Biodiv Sci ›› 2021, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (10): 1271-1278.DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021287
• Special Feature: Ecosystem Authenticity and Integrity • Next Articles
Zhicong Zhao1,2, Rui Yang1,2,*()
Received:
2021-07-19
Accepted:
2021-10-25
Online:
2021-10-20
Published:
2021-10-20
Contact:
Rui Yang
Zhicong Zhao, Rui Yang. The concept of national park authenticity and integrity in China and its evaluation framework[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(10): 1271-1278.
一级指标 Level 1 indicators | 二级指标举例 Examples of Level 2 indicators | 方法 Methods | |
---|---|---|---|
国家公园原真性 National park authenticity | 自然度 Naturalness | 高质量荒野占比; 自然生境占比; 荒野退化/增加幅度 Percentage of high quality wilderness; percentage of natural habitat; rate of wilderness degradation/increase | 基于遥感影像的判别、监测、制图、运算、模拟; 基于田野调查的识别、监测、实测、判定; 基于历史文献与数据的分析 Identification, monitoring, mapping, arithmetic, and simulation based on remote sensing images; identification, monitoring, actual measurement, and determination based on field surveys; analysis based on historical documents and data. |
气候变化强度 Intensity of climate change | 极端天气出现频率; 冰川融化速率; 林线高度变化量; 雪线高度变化量 Frequency of extreme weather; rate of glacier melt; forest line height change; snow line height change | ||
人类干扰程度 Degree of human interference | 土地利用变化; 人工设施用地占比; 人工设施或设施用地增幅/降幅; 污染物(类型、量、变化程度) Land use change; percentage of land used for man-made facilities; rate of increase/decrease in artificial facilities or facility land use; pollutants (type, amount, degree of change) | ||
传统文化及其载体的真实性 Authenticity of traditional culture and its carriers | 传统文化及其载体是否以原真的方式存在 Whether traditional culture and its carriers exist in an authentic manner | 观察、访谈、田野调查 Observations, interviews, fieldwork | |
人与自然和谐关系的原真性 Authenticity of the harmonious relationship between human beings and nature | 传统生计是否以原真的方式维持; 原住民对于自然的观念、行为是否以原真的方式维持 Whether traditional livelihoods are maintained in an authentic manner; whether indigenous perceptions and behaviors towards nature are maintained in an original way | ||
国家公园完整性 National park integrity | 生态系统组成完整性 Ecosystem composition integrity | 本地重要物种是否被包括; 物种丰富度; 种群数量; 种群动态 Whether locally important species are included; species richness; population size; population dynamics | 基于遥感影像的判别、监测、制图、运算、模拟; 基于田野调查的识别、监测、判定 Identification, monitoring, mapping, arithmetic, and simulation based on remote sensing images; identification, monitoring, actual measurement, and determination based on field surveys |
生态系统结构完整性 Ecosystem structural integrity | 营养结构; 生境质量 Nutrient structure; habitat quality | ||
生态系统功能完整性 Ecosystem functional integrity | 演替; 营养级; 分解能力; 生态系统服务功能 Succession; trophic levels; decomposition capacity; ecosystem service functions | ||
景观组成要素完整性 Landscape composition integrity | 地质地貌价值载体是否被完整包括; 构成价值的河流的源头是否被有效保护 Whether geomorphic resources are included in their entirety; whether the source of the river that constitutes the value is effectively protected | ||
文化景观的完整性 Cultural landscape integrity | 传统保护边界是否完整纳入; 原住民传统组织结构是否被分割 Whether traditional conservation boundaries are included intact; whether the traditional organizational structure of the indigenous people is divided | 观察、访谈、田野调查 Observations, interviews, fieldwork |
