Evaluating the endangerment status of China’s angiosperms through the red list assessment

doi:10.17520/biods.2017156

Biodiv Sci ›› 2017, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (7): 745-757. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2017156

Evaluating the endangerment status of China’s angiosperms through the red list assessment

Haining Qin^1,^*(), Lina Zhao^1,², Shengxiang Yu¹, Huiyuan Liu^1,³, Bo Liu⁴, Nianhe Xia⁵, Hua Peng⁶, Zhenyu Li¹, Zhixiang Zhang⁷, Xingjin He⁸, Linke Yin⁹, Yulin Lin¹⁰, Quanru Liu³, Yuantong Hou¹¹, Yan Liu¹², Qixin Liu¹³, Wei Cao¹⁴, Jianqiang Li¹⁵, Shilong Chen¹⁶, Xiaohua Jin¹, Tiangang Gao¹, Wenli Chen¹, Haiying Ma¹⁷, Yuying Geng¹⁸, Xiaofeng Jin¹⁹, Chaoyang Chang²⁰, Hong Jiang²¹, Lei Cai²², Chunxin Zang²³, Jianyong Wu²⁴, Jianfei Ye^2,²⁵, Yangjun Lai²⁶, Bing Liu¹, Qinwen Lin²⁵, Naxin Xue¹

1 State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093
2 College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
3 School of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875
4 College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081
5 South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650
6 Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201
7 School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083
8 College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064
9 Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011
10 Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medicinal Science & Peking Union Medicinal College, Beijing 100193;
11 College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165
12 Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, Guangxi 541006
13 Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014
14 Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016
15 Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074
16 Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008
17 School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091
18 State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093
19 College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036
20 College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100;
21 Yunnan Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650204
22 Ministry of Environment Protection of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100035;
23 Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012
24 Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042
25 Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093
26 Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008;

Received:2017-05-27 Accepted:2017-07-11 Online:2017-07-20 Published:2017-07-21
Contact: Qin Haining

Abstract

Abstract:

All known species of Angiosperms in China were evaluated according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, Second edition and the Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels, Version 4.0. Of the 30,068 species evaluated, 21 species were found Extinct (EX), 9 species were Extinct in the Wild (EW), 10 species were Regionally Extinct (RE), 518 species were Critically Endangered (CR), 1,152 species were Endangered (EN), 1,693 species were Vulnerable (VU), 2,538 species were Near Threatened (NT), 21,132 species were Least Concern (LC), and 2,995 species were Data Deficient (DD). The results show that 3,363 species, representing 11.2% of the evaluated species, were identified as threatened (CR, EN and VU). The main portion of threatened species occurs below 2,000 m elevation in southwestern and southern China. Habitat loss and degradation, over-collecting by humans, and intrinsic factors are the three leading threats to angiosperms in China. Comparisons of the status of taxa on this Red List to those evaluated by Wang & Xie (2004) show changes in the names and categories of some taxa due to land use pressures, the impact of conservation measures to improve the status of some species as well as new information, such as from taxonomic revisions. Therefore, there is a need for future data collection and reevaluation of the red list.

http://jtp.cnki.net/bilingual/detail/html/SWDY201707004

Key words: IUCN Red List, risk assessment of extinction, threats, angiosperms, conservation

Haining Qin, Lina Zhao, Shengxiang Yu, Huiyuan Liu, Bo Liu, Nianhe Xia, Hua Peng, Zhenyu Li, Zhixiang Zhang, Xingjin He, Linke Yin, Yulin Lin, Quanru Liu, Yuantong Hou, Yan Liu, Qixin Liu, Wei Cao, Jianqiang Li, Shilong Chen, Xiaohua Jin, Tiangang Gao, Wenli Chen, Haiying Ma, Yuying Geng, Xiaofeng Jin, Chaoyang Chang, Hong Jiang, Lei Cai, Chunxin Zang, Jianyong Wu, Jianfei Ye, Yangjun Lai, Bing Liu, Qinwen Lin, Naxin Xue. Evaluating the endangerment status of China’s angiosperms through the red list assessment[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2017, 25(7): 745-757.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2017156

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2017/V25/I7/745

Figures/Tables 11

References 41

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等级 Categories	物种数(%) No. of species (%)
灭绝 Extinct (EX)	21(0.07)
野外灭绝 Extinct in wild (EW)	9(0.03)
地区灭绝 Regional Extinct (RE)	10(0.03)
极危等级 Critically Endangered (CR)	518(1.72)
濒危 Endangered (EN)	1,152(3.83)
易危 Vulnerable (VU)	1,693(5.63)
近危 Near Threatened (NT)	2,538(8.43)
无危 Least Concern (LC)	21,132(70.28)
数据缺乏 Data Deficient (DD)	2,995(9.96)
总计 Total	30,068(100)

