Biodiv Sci ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (5): 21480. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021480
Special Issue: 物种形成与系统进化
• Reviews • Previous Articles Next Articles
Yu Xiao1,2, Xi Wang1,2, Zihan He1,2, Lingling Li1,2, Xinsheng Hu1,2,*()
Received:
2021-11-25
Accepted:
2022-03-01
Online:
2022-05-20
Published:
2022-03-09
Contact:
Xinsheng Hu
Yu Xiao, Xi Wang, Zihan He, Lingling Li, Xinsheng Hu. Advances in speciation theories and their verifications based on the biological species concept[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(5): 21480.
Fig. 1 Sympatric speciation: an ancestral population undergoes disruptive selection or sexual selection to produce reproductively isolated descendant species
Fig. 2 Parapatric speciation: A hybrid zone occurs in the boundaries between two species. The gene frequency changes in a clinal pattern with the geographic distance.
Fig. 3 Allopatric speciation: The two populations evolve independently due to geographical isolation (without gene flow) and eventually produce reproductive isolation.
假设 Assumption | 理论 Theory | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|
显性理论 Dominance | X染色体含有显性和隐性等位基因, 隐性基因在XY个体上暴露, 产生不育或不成活, 在XX个体中被显性基因掩盖。 The X chromosome has both dominant and recessive alleles. The recessive genes are exposed in XY individuals to produce sterility or infertility but are masked by dominant genes in XX individuals. | Muller, |
Faster-male | 由于精子发生在杂交种中容易受到干扰, 性选择可能使雄性表达的基因比雌性进化得更快, 导致杂交雄性不育比杂交雌性不育更常见。 Spermatogenesis is susceptible to interference in hybrids. Sexual selection could make the genes expressed in males evolve more rapidly than the genes expressed in females. This results in that the hybrid male sterility is more common than the hybrid female sterility. | Wu & Davis, |
Faster-X | 与常染色体相比, X染色体突变率更大, Ka/Ks比值较大。 X chromosome has a greater mutation rate and a larger Ka/Ks ratio than the autosomes. | Charlesworth et al, |
减数分裂驱动 Meiotic drive | 性染色体在减数分裂时因自私基因干扰, 偏离孟德尔遗传期望比例。 Sex chromosomes deviate from the expected Mendelian ratio during meiosis due to the interference by selfish genes. | Frank, |
Table 1 Theories relevant to Haldane’s Rule
假设 Assumption | 理论 Theory | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|
显性理论 Dominance | X染色体含有显性和隐性等位基因, 隐性基因在XY个体上暴露, 产生不育或不成活, 在XX个体中被显性基因掩盖。 The X chromosome has both dominant and recessive alleles. The recessive genes are exposed in XY individuals to produce sterility or infertility but are masked by dominant genes in XX individuals. | Muller, |
Faster-male | 由于精子发生在杂交种中容易受到干扰, 性选择可能使雄性表达的基因比雌性进化得更快, 导致杂交雄性不育比杂交雌性不育更常见。 Spermatogenesis is susceptible to interference in hybrids. Sexual selection could make the genes expressed in males evolve more rapidly than the genes expressed in females. This results in that the hybrid male sterility is more common than the hybrid female sterility. | Wu & Davis, |
Faster-X | 与常染色体相比, X染色体突变率更大, Ka/Ks比值较大。 X chromosome has a greater mutation rate and a larger Ka/Ks ratio than the autosomes. | Charlesworth et al, |
减数分裂驱动 Meiotic drive | 性染色体在减数分裂时因自私基因干扰, 偏离孟德尔遗传期望比例。 Sex chromosomes deviate from the expected Mendelian ratio during meiosis due to the interference by selfish genes. | Frank, |
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