Potential spatial distribution pattern and landscape connectivity of Pelophylax plancyi in Shanghai, China

doi:10.17520/biods.2022692

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: Habitat fragmentation and loss caused by urbanization are important factors that threaten the survival of wildlife globally. Urbanization has caused amphibians to become one of the most severely threatened groups of terrestrial vertebrates. Studying the spatial distribution pattern and exploring how landscape connectivity affects the gene flow among fragmented populations of amphibians in urban areas would provide a deeper understanding of the impacts of urbanization on wildlife and offer theoretical guidance for local biodiversity conservation.
Methods: In this study, we selected the eastern golden frog (Pelophylax plancyi) as the primary research subject and obtained landscape and environmental data about land cover, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land surface temperature in the Shanghai region using Landsat-8 satellite images (http://www.gscloud.cn). Combined with the data from field population survey, we employed the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model to predict the spatial distribution pattern of P. plancyi in the region. We evaluated the potential corridors and calculated the resistance distances between local populations using circuit theory (Circuitscape), and explored the effect of geographical and resistance distance on genetic differentiation among local populations using the Mantel test of each local populations based on the genetic distance (F_ST) matrices calculated from simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP).
Results: The habitat suitability of P. plancyi significantly decreased along the rural-to-urban gradient. NDVI was the main factor affecting the MaxEnt modelling and indicated that the P. plancyi prefer to inhabit areas with higher vegetation coverage. There was no significant correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance, while genetic distance increased significantly with the resistance distance.
Conclusions: The protection and maintenance of continuous suitable habitats in suburbs and isolated habitat patches in urban areas that still exist is the primary measure of conservation for native amphibians such as P. plancyi. Furthermore, optimizing urban landscape structure, strengthening the construction of corridors suitable for various groups of wildlife, and promoting the gene exchange among local populations are effective methods to achieve the self-sustainment of populations and long-term conservation of biodiversity in urbanized areas.

Key words: urbanization, MaxEnt, circuit theory, isolation by resistance, Pelophylax plancyi, Shanghai

Tingwei Dong, Meiling Huang, Xu Wei, Shuo Ma, Qu Yue, Wenli Liu, Jiaxin Zheng, Gang Wang, Rui Ma, Youzhong Ding, Shunqi Bo, Zhenghuan Wang. Potential spatial distribution pattern and landscape connectivity of Pelophylax plancyi in Shanghai, China[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2023, 31(8): 22692.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2022692

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2023/V31/I8/22692

Figures/Tables 7

References 43

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采样点 Sampling site	分布区域 Region	城市化水平 Urbanization degree	生境适宜均值 Mean of habitat suitability	GPS坐标数 Number of GPS positions	样本量(只) Sampling size
采样点 Sampling site	分布区域 Region	城市化水平 Urbanization degree	生境适宜均值 Mean of habitat suitability	GPS坐标数 Number of GPS positions	微卫星位点分析样本Samples for SSR analysis	单核苷酸多肽位点分析样本 Samples for SNP analysis
世纪公园 Century Park (CP)	中心城区 Central urban area	0.734	0.236	15	32	10
上海植物园 Shanghai Botanical Garden (BG)	中心城区 Central urban area	0.773	0.147	10	28	10
共青森林公园 Gongqing Forest Park (GQ)	中心城区 Central urban area	0.705	0.135	7	16	10
辰山植物园 Chenshan Botanical Garden (CS)	近郊 Suburb	0.393	0.472	-	36	10
松南郊野公园 Songnan Country Park (SN)	近郊 Suburb	0.371	0.417	34	35	10
浦江郊野公园 Pujiang Country Park (PJ)	近郊 Suburb	0.469	0.526	12	15	10
奉贤向阳村 Fengxian Xiangyang Village (XY)	近郊 Suburb	0.412	0.372	-	25	10
浦东五灶港 Pudong Wuzao Port (WG)	近郊 Suburb	0.489	0.410	-	34	10
嘉北郊野公园 Jiabei Country Park (JB)	远郊 Outer suburb	0.530	0.455	14	17	10
青西郊野公园 Qingxi Country Park (QX)	远郊 Outer suburb	0.217	0.469	31	33	10
廊下郊野公园 Langxia Country Park (LX)	远郊 Outer suburb	0.313	0.463	25	39	10
海湾郊野公园 Bay Country Park (BF)	远郊 Outer suburb	0.262	0.519	3	11	10
南汇临港新城 Nanhui Lingang New City (LG)	远郊 Outer suburb	0.530	0.353	-	28	10
长兴岛潘石镇 Changxing Island Panshi Town (PS)	远郊 Outer suburb	0.085	0.280	14	30	10
崇明岛陈家镇 Chongming Island Chenjia Town (CJ)	远郊 Outer suburb	0.570	0.281	-	28	10
总计 Total				165	407	150