等级 Categories	物种数(%) No. of species (%)
灭绝 Extinct (EX)	21(0.07)
野外灭绝 Extinct in wild (EW)	9(0.03)
地区灭绝 Regional Extinct (RE)	10(0.03)
极危等级 Critically Endangered (CR)	518(1.72)
濒危 Endangered (EN)	1,152(3.83)
易危 Vulnerable (VU)	1,693(5.63)
近危 Near Threatened (NT)	2,538(8.43)
无危 Least Concern (LC)	21,132(70.28)
数据缺乏 Data Deficient (DD)	2,995(9.96)
总计 Total	30,068(100)

科名 Family	种名 Species
灭绝 EX (Extinct)
番荔枝科 Annonaceae	尖花藤 Friesodielsia hainanensis
菊科 Asteraceae	小叶橐吾 Ligularia parvifolia
秋海棠科 Begoniaceae	保亭秋海棠 Begonia sublongipes
桦木科 Betulaceae	盐桦 Betula halophila
白玉簪科 Corsiaceae	白玉簪 Corsiopsis chinensis
胡颓子科 Elaeagnaceae	柳州胡颓子 Elaeagnus liuzhouensis
杜鹃花科 Ericaceae	小溪洞杜鹃 Rhododendron xiaoxidongense
苦苣苔科 Gesneriaceae	圆果苣苔 Gyrogyne subaequifolia
唇形科 Lamiaceae	干生铃子香 Chelonopsis siccanea
唇形科 Lamiaceae	喜雨草 Ombrocharis dulcis
木通科 Lardizabalaceae	倒心叶野木瓜 Stauntonia obcordatilimba
樟科 Lauraceae	宁明琼楠 Beilschmiedia ningmingensis
樟科 Lauraceae	华蓥润楠 Machilus salicoides
百合科 Liliaceae	单花百合 Lilium stewartianum
兰科 Orchidaceae	单花美冠兰 Eulophia monantha
兰科 Orchidaceae	南川盆距兰 Gastrochilus nanchuanensis
兰科 Orchidaceae	明潭羊耳蒜 Liparis hensoaensis
兰科 Orchidaceae	峨眉带唇兰 Tainia emeiensis
无患子科 Sapindaceae	爪耳木 Lepisanthes unilocularis
玄参科 Scrophulariaceae	矮马先蒿 Pedicularis humilis
马鞭草科 Verbenaceae	小叶澜沧豆腐柴 Premna mekongensis var. meiophylla
野外灭绝 EW (Extinct in the Wild)
五加科 Araliaceae	三七 Panax notoginseng
杜鹃花科 Ericaceae	枯鲁杜鹃 Rhododendron adenosum
杜鹃花科 Ericaceae	乌来杜鹃 Rhododendron kanehirae
苦苣苔科 Gesneriaceae	焰苞唇柱苣苔 Chirita spadiciformis
水鳖科 Hydrocharitaceae	拟纤细茨藻 Najas pseudogracillima
百合科 Liliaceae	华南蜘蛛抱蛋 Aspidistra austrosinensis
睡菜科 Menyanthaceae	龙潭莕菜 Nymphoides lungtanensis
鼠李科 Rhamnaceae	鄂西鼠李 Rhamnus tzekweiensis
姜科 Zingiberaceae	细莪术 Curcuma exigua
地区灭绝 RE (Regionally Extinct)
凤仙花科 Balsaminaceae	水角 Hydrocera triflora
薯蓣科 Dioscoreaceae	吊罗薯蓣 Dioscorea poilanei
壳斗科 Fagaceae	闭壳柯 Lithocarpus cryptocarpus
小二仙草科 Haloragaceae	四蕊狐尾藻 Myriophyllum tetrandrum
水鳖科 Hydrocharitaceae	水菜花 Ottelia cordata
木兰科 Magnoliaceae	绒毛含笑 Michelia velutina
兰科 Orchidaceae	蒙自石豆兰 Bulbophyllum yunnanense
眼子菜科 Potamogetonaceae	高山眼子菜 Potamogeton alpinus
山榄科 Sapotaceae	云南藏榄 Diploknema yunnanensis
马鞭草科 Verbenaceae	塔序豆腐柴 Premna pyramidata

