.217 |
远处 Far | 474 | 0.43 (0.39-0.47) | 0.38 (0.34-0.41) | 0.20 (0.16-0.23) | ||
未成年 Fawn | 近处 Close | 195 | 0.33 (0.26-0.38) | 0.45 (0.39-0.52) | 0.23 (0.17-0.29) | χ² = 2.104; P = 0.349 |
远处 Far | 179 | 0.32 (0.26-0.37) | 0.39 (0.35-0.45) | 0.29 (0.23-0.35) |
Table 1 Activity probability differences of sika deer near and far from the roads in different time periods
道路 Road | 独立事件数 Individual events count (N) | 晨昏活动概率 Crepuscular activity probability | 白天活动概率 Daytime activity probability | 夜晚活动概率 Nighttime activity probability | 卡方检验 Chi-square test | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
季节 Seasons | ||||||
春季 Spring | 近处 Close | 1,043 | 0.39 (0.36-0.42) | 0.33 (0.30-0.35) | 0.28 (0.26-0.31) | χ² = 8.695; P = 0.013 |
远处 Far | 1,128 | 0.33 (0.31-0.36) | 0.37 (0.35-0.39) | 0.30 (0.27-0.32) | ||
夏季 Summer | 近处 Close | 1,683 | 0.40 (0.38-0.42) | 0.36 (0.34-0.38) | 0.24 (0.22-0.26) | χ² = 1.107; P = 0.575 |
远处 Far | 1,711 | 0.42 (0.39-0.44) | 0.36 (0.33-0.38) | 0.23 (0.21-0.25) | ||
秋季 Autumn | 近处 Close | 1,659 | 0.34 (0.32-0.36) | 0.21 (0.19-0.23) | 0.45 (0.42-0.47) | χ² = 20.528; P < 0.001 |
远处 Far | 1,885 | 0.30 (0.28-0.32) | 0.17 (0.16-0.19) | 0.52 (0.50-0.55) | ||
冬季 Winter | 近处 Close | 413 | 0.31 (0.27-0.31) | 0.47 (0.42-0.52) | 0.22 (0.18-0.26) | χ² = 3.472; P = 0.176 |
远处 Far | 303 | 0.25 (0.20-0.30) | 0.49 (0.43-0.55) | 0.26 (0.21-0.31) | ||
类群 Sex/age groups | ||||||
雌雄混合群 Adult mix | 近处 Close | 360 | 0.45 (0.40-0.50) | 0.33 (0.29-0.38) | 0.21 (0.17-0.26) | χ² = 6.022; P = 0.050 |
远处 Far | 356 | 0.41 (0.36-0.46) | 0.29 (0.25-0.34) | 0.29 (0.25-0.34) | ||
成年雄性 Adult male | 近处 Close | 1,035 | 0.32 (0.29-0.35) | 0.23 (0.21-0.26) | 0.45 (0.42-0.48) | χ² = 0.076; P = 0.963 |
远处 Far | 1,302 | 0.32 (0.30-0.35) | 0.23 (0.21-0.25) | 0.44 (0.42-0.47) | ||
成年雌性 Adult female | 近处 Close | 2,558 | 0.38 (0.36-0.39) | 0.32 (0.30-0.33) | 0.31 (0.29-0.33) | χ² = 14.895; P < 0.001 |
远处 Far | 2,483 | 0.33 (0.32-0.35) | 0.32 (0.30-0.33) | 0.35 (0.34-0.37) | ||
母子群 Adult with fawn | 近处 Close | 468 | 0.40 (0.36-0.42) | 0.43 (0.40-0.47) | 0.17 (0.14-0.21) | χ² = 3.055; P = 0.217 |
远处 Far | 474 | 0.43 (0.39-0.47) | 0.38 (0.34-0.41) | 0.20 (0.16-0.23) | ||
未成年 Fawn | 近处 Close | 195 | 0.33 (0.26-0.38) | 0.45 (0.39-0.52) | 0.23 (0.17-0.29) | χ² = 2.104; P = 0.349 |
远处 Far | 179 | 0.32 (0.26-0.37) | 0.39 (0.35-0.45) | 0.29 (0.23-0.35) |
道路 Road | 独立事件数 Individual events count (N) | 估计值 Estimate | 标准误 Standard error | 95%置信区间 95% confidence interval | Wald检验 Wald test | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
季节 Seasons | ||||||
春季 Spring | 近处 Close | 1,043 | 0.44 | 0.03 | 0.38-0.49 | W = 1.58; P = 0.209 |
远处 Far | 1,128 | 0.49 | 0.03 | 0.43-0.55 | ||
夏季 Summer | 近处 Close | 1,683 | 0.45 | 0.02 | 0.40-0.48 | W = 0.20; P = 0.657 |
远处 Far | 1,711 | 0.44 | 0.02 | 0.39-0.46 | ||
秋季 Autumn | 近处 Close | 1,659 | 0.42 | 0.02 | 0.37-0.47 | W = 21.75; P < 0.001 |
