古田山不同干扰程度森林的群落恢复动态

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.13202

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

森林采伐后次生林的恢复过程对于生物多样性的保护和生态系统功能的重建具有重要意义。作者以古田山不同干扰程度的12个1 ha 森林样地为研究对象, 运用群落多元统计方法, 探讨了自然恢复过程中森林群落组成及物种多样性的动态变化及趋势。结果表明: 不同恢复阶段森林样地的群落组成存在显著性差异, 而同一恢复阶段的样地具有高度的相似性。物种丰富度随恢复进程有增加的趋势, 但各阶段差异并不显著; 物种均匀度除人工林较低以外, 其他恢复阶段之间无显著性差异。不同恢复阶段研究样地的群落组成及物种多样性的差异主要存在于林冠层。灌木及更新层具有各自的指示种, 人工林的指示种为落叶灌木或阳性乔木, 幼龄次生林的指示种为常绿灌木或小乔木, 老次生林的指示种为亚乔木层常绿树种, 老龄林的指示种为林冠层树种。上述结果表明古田山不同人为干扰程度森林群落的物种多样性具有较强的自我恢复能力。尽管物种组成难以预测, 但处于同一恢复阶段的森林, 其幼树的生活型组成呈现出一致的变化趋势。

关键词: 次生林恢复, 常绿阔叶林, 群落组成, 物种多样性, 人为干扰, 古田山自然保护区

Abstract:

Understanding the underlying processes of secondary forest recovery after disturbances such as logging is essential for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem rehabilitation. We surveyed 12 forest plots (1 ha in size) with different extents of anthropogenic disturbances in the Gutianshan National Nature Reserve and explored the community dynamics of secondary forest recovery by applying multivariate statistical ana- lysis. We found significant differences in community composition among various recovery phases, whereas high similarities of community composition were observed within the same recovery phase. No significant difference in species richness was observed among recovery stages, but species richness tended to increase during the recovery process. Species evenness in Chinese fir forests was relatively low whereas no significant difference occurred in other forests. The main differences in community composition and species diversity were found in the canopy layer. Respective indicator species were found in shrubs and regeneration layers during different recovery phases. The most representative indicator species were deciduous shrubs or heliophilous trees for plantation forests of Chinese fir, evergreen shrubs or small trees for young secondary forests, sub-canopy evergreen trees for old secondary forests, and canopy species for old-growth forests, respectively. Overall, species diversity recovered rigorously. Also the life-form composition of saplings in the same recovery phase presented consistent trends in spite of complex and unpredictable changes in species composition during the recovery process.

Key words: secondary forest recovery, evergreen broad-leaved forests, community composition, species diversity, anthropogenic disturbances, Gutianshan National Nature Reserve

徐远杰, 林敦梅, 米湘成, 任海保, 马克平. 古田山不同干扰程度森林的群落恢复动态[J]. 生物多样性, 2014, 22(3): 358-365.

Yuanjie Xu,Dunmei Lin,Xiangcheng Mi,Haibao Ren,Keping Ma. Recovery dynamics of secondary forests with different disturbance intensity in the Gutianshan National Nature Reserve[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2014, 22(3): 358-365.

