北京首都国际机场野牛草与杂草草坪无脊椎动物多样性

doi:10.17520/biods.2024456

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

机场草坪不仅提供视觉导航, 还能降低噪音、减少水土流失, 同时也为鸟类提供了隐蔽、栖息和觅食场所, 从而增加了鸟击风险。为有效管理这一风险, 选择合适的草坪植物至关重要。野牛草(Buchloe dactyloides)是一种耐干旱且维护要求低的多年生暖季型草坪草。北京首都国际机场通过引种野牛草以减少昆虫等无脊椎动物数量, 降低鸟类栖息的机会。然而, 目前尚缺乏关于野牛草草坪对无脊椎动物多样性、个体数量及优势类群影响的直接研究, 限制了对野牛草生态效应的全面了解, 进而影响其在机场草坪管理中的科学应用和推广。本研究于2023年4-10月在首都国际机场采用扫网法与陷阱捕捉法对野牛草和杂草草坪的无脊椎动物多样性开展了周期性调查。累计采集到无脊椎动物4,395头, 隶属于6纲15目75科101属146种, 其中双翅目和半翅目分别为物种多样性和个体数量最高的类群。野牛草草坪中无脊椎动物的物种多样性和个体数量均低于杂草草坪。两种草坪共有的优势物种包括: 大眼长蝽(Geocoris pallidipennis)、异沙叶蝉(Psammotettix alienus)、小长蝽属一种(Nysius sp. 1)和条赤须盲蝽(Trigonotylus caelestialium)。野牛草草坪无脊椎动物的物种多样性最高峰出现在8月, 个体数量在5月和8月出现两个高峰; 杂草草坪无脊椎动物的物种多样性在6月和8月出现两个高峰, 个体数量在6月达到最高峰。本研究结果将为机场草坪虫情监测、无脊椎动物种群控制、建坪草种选择等鸟击防控相关工作提供参考。

关键词: 北京首都国际机场, 野牛草草坪, 鸟击预防, 无脊椎动物多样性, 群落组成

Abstract

Aims:Lawns in airport environments play an important role in visual navigation, noise reduction, and soil erosion prevention. However, they can also provide shelter and foraging opportunities for birds, thereby increasing the risk of bird strikes. Selecting appropriate turf species is essential for effective bird strike prevention. This study aims to evaluate the effects of Buchloe dactyloides (buffalo grass) lawns on invertebrate diversity and abundance, exploring its potential to reduce bird foraging opportunities and lower bird strike risks.

Methods:From April to October 2023, we surveyed invertebrate diversity on six lawns at Beijing Capital International Airport (three weedy lawns and three buffalo grass lawns) using sweep netting and trapping methods. Specimens were identified to species level using taxonomic monographs. T-tests were used to assess the significance of differences in individual counts, family-level diversity, and species-level diversity between the two lawn types. The α diversity was evaluated using the Simpson dominance index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Pielou evenness index, and Margalef richness index. The Bray-Curtis distance was applied to assess invertebrate community similarity across different months and lawns types.

Results:A total of 4,395 invertebrate individuals were collected, belonging to six classes, 15 orders, 75 families, 101 genera, and 146 species. Among them, Diptera (flies) and Hemiptera (true bugs) exhibited the highest species richness and individual abundance, respectively. The shared dominant species between both lawn types included Geocoris pallidipennis, Psammotettix alienus, Nysius sp.1, and Trigonotylus caelestialium. In buffalo grass lawns, species diversity peaked in August, with two peaks in individual numbers observed in May and August. In weedy lawns, species diversity peaked in June and August, while individual abundance was highest in June. Although weedy lawns exhibited generally higher species diversity, individual abundance, and Margalef richness index compared to buffalo grass lawns, the differences were not statistically significant. This may be due to the sampling sites and the clustered distribution of collected samples. The Bray-Curtis similarity analysis showed that species composition similarity across all month-lawn combinations ranged from moderate to extreme dissimilarity. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering, based on Bray-Curtis distances, grouped samples from April to July into one cluster and samples from August to October into another. However, there was no clear grouping based on lawn type, indicating that temporal variation had a greater influence on community composition than lawn type.

Conclusion:This study suggests that buffalo grass lawns in airport environments may help reduce invertebrate abundance, thereby potentially decreasing bird foraging opportunities. However, due to limited sampling sites and range, the results were not statistically significant. Future studies should expand the sampling area and increase replicates to obtain more reliable results. Long-term monitoring and multi-year studies at airports in different regions would further clarify the effect of buffalo grass on invertebrate control, providing scientific evidence for bird strike prevention strategies.

Key words: Beijing Capital International Airport, buffalo grass lawn, bird strike prevention, invertebrate biodiversity, community composition

刘志禹, 吉鑫, 隋国辉, 杨定, 李轩昆 (2025) 北京首都国际机场野牛草与杂草草坪无脊椎动物多样性. 生物多样性, 33, 24456. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024456.

Liu Zhiyu, Ji Xin, Sui Guohui, Yang Ding, Li Xuankun (2025) Invertebrate diversity in buffalo grass and weedy lawns at Beijing Capital International Airport. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24456. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024456.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2024456

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I4/24456

图/表 12

图1 北京首都国际机场草坪无脊椎动物多样性调查样地。A-C: 野牛草草坪; D-F: 杂草草坪。

Fig. 1 Sampling area for survey of invertebrate diversity in lawns of Beijing Capital International Airport. A-C, Buffalo grass lawn; D-F, Weedy lawn.