Table 1 Framework for evaluating the authenticity and integrity of China's national parks
一级指标 Level 1 indicators | 二级指标举例 Examples of Level 2 indicators | 方法 Methods | |
---|---|---|---|
国家公园原真性 National park authenticity | 自然度 Naturalness | 高质量荒野占比; 自然生境占比; 荒野退化/增加幅度 Percentage of high quality wilderness; percentage of natural habitat; rate of wilderness degradation/increase | 基于遥感影像的判别、监测、制图、运算、模拟; 基于田野调查的识别、监测、实测、判定; 基于历史文献与数据的分析 Identification, monitoring, mapping, arithmetic, and simulation based on remote sensing images; identification, monitoring, actual measurement, and determination based on field surveys; analysis based on historical documents and data. |
气候变化强度 Intensity of climate change | 极端天气出现频率; 冰川融化速率; 林线高度变化量; 雪线高度变化量 Frequency of extreme weather; rate of glacier melt; forest line height change; snow line height change | ||
人类干扰程度 Degree of human interference | 土地利用变化; 人工设施用地占比; 人工设施或设施用地增幅/降幅; 污染物(类型、量、变化程度) Land use change; percentage of land used for man-made facilities; rate of increase/decrease in artificial facilities or facility land use; pollutants (type, amount, degree of change) | ||
传统文化及其载体的真实性 Authenticity of traditional culture and its carriers | 传统文化及其载体是否以原真的方式存在 Whether traditional culture and its carriers exist in an authentic manner | 观察、访谈、田野调查 Observations, interviews, fieldwork | |
人与自然和谐关系的原真性 Authenticity of the harmonious relationship between human beings and nature | 传统生计是否以原真的方式维持; 原住民对于自然的观念、行为是否以原真的方式维持 Whether traditional livelihoods are maintained in an authentic manner; whether indigenous perceptions and behaviors towards nature are maintained in an original way | ||
国家公园完整性 National park integrity | 生态系统组成完整性 Ecosystem composition integrity | 本地重要物种是否被包括; 物种丰富度; 种群数量; 种群动态 Whether locally important species are included; species richness; population size; population dynamics | 基于遥感影像的判别、监测、制图、运算、模拟; 基于田野调查的识别、监测、判定 Identification, monitoring, mapping, arithmetic, and simulation based on remote sensing images; identification, monitoring, actual measurement, and determination based on field surveys |
生态系统结构完整性 Ecosystem structural integrity | 营养结构; 生境质量 Nutrient structure; habitat quality | ||
生态系统功能完整性 Ecosystem functional integrity | 演替; 营养级; 分解能力; 生态系统服务功能 Succession; trophic levels; decomposition capacity; ecosystem service functions | ||
景观组成要素完整性 Landscape composition integrity | 地质地貌价值载体是否被完整包括; 构成价值的河流的源头是否被有效保护 Whether geomorphic resources are included in their entirety; whether the source of the river that constitutes the value is effectively protected | ||
文化景观的完整性 Cultural landscape integrity | 传统保护边界是否完整纳入; 原住民传统组织结构是否被分割 Whether traditional conservation boundaries are included intact; whether the traditional organizational structure of the indigenous people is divided | 观察、访谈、田野调查 Observations, interviews, fieldwork |
[1] | Chen CD, Li DH (2003) On the biodiversity and the ecological integrity of Wulingyuan district, Hu'nan Province. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 23, 2414-2423. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[陈昌笃, 李迪华 (2003) 湖南省武陵源地区的生物多样性和生态完整性. 生态学报, 23, 2414-2423.] | |
[2] |
Clewell AF (2000) Restoring for natural authenticity. Ecological Restoration, 18, 216-217.
DOI URL |
[3] |
Frank JJ (2014) To conserve unimpaired: The evolution of the National Park idea. Environmental History, 19, 606-608.