图/表 7

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物种名 Species name	人工林 Chinese fir forests (CFF)	幼龄次生林 Young secondary forests (YSF)	老次生林 Old secondary forests (OSF)	老龄林 Old-growth forests (OGF)
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata	71.27 (25.85)
檵木 Loropetalum chinensis	3.06 (4.69)	2.70 (2.89)	6.17 (4.74)
隔药柃 Eurya muricata	3.02 (4.68)		2.78 (3.04)	2.80 (3.77)
马尾松 Pinus massoniana	1.71 (3.79)	7.37 (4.92)	14.33 (7.55)
石栎 Lithocarpus glaber	1.90 (3.54)	5.32 (3.89)	7.98 (5.36)
山合欢 Albizia kalkora	0.81 (2.82)
黄瑞木 Adinandra millettii	0.77 (2.34)
柳叶蜡梅 Chimonanthus salicifolius	3.05 (2.08)
黄檀 Dalbergia hupeana	0.64 (1.98)
拟赤杨 Alniphyllum fortunei	0.59 (1.95)
甜槠 Castanopsis eyrei		23.76 (9.03)	5.89 (4.31)	15.69 (8.73)
米槠 C. carlesii		9.04 (5.27)	8.32 (3.43)
木荷 Schima superba		4.56 (3.51)	11.30 (6.61)	10.95 (6.25)
马银花 Rhododendron ovatum		3.11 (3.26)		5.44 (4.86)
麂角杜鹃 R. latoucheae		2.95 (3.18)		5.36 (5.26)
短尾越橘 Vaccinium carlesii		3.30 (3.04)
青冈 Cyclobalanopsis glauca		2.52 (2.80)	5.39 (4.02)	5.12 (2.53)
栲 Castanopsis fargesii			2.18 (2.94
杨梅 Myrica rubra			2.04 (2.82)
浙江红山茶 Camellia chekiangoleosa				2.43 (2.94)
浙江新木姜子 Neolitsea aurata var. chekiangensis				1.47 (2.81)
红楠 Machilus thunbergii				2.74 (2.46)
窄基红褐柃 Eurya rubiginosa var. attenuata				2.38 (2.49)

物种名 Species name	人工林 Chinese fir forests (CFF)	幼龄次生林 Young secondary forests (YSF)	老次生林 Old secondary forests (OSF)	老龄林 Old-growth forests (OGF)
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata	71.27 (25.85)
檵木 Loropetalum chinensis	3.06 (4.69)	2.70 (2.89)	6.17 (4.74)
隔药柃 Eurya muricata	3.02 (4.68)		2.78 (3.04)	2.80 (3.77)
马尾松 Pinus massoniana	1.71 (3.79)	7.37 (4.92)	14.33 (7.55)
石栎 Lithocarpus glaber	1.90 (3.54)	5.32 (3.89)	7.98 (5.36)
山合欢 Albizia kalkora	0.81 (2.82)
黄瑞木 Adinandra millettii	0.77 (2.34)
柳叶蜡梅 Chimonanthus salicifolius	3.05 (2.08)
黄檀 Dalbergia hupeana	0.64 (1.98)
拟赤杨 Alniphyllum fortunei	0.59 (1.95)
甜槠 Castanopsis eyrei		23.76 (9.03)	5.89 (4.31)	15.69 (8.73)
米槠 C. carlesii		9.04 (5.27)	8.32 (3.43)
木荷 Schima superba		4.56 (3.51)	11.30 (6.61)	10.95 (6.25)
马银花 Rhododendron ovatum		3.11 (3.26)		5.44 (4.86)
麂角杜鹃 R. latoucheae		2.95 (3.18)		5.36 (5.26)
短尾越橘 Vaccinium carlesii		3.30 (3.04)
青冈 Cyclobalanopsis glauca		2.52 (2.80)	5.39 (4.02)	5.12 (2.53)
栲 Castanopsis fargesii			2.18 (2.94
杨梅 Myrica rubra			2.04 (2.82)
浙江红山茶 Camellia chekiangoleosa				2.43 (2.94)
浙江新木姜子 Neolitsea aurata var. chekiangensis				1.47 (2.81)
红楠 Machilus thunbergii				2.74 (2.46)
窄基红褐柃 Eurya rubiginosa var. attenuata				2.38 (2.49)