科名 Family	种名 Species
灭绝 EX (Extinct)
番荔枝科 Annonaceae	尖花藤 Friesodielsia hainanensis
菊科 Asteraceae	小叶橐吾 Ligularia parvifolia
秋海棠科 Begoniaceae	保亭秋海棠 Begonia sublongipes
桦木科 Betulaceae	盐桦 Betula halophila
白玉簪科 Corsiaceae	白玉簪 Corsiopsis chinensis
胡颓子科 Elaeagnaceae	柳州胡颓子 Elaeagnus liuzhouensis
杜鹃花科 Ericaceae	小溪洞杜鹃 Rhododendron xiaoxidongense
苦苣苔科 Gesneriaceae	圆果苣苔 Gyrogyne subaequifolia
唇形科 Lamiaceae	干生铃子香 Chelonopsis siccanea
唇形科 Lamiaceae	喜雨草 Ombrocharis dulcis
木通科 Lardizabalaceae	倒心叶野木瓜 Stauntonia obcordatilimba
樟科 Lauraceae	宁明琼楠 Beilschmiedia ningmingensis
樟科 Lauraceae	华蓥润楠 Machilus salicoides
百合科 Liliaceae	单花百合 Lilium stewartianum
兰科 Orchidaceae	单花美冠兰 Eulophia monantha
兰科 Orchidaceae	南川盆距兰 Gastrochilus nanchuanensis
兰科 Orchidaceae	明潭羊耳蒜 Liparis hensoaensis
兰科 Orchidaceae	峨眉带唇兰 Tainia emeiensis
无患子科 Sapindaceae	爪耳木 Lepisanthes unilocularis
玄参科 Scrophulariaceae	矮马先蒿 Pedicularis humilis
马鞭草科 Verbenaceae	小叶澜沧豆腐柴 Premna mekongensis var. meiophylla
野外灭绝 EW (Extinct in the Wild)
五加科 Araliaceae	三七 Panax notoginseng
杜鹃花科 Ericaceae	枯鲁杜鹃 Rhododendron adenosum
杜鹃花科 Ericaceae	乌来杜鹃 Rhododendron kanehirae
苦苣苔科 Gesneriaceae	焰苞唇柱苣苔 Chirita spadiciformis
水鳖科 Hydrocharitaceae	拟纤细茨藻 Najas pseudogracillima
百合科 Liliaceae	华南蜘蛛抱蛋 Aspidistra austrosinensis
睡菜科 Menyanthaceae	龙潭莕菜 Nymphoides lungtanensis
鼠李科 Rhamnaceae	鄂西鼠李 Rhamnus tzekweiensis
姜科 Zingiberaceae	细莪术 Curcuma exigua
地区灭绝 RE (Regionally Extinct)
凤仙花科 Balsaminaceae	水角 Hydrocera triflora
薯蓣科 Dioscoreaceae	吊罗薯蓣 Dioscorea poilanei
壳斗科 Fagaceae	闭壳柯 Lithocarpus cryptocarpus
小二仙草科 Haloragaceae	四蕊狐尾藻 Myriophyllum tetrandrum
水鳖科 Hydrocharitaceae	水菜花 Ottelia cordata
木兰科 Magnoliaceae	绒毛含笑 Michelia velutina
兰科 Orchidaceae	蒙自石豆兰 Bulbophyllum yunnanense
眼子菜科 Potamogetonaceae	高山眼子菜 Potamogeton alpinus
山榄科 Sapotaceae	云南藏榄 Diploknema yunnanensis
马鞭草科 Verbenaceae	塔序豆腐柴 Premna pyramidata

科 Family	种数 Species number	受威胁种数 No. of threatened species	科 Family	种数 Species number	受威胁种比例(%) % of threatened species
兰科 Orchidaceae	1,502	653	木兰科 Magnoliaceae	113	67.3
杜鹃花科 Ericaceae	1,012	142	猕猴桃科 Actinidiaceae	76	63.2
豆科 Fabaceae	1,463	126	芍药科 Paeoniaceae	20	60
百合科 Liliaceae	760	103	薯蓣科 Dioscoreaceae	58	53.4
樟科 Lauraceae	465	99	金缕梅科 Hamamelidaceae	77	49.4
山茶科 Theaceae	346	91	马兜铃科 Aristolochiaceae	82	48.8
毛茛科 Ranunculaceae	1,081	87	兰科 Orchidaceae	1,502	43.5
木兰科 Magnoliaceae	113	76	黄杨科 Buxaceae	25	40
壳斗科 Fagaceae	305	75	梧桐科 Sterculiaceae	77	39
苦苣苔科 Gesneriaceae	496	73	槭树科 Aceraceae	130	36.2
蔷薇科 Rosaceae	1,206	62	棕榈科 Arecaceae	61	36.1
景天科 Crassulaceae	255	57	茶茱萸科 Icacinaceae	23	34.8
禾本科 Poaceae	1,881	53	安息香科 Styracaceae	65	33.8
小檗科 Berberidaceae	308	48	杜英科 Elaeocarpaceae	56	30.4
猕猴桃科 Actinidiaceae	76	48	胡桃科 Juglandaceae	24	29.2