表1 北京首都国际机场草坪无脊椎动物多样性调查各样地面积与周长

Table 1 Area and perimeter of sampling area used in the survey of invertebrate diversity in lawns of Beijing Capital International Airport

草坪编号 Lawn ID	草坪类别 Lawn type	周长 Perimeter (m)	面积 Area (m²)
A	野牛草草坪 Buffalo grass lawn	371.66	6,393.12
B	野牛草草坪 Buffalo grass lawn	312.27	2,387.54
C	野牛草草坪 Buffalo grass lawn	387.94	7,592.16
D	杂草草坪 Weedy lawn	381.01	5,623.63
E	杂草草坪 Weedy lawn	334.34	3,715.70
F	杂草草坪 Weedy lawn	267.61	3,180.75

表2 北京首都国际机场草坪无脊椎动物多样性及个体数量统计表

Table 2 Statistics of invertebrate diversity and individual number in lawns of Beijing Capital International Airport

纲 Class	目 Order	科数 No. of families (%)	属数 No. of genera (%)	种数 No. of species (%)	个体数 No. of individuals (%)
昆虫纲 Insecta	双翅目 Diptera	24 (32.00)	24 (23.76)	38 (26.03)	215 (4.89)
	半翅目 Hemiptera	12 (16.00)	26 (25.74)	36 (24.66)	3,642 (82.87)
	膜翅目 Hymenoptera	15 (20.00)	18 (17.82)	25 (17.12)	271 (6.17)
	鞘翅目 Coleoptera	6 (8.00)	13 (12.87)	19 (13.01)	72 (1.64)
	鳞翅目 Lepidoptera	2 (2.67)	2 (1.98)	4 (2.74)	87 (1.98)
	蜻蜓目 Odonata	1 (1.33)	1 (0.99)	2 (1.37)	2 (0.05)
	缨翅目 Thysanoptera	1 (1.33)	1 (0.99)	2 (1.37)	6 (0.14)
	啮虫目 Psocodea	1 (1.33)	1 (0.99)	1 (0.68)	3 (0.07)
	直翅目 Orthoptera	1 (1.33)	1 (0.99)	1 (0.68)	1 (0.02)
蛛形纲 Arachnida	蜘蛛目 Araneae	6 (8.00)	8 (7.92)	11 (7.53)	69 (1.57)
蛛形纲 Arachnida	蜱螨目 Acarina	2 (2.67)	2 (1.98)	2 (1.37)	6 (0.14)
软甲纲 Malacostraca	等足目 Isopoda	1 (1.33)	1 (0.99)	1 (0.68)	6 (0.14)
倍足纲 Diplopoda	带马陆目 Polydesmida	1 (1.33)	1 (0.99)	1 (0.68)	8 (0.18)
唇足纲 Chilopoda	蚰蜒目 Scutigeromorpha	1 (1.33)	1 (0.99)	1 (0.68)	1 (0.02)
腹足纲 Gastropoda	柄眼目 Stylommatophora	1 (1.33)	1 (0.99)	1 (0.68)	6 (0.14)

图2 北京首都国际机场草坪无脊椎动物纲级阶元(a)和目级阶元(b)物种数占比

Fig. 2 Proportion of species number of invertebrates at the class (a) and order (b) level in lawns of Beijing Capital International Airport

图3 北京首都国际机场草坪无脊椎动物全部目级阶元(a)和除半翅目外全部目级阶元(b)在地块间的数量特征

Fig. 3 Quantitative characteristics of invertebrates at all-order level taxa (a) and all-order level taxa excluding Hemiptera (b) across different plots in lawns of Beijing Capital International Airport

表3 两类草坪中的指示物种

Table 3 Indicator species in two lawn types

草坪类型 Lawn types	指示物种 Indicator species	指示强度 Indicator strength	P
野牛草草坪 Buffalo grass lawn	广二星蝽 Eysarcoris ventralis	0.816	0.001^***
野牛草草坪 Buffalo grass lawn	利氏舞蛛 Alopecosa licenti	0.488	0.045^*
杂草草坪 Weedy lawn	草地铺道蚁 Tetramorium caespitum	0.745	0.015^*
	灰飞虱 Laodelphax striatella	0.630	0.010^**
	广肩小蜂科一种 Eurytomidae sp. 1	0.561	0.017^*
	跳甲族一种 Alticini sp. 1	0.488	0.044^*
	秆蝇科一种 Chloropidae sp. 1	0.488	0.045^*

图4 野牛草草坪与杂草草坪无脊椎动物个体数量(a)及物种数(b)的月度变化趋势

Fig. 4 Monthly variation in the number of invertebrate individuals (a) and species (b) in buffalo grass and weedy lawns

图5 野牛草草坪(a)和杂草草坪(b)中全年个体数排名前10位的物种在不同月份数量变化趋势

Fig. 5 Monthly variation of the top 10 most abundant species throughout the year in buffalo grass lawns (a) and weedy lawns (b)

图6 单个月份与全年两种草坪间个体数量(a)、科级阶元数量(b)、物种数(c)的差异

Fig. 6 Differences between the two lawn types in number of individuals (a), families (b), and species (c) for each month and the entire year

图7 两种草坪无脊椎动物群落多样性指数月度变化(每个草坪区块作为一次重复, n = 3)

Fig. 7 Monthly variation in invertebrate community diversity indices in the two lawn types (each lawn plot was treated as a replicate, n = 3)

图8 基于各月份-草坪组合间Bray-Curtis距离的UPGMA聚类树

Fig. 8 Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering tree based on the Bray-Curtis distance among the month-lawn combinations

图9 基于各月份-草坪组合间Bray-Curtis距离的非度量多维尺度分析

Fig. 9 Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis based on Bray-Curtis distance among month-lawn combinations

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