远处 Far | 1,885 | 0.58 | 0.02 | 0.52-0.61 | ||
冬季 Winter | 近处 Close | 413 | 0.35 | 0.03 | 0.29-0.40 | W = 5.07; P = 0.024 |
远处 Far | 303 | 0.46 | 0.04 | 0.36-0.52 | ||
类群 Sex/age groups | ||||||
雌雄混合群 Adult mix | 近处 Close | 360 | 0.42 | 0.03 | 0.33-0.46 | W = 0.11; P = 0.740 |
远处 Far | 356 | 0.44 | 0.04 | 0.35-0.52 | ||
成年雄性 Adult male | 近处 Close | 1,035 | 0.51 | 0.04 | 0.44-0.59 | W = 4.01; P = 0.045 |
远处 Far | 1,302 | 0.60 | 0.03 | 0.52-0.64 | ||
成年雌性 Adult female | 近处 Close | 2,558 | 0.48 | 0.02 | 0.43-0.51 | W = 1.54; P = 0.214 |
远处 Far | 2,483 | 0.52 | 0.03 | 0.47-0.57 | ||
母子群 Adult with fawn | 近处 Close | 468 | 0.45 | 0.03 | 0.36-0.48 | W = 0.49; P = 0.485 |
远处 Far | 474 | 0.41 | 0.03 | 0.34-0.46 | ||
未成年 Fawn | 近处 Close | 195 | 0.38 | 0.04 | 0.28-0.45 | W = 10.15; P = 0.001 |
远处 Far | 179 | 0.62 | 0.06 | 0.44-0.69 |
Table 2 Activity levels differences of sika deer near and far from the roads
道路 Road | 独立事件数 Individual events count (N) | 估计值 Estimate | 标准误 Standard error | 95%置信区间 95% confidence interval | Wald检验 Wald test | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
季节 Seasons | ||||||
春季 Spring | 近处 Close | 1,043 | 0.44 | 0.03 | 0.38-0.49 | W = 1.58; P = 0.209 |
远处 Far | 1,128 | 0.49 | 0.03 | 0.43-0.55 | ||
夏季 Summer | 近处 Close | 1,683 | 0.45 | 0.02 | 0.40-0.48 | W = 0.20; P = 0.657 |
远处 Far | 1,711 | 0.44 | 0.02 | 0.39-0.46 | ||
秋季 Autumn | 近处 Close | 1,659 | 0.42 | 0.02 | 0.37-0.47 | W = 21.75; P < 0.001 |
远处 Far | 1,885 | 0.58 | 0.02 | 0.52-0.61 | ||
冬季 Winter | 近处 Close | 413 | 0.35 | 0.03 | 0.29-0.40 | W = 5.07; P = 0.024 |
远处 Far | 303 | 0.46 | 0.04 | 0.36-0.52 | ||
类群 Sex/age groups | ||||||
雌雄混合群 Adult mix | 近处 Close | 360 | 0.42 | 0.03 | 0.33-0.46 | W = 0.11; P = 0.740 |
远处 Far | 356 | 0.44 | 0.04 | 0.35-0.52 | ||
成年雄性 Adult male | 近处 Close | 1,035 | 0.51 | 0.04 | 0.44-0.59 | W = 4.01; P = 0.045 |
远处 Far | 1,302 | 0.60 | 0.03 | 0.52-0.64 | ||
成年雌性 Adult female | 近处 Close | 2,558 | 0.48 | 0.02 | 0.43-0.51 | W = 1.54; P = 0.214 |
远处 Far | 2,483 | 0.52 | 0.03 | 0.47-0.57 | ||
母子群 Adult with fawn | 近处 Close | 468 | 0.45 | 0.03 | 0.36-0.48 | W = 0.49; P = 0.485 |
远处 Far | 474 | 0.41 | 0.03 | 0.34-0.46 | ||
未成年 Fawn | 近处 Close | 195 | 0.38 | 0.04 | 0.28-0.45 | W = 10.15; P = 0.001 |
远处 Far | 179 | 0.62 | 0.06 | 0.44-0.69 |
Fig. 7 Diel activity patterns of different sex/age groups of sika deer near or far from the roads. The red curve represents the activity pattern near the road, with the red shadow on both sides indicating the 95% confidence interval (CI), and the red rectangle shadow is the activity peak near the road. The green curve represents the activity pattern far from the road, with the green shadow on both sides of the curve indicating the 95% CI, and the green rectangle shadow is the activity peak away from the road.
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