采样点 Sampling site	分布区域 Region	城市化水平 Urbanization degree	生境适宜均值 Mean of habitat suitability	GPS坐标数 Number of GPS positions	样本量(只) Sampling size
采样点 Sampling site	分布区域 Region	城市化水平 Urbanization degree	生境适宜均值 Mean of habitat suitability	GPS坐标数 Number of GPS positions	微卫星位点分析样本Samples for SSR analysis	单核苷酸多肽位点分析样本 Samples for SNP analysis
世纪公园 Century Park (CP)	中心城区 Central urban area	0.734	0.236	15	32	10
上海植物园 Shanghai Botanical Garden (BG)	中心城区 Central urban area	0.773	0.147	10	28	10
共青森林公园 Gongqing Forest Park (GQ)	中心城区 Central urban area	0.705	0.135	7	16	10
辰山植物园 Chenshan Botanical Garden (CS)	近郊 Suburb	0.393	0.472	-	36	10
松南郊野公园 Songnan Country Park (SN)	近郊 Suburb	0.371	0.417	34	35	10
浦江郊野公园 Pujiang Country Park (PJ)	近郊 Suburb	0.469	0.526	12	15	10
奉贤向阳村 Fengxian Xiangyang Village (XY)	近郊 Suburb	0.412	0.372	-	25	10
浦东五灶港 Pudong Wuzao Port (WG)	近郊 Suburb	0.489	0.410	-	34	10
嘉北郊野公园 Jiabei Country Park (JB)	远郊 Outer suburb	0.530	0.455	14	17	10
青西郊野公园 Qingxi Country Park (QX)	远郊 Outer suburb	0.217	0.469	31	33	10
廊下郊野公园 Langxia Country Park (LX)	远郊 Outer suburb	0.313	0.463	25	39	10
海湾郊野公园 Bay Country Park (BF)	远郊 Outer suburb	0.262	0.519	3	11	10
南汇临港新城 Nanhui Lingang New City (LG)	远郊 Outer suburb	0.530	0.353	-	28	10
长兴岛潘石镇 Changxing Island Panshi Town (PS)	远郊 Outer suburb	0.085	0.280	14	30	10
崇明岛陈家镇 Chongming Island Chenjia Town (CJ)	远郊 Outer suburb	0.570	0.281	-	28	10
总计 Total				165	407	150