Evaluating the endangerment status of China’s angiosperms through the red list assessment

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	种数^① Species number	受威胁种数 No. of threatened species	受威胁比例^② % of threatened species	受威胁比例^③ % of threatened species		种数 Species number	受威胁种数 No. of threatened species	受威胁比例^② % of threatened species	受威胁比例^③ % of threatened species
云南 Yunnan	15,915	1,710	10.7	50.8	重庆 Chongqing	1,062	73	6.9	2.2
四川 Sichuan	10,614	649	6.1	19.3	吉林 Jilin	1,975	63	3.2	1.9
广西 Guangxi	7,082	646	9.1	19.2	江苏 Jiangsu	1,651	58	3.5	1.7
西藏 Tibet	7,684	434	5.6	12.9	香港 Hong Kong	844	57	6.8	1.7
海南 Hainan	3,609	394	10.9	11.7	内蒙古 Inner Mongolia	2,208	57	2.6	1.7
贵州 Guizhou	5,828	381	6.5	11.3	河南 Henan	1,997	56	2.8	1.7
广东 Guangdong	5,157	340	6.6	10.1	河北 Hebei	1,997	49	2.5	1.5
台湾 Taiwan	4,529	302	6.7	9	辽宁 Liaoning	1,791	47	2.6	1.4
湖北 Hubei	3,784	197	5.2	5.9	黑龙江 Heilongjiang	1,872	47	2.5	1.4
湖南 Hunan	3,895	183	4.7	5.4	山西 Shanxi	1,696	45	2.7	1.3
浙江 Zhejiang	3,301	158	4.8	4.7	青海 Qinghai	2,190	45	2.1	1.3
福建 Fujian	3,477	157	4.5	4.7	山东 Shandong	1,232	23	1.9	0.7
陕西 Shaanxi	3,640	141	3.9	4.2	宁夏 Ningxia	879	17	1.9	0.5
江西 Jiangxi	3,194	129	4	3.8	北京 Beijing	218	5	2.3	0.1
甘肃 Gansu	3,795	119	3.1	3.5	上海 Shanghai	154	2	1.3	0.1
新疆 Xinjiang	3,325	116	3.5	3.4	澳门 Macao	92	0	0	0
安徽 Anhui	2,369	104	4.4	3.1	天津 Tianjin	46	0	0	0

	习性 Habit	物种数 No. of species
草本 Herb	一年生 Annual	57
	两年生 Biennial	15
	多年生 Perennial	1,460
	其他 Others	102
	小计 Subtotal	1,634
灌木 Shrub	竹子 Bamboo	34
灌木 Shrub	其他 Others	735
	小计 Subtotal	769
藤本 Vine	草质 Herb	99
	木质 Woody	132
	其他 Others	28
	小计 Subtotal	259
木本 Tree	常绿 Evergreen	509
	落叶 Deciduous	181
	半落叶 Semi-deciduous	11
	小计 Subtotal	701
总计 Total 3,363

植被类型 Vegetation type	受威胁物种数 No. of threatened species	比例%
森林 Forest	2,684	84.7
灌丛 Shrub	854	27
荒漠 Desert	52	1.6
草原、草甸等 Grassland & meadow	395	12.5
高山植被 Alpine vegetation	48	1.5
湿地(沼泽与水生植被) Wetlands (bogs and aquatic)	42	1.3
人工植被 Artificial vegetation	422	13.3
其他生境类型 Other habitats	283	8.9

威胁因子 Threats	影响物种数 Threatened species number	比例 %
生境退化或丧失 Habitat degradation or loss	2,116	84.1
直接采挖或砍伐 Logging or harvesting	963	38.3
环境污染 Environmental pollution	17	0.7
自然灾害和气候变化 Natural disasters and climate change	39	1.6
物种内在因子 Internal factors	357	14.2
种间影响 Interspecific effects	33	1.3

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