DOI URL |
[4] | He SY, Su Y (2019) Authenticity, integrity, connectivity and coordination-conceptual analysis and practical significance for the establishment of the national park system. Environmental Protection, 47(Z1), 28-34. (in Chinese) |
[何思源, 苏杨 (2019) 原真性、完整性、连通性、协调性概念在中国国家公园建设中的体现. 环境保护, 47(Z1), 28-34.] | |
[5] | Huang BR, Ouyang ZY, Zheng H, Wang XK, Miao H (2006) Connotation of ecological integrity and its assessment methods: A review. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 17, 2196-2202. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[黄宝荣, 欧阳志云, 郑华, 王效科, 苗鸿 (2006) 生态系统完整性内涵及评价方法研究综述. 应用生态学报, 17, 2196-2202.] | |
[6] |
Karr JR, Dudley DR (1981) Ecological perspective on water quality goals. Environmental Management, 5, 55-68.
DOI URL |
[7] | Kay JJ (2001) The Ecosystem Approach to Monitoring Integrity[M/OL]. Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Waterloo. http://www.fes.uwaterloo.ca/u/jjkay/HNA/chapter2.html. (accessed on 2021-05-10) |
[8] | Keiter R (2013) To Conserve Unimpaired: The Evolution of the National Park Idea. Island Press, Washington, DC. |
[9] | Leopold A (1949) A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There. Oxford University Press, New York. |
[10] | Liu XN, Liu CL, Zhang CL, Wei Y, Huang BR (2021) Ecosystem integrity and authenticity assessment framework in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau National Park Cluster. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 41, 833-846. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[刘晓娜, 刘春兰, 张丛林, 魏钰, 黄宝荣 (2021) 青藏高原国家公园群生态系统完整性与原真性评估框架. 生态学报, 41, 833-846.] | |
[11] | Parks Canada Agency (2005) Monitoring and Reporting Ecological Integrity in Canada's National Parks, Guiding Principles, Vol. 1. Parks Canada Agency, Quebec, Canada. |
[12] | Peng L, Yang R (2018) On the holistic value of scenic areas and its identification. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 34(7), 42-47. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[彭琳, 杨锐 (2018) 论风景名胜区整体价值及其识别. 中国园林, 34(7), 42-47.] | |
[13] |
Poulios I (2010) Moving beyond a values-based approach to heritage conservation. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 12, 170-185.
DOI URL |
[14] | WHC (1994) Nara Conference on Authenticity in Relation to the World Heritage Convention. Tokyo, UNESCO-World Heritage Center, Agency for Cultural Affairs, CCROM, ICOMOS. |
[15] | Yan NL, Yu XG (2007) Summary comments on ecosystem integrity. Progress in Geography, 26, 17-25. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[燕乃玲, 虞孝感 (2007) 生态系统完整性研究进展. 地理科学进展, 26, 17-25.] | |
[16] | Yang R (2018) A study of the criteria for the establishment of national parks in China. Forestry Construction, (5), 103-112. (in Chinese) |
[杨锐 (2018) 中国国家公园设立标准研究. 林业建设, (5), 103-112.] | |
[17] | Zhang CY (2004) Interpretation and analysis for 2 important conceptions of the world heritage convention: Study on the world heritage's authenticity and integrity. Acta Scicentiarum Naturalum Universitis Pekinesis, 40(1), 129-138. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[张成渝 (2004) 《世界遗产公约》中两个重要概念的解析与引申--论世界遗产的“真实性”和“完整性”. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 40(1), 129-138.] | |
[18] | Zhao ZC, Liu XH, Yang R (2013) Identification of the perception and conservation of Chinese national Parks as cultural landscapes. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 29(11), 30-33. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[赵智聪, 刘雪华, 杨锐 (2013) 作为文化景观的风景名胜区认知与保护问题识别. 中国园林, 29(11), 30-33.] | |
[19] | Zhao ZC, Wang P (2021) Research on Cognition Tradition and Spatial Pattern of Sacred Natural Sites of Three-River-Source National Park: Taking Angsai Township of Lancang River Source Park as an Example. Landscape Architecture, 28(4), 117-123. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[赵智聪, 王沛 (2021) 三江源国家公园自然圣境认知传统与空间格局研究--以澜沧江源园区昂赛乡为例. 风景园林, 28(4), 117-123.] |