	CP	BG	GQ	CS	SN	PJ	XY	WG	JB	QX	LX	BF	LG	PS	CJ
CP	-	8.921	10.583	7.182	6.970	7.395	7.299	5.691	8.779	8.835	7.912	6.766	6.943	12.184	19.107
BG	13.092	-	13.819	7.759	7.633	8.225	8.681	7.829	9.858	9.460	8.627	8.260	8.816	14.709	21.486
GQ	11.502	21.893	-	11.321	11.353	12.329	12.160	10.787	11.826	13.005	12.284	11.578	11.779	14.775	21.914
CS	38.632	26.020	44.400	-	3.223	6.173	6.094	5.651	5.873	4.033	4.085	5.543	6.352	12.049	18.753
SN	38.143	25.329	47.017	14.861	-	5.695	5.540	5.228	6.495	4.721	3.481	4.975	5.877	12.014	18.738
PJ	20.314	13.272	31.584	30.861	23.018	-	5.935	5.435	8.586	7.787	6.666	5.698	6.356	12.952	19.726
XY	30.711	27.821	42.069	43.910	32.645	15.007	-	4.826	8.526	7.674	6.447	4.485	5.339	12.598	19.361
WG	18.445	22.859	28.488	46.662	39.897	16.884	16.375	-	7.768	7.261	6.154	4.269	4.300	11.210	18.016
JB	38.090	34.177	34.380	32.553	45.087	46.981	61.885	55.283	-	7.615	7.402	7.972	8.546	12.503	19.053
QX	55.905	43.777	60.139	18.119	29.195	48.796	61.102	64.778	38.533	-	5.428	7.115	7.946	13.715	20.421
LX	60.891	48.251	69.988	31.233	22.971	43.667	48.216	59.805	63.727	33.378	-	5.858	6.782	12.937	19.659
BF	41.736	40.070	52.729	55.036	42.461	27.280	12.290	24.799	74.170	71.550	54.098	-	4.068	11.904	18.654
LG	40.987	46.146	49.087	68.159	58.566	37.302	26.395	23.480	78.639	86.020	74.354	22.382	-	11.801	18.530
PS	24.212	36.120	14.477	58.697	61.387	44.372	52.475	36.883	43.953	73.881	84.346	61.639	52.830	-	13.680
CJ	39.235	51.594	30.122	74.281	76.911	58.910	65.210	48.951	56.961	89.118	99.844	72.958	60.178	15.649	-

	CP	BG	GQ	CS	SN	PJ	XY	WG	JB	QX	LX	BF	LG	PS	CJ
CP	-	8.921	10.583	7.182	6.970	7.395	7.299	5.691	8.779	8.835	7.912	6.766	6.943	12.184	19.107
BG	13.092	-	13.819	7.759	7.633	8.225	8.681	7.829	9.858	9.460	8.627	8.260	8.816	14.709	21.486
GQ	11.502	21.893	-	11.321	11.353	12.329	12.160	10.787	11.826	13.005	12.284	11.578	11.779	14.775	21.914
CS	38.632	26.020	44.400	-	3.223	6.173	6.094	5.651	5.873	4.033	4.085	5.543	6.352	12.049	18.753
SN	38.143	25.329	47.017	14.861	-	5.695	5.540	5.228	6.495	4.721	3.481	4.975	5.877	12.014	18.738
PJ	20.314	13.272	31.584	30.861	23.018	-	5.935	5.435	8.586	7.787	6.666	5.698	6.356	12.952	19.726
XY	30.711	27.821	42.069	43.910	32.645	15.007	-	4.826	8.526	7.674	6.447	4.485	5.339	12.598	19.361
WG	18.445	22.859	28.488	46.662	39.897	16.884	16.375	-	7.768	7.261	6.154	4.269	4.300	11.210	18.016
JB	38.090	34.177	34.380	32.553	45.087	46.981	61.885	55.283	-	7.615	7.402	7.972	8.546	12.503	19.053
QX	55.905	43.777	60.139	18.119	29.195	48.796	61.102	64.778	38.533	-	5.428	7.115	7.946	13.715	20.421
LX	60.891	48.251	69.988	31.233	22.971	43.667	48.216	59.805	63.727	33.378	-	5.858	6.782	12.937	19.659
BF	41.736	40.070	52.729	55.036	42.461	27.280	12.290	24.799	74.170	71.550	54.098	-	4.068	11.904	18.654
LG	40.987	46.146	49.087	68.159	58.566	37.302	26.395	23.480	78.639	86.020	74.354	22.382	-	11.801	18.530
PS	24.212	36.120	14.477	58.697	61.387	44.372	52.475	36.883	43.953	73.881	84.346	61.639	52.830	-	13.680
CJ	39.235	51.594	30.122	74.281	76.911	58.910	65.210	48.951	56.961	89.118	99.844	72.958	60.178	15.649	-

空间距离 Spatial distance	F_ST		F_ST/(1-F_ST)
空间距离 Spatial distance	SSR	SNP	SSR	SNP
欧氏距离 Euclidean distance	0.030	0.005	0.031	0.005
阻力距离 Resistance distance	0.593**	0.420*	0.598**	0.419*