[1] | Wenyu Song, Xueyou Li, Hongjiao Wang, Zhongzheng Chen, Shuiwang He, Xuelong Jiang. Multi-dimensional evaluation of small mammal diversity in tree line habitats across the Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas: Implications for conservation [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(9): 1215-1228. |
[2] | Conglin Zhang, Mengzhen Chu, Huizhi Zhang, Haijuan Qiao, Baorong Huang. Evaluation indicator system for the recreational sustainability management of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau national park cluster [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(6): 780-789. |
[3] | Ming Cao, Junsheng Li, Wei Wang, Juyi Xia, Chunting Feng, Gang Fu, Wenjie Huang, Fangzheng Liu. Assessing the effectiveness of water retention ecosystem service in Qinling National Nature Reserve based on InVEST and propensity score matching model [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(5): 617-628. |
[4] | Fengbin Dai, Yang Wu, Yuxue Pan, Boya Zhang, Yu Tian. Work efficiency of IPBES and the effectiveness of scientific functions [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(5): 688-692. |
[5] | Xiyang Hao, Cha He, Kelin Chu, Zhixin Shen, Qiang Zhao, Wei Gao, Da Pan, Hongying Sun. The distribution pattern and biodiversity conservation of freshwater crabs in Hainan Island [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(5): 605-616. |
[6] | Zusheng Yi, Yuanjun Huang, Hui Yi, Xinwang Zhang, Wenjun Li. Biodiversity of macrozoobenthos in the Chebaling National Nature Reserve, Guangdong Province [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(5): 680-687. |
[7] | Yu Zhang, Luyu Wang, Changlin Xiang, Meichun Duan, Zhisheng Zhang. Effects of different grazing intensities on spider diversity in Saihanwula Grassland [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(4): 467-476. |
[8] | Meichun Duan, Ruxia Qin, Hongbin Zhang, Baoxiong Chen, Bin Jin, Songbo Zhang, Shaopeng Ren, Shuquan Jin, Shenghai Zhu, Jianing Hua, Yunhui Liu, Zhenrong Yu. Comprehensive comparison of different sampling methods for arthropod diversity in farmland [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(4): 477-487. |
[9] | Boyan Li, Yanpeng Zhu, Weiwei Liu, Shuang Li, Mengdi Fu, Yueheng Ren, Xuan Cai, Junsheng Li. Pilot areas for national park system in China: Progress, problems and recommendations [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(3): 283-289. |
[10] | Bin Feng, Diqiang Li, Yuguang Zhang, Yadong Xue. Progress and analysis on the management effectiveness evaluation of protected area based on Aichi Biodiversity Target 11th in China [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(2): 150-159. |
[11] | Wei Wang, Junsheng Li. In-situ conservation of biodiversity in China: Advances and prospects [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(2): 133-149. |
[12] | Xiaoming Zheng, Qingwen Yang. Progress of agricultural biodiversity conservation in China [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(2): 167-176. |
[13] | Chaode Ma, Xinhua Zhao, Cheng Zheng, Fei Leng. The achievements and experiences of UNDP-GEF biodiversity projects in China [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(2): 212-219. |
[14] | Bojian Gu, Fang Wang. A review on the ecology and conservation biology of green peafowl (Pavo muticus) [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(11): 1554-1564. |
[15] | Jia Tian, Shuyi Zhu, Xiaofeng Zhang, Liwen He, Xiaodong Gu, Tianpei Guan, Sheng Li. The diversity of large- and medium-sized terrestrial mammals and birds in the Giant Panda National Park: A meta-analysis based on camera-trapping data [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(11): 1490-1504. |
Viewed | ||||||
Full text |
|
|||||
Abstract |
|
|||||
Copyright © 2022 Biodiversity Science
Editorial Office of Biodiversity Science, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
Tel: 010-62836137, 62836665 E-mail: biodiversity@ibcas.ac.cn