树种 Tree species	组别 Group	指示值 Value	P值 P<0.05
山合欢 Albizia kalkora	CFF	84.3	0.0188
拟赤杨 Alniphyllum fortunei	CFF	59.7	0.0346
楤木 Aralia chinensis	CFF	80.4	0.0188
紫珠 Callicarpa bodinieri	CFF	69.0	0.0412
大青 Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum	CFF	62.3	0.0346
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata	CFF	98.6	0.0188
黄檀 Dalbergia hupeana	CFF	79.7	0.0188
小果冬青 Ilex micrococca	CFF	93.5	0.0188
山胡椒 Lindera glauca	CFF	85.0	0.0188
山鸡椒 Litsea cubeba	CFF	89.2	0.0188
马尾松 Pinus massoniana	CFF	66.2	0.0188
化香 Platycarya strobilacea	CFF	86.3	0.0354
豆腐柴 Premna microphylla	CFF	68.4	0.0168
水马桑 Weigela japonica var. sinica	CFF	86.2	0.0188
栀子 Gardenia jasminoides	CSF	45.0	0.0486
野漆 Toxicodendron succedaneum	YSF	74.6	0.0496
短尾越桔 Vaccinium carlesii	YSF	48.8	0.0456
厚叶冬青 Ilex elmerriliana	YSF	67.9	0.0128
宁波木犀 Osmanthus cooperi	YSF	74.7	0.0160
石斑木 Rhaphiolepis indica	YSF	65.7	0.0160
赤楠 Syzygium buxifolium	YSF	75.7	0.0088
冬青 Ilex chinensis	OSF	67.1	0.0190
浙闽樱 Prunus schneideriana	OSF	51.4	0.0130
檵木 Loropetalum chinensis	OSF	49.9	0.0166
乳源木莲 Manglietia yuyuanensis	OSF	91.6	0.0376
刨花楠 Machilus pauhoi	OSF	100.0	0.0190
浙江红山茶 Camellia chekiangoleosa	OGF	94.0	0.0146
窄基红褐柃 Eurya rubiginosa var. attenuata	OGF	64.6	0.0332
麂角杜鹃 Rhododendron latoucheae	OGF	55.1	0.0162
秀丽槭 Acer elegantulum	OGF	100.0	0.0162
钩栲 Castanopsis tibetana	OGF	96.9	0.0446
浙江樟 Cinnamomum japonicum	OGF	97.8	0.0162
灰白蜡瓣花 Corylopsis glandulifera	OGF	99.3	0.0162
小叶青冈 Cyclobalanopsis gracilis	OGF	97.5	0.0162
细叶青冈 C. myrsinaefolia	OGF	100.0	0.0162
尾叶冬青 Ilex wilsonii	OGF	96.5	0.0066
马醉木 Pieris japonica	OGF	74.7	0.0334

树种 Tree species	组别 Group	指示值 Value	P值 P<0.05
山合欢 Albizia kalkora	CFF	84.3	0.0188
拟赤杨 Alniphyllum fortunei	CFF	59.7	0.0346
楤木 Aralia chinensis	CFF	80.4	0.0188
紫珠 Callicarpa bodinieri	CFF	69.0	0.0412
大青 Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum	CFF	62.3	0.0346
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata	CFF	98.6	0.0188
黄檀 Dalbergia hupeana	CFF	79.7	0.0188
小果冬青 Ilex micrococca	CFF	93.5	0.0188
山胡椒 Lindera glauca	CFF	85.0	0.0188
山鸡椒 Litsea cubeba	CFF	89.2	0.0188
马尾松 Pinus massoniana	CFF	66.2	0.0188
化香 Platycarya strobilacea	CFF	86.3	0.0354
豆腐柴 Premna microphylla	CFF	68.4	0.0168
水马桑 Weigela japonica var. sinica	CFF	86.2	0.0188
栀子 Gardenia jasminoides	CSF	45.0	0.0486
野漆 Toxicodendron succedaneum	YSF	74.6	0.0496
短尾越桔 Vaccinium carlesii	YSF	48.8	0.0456
厚叶冬青 Ilex elmerriliana	YSF	67.9	0.0128
宁波木犀 Osmanthus cooperi	YSF	74.7	0.0160
石斑木 Rhaphiolepis indica	YSF	65.7	0.0160
赤楠 Syzygium buxifolium	YSF	75.7	0.0088
冬青 Ilex chinensis	OSF	67.1	0.0190
浙闽樱 Prunus schneideriana	OSF	51.4	0.0130
檵木 Loropetalum chinensis	OSF	49.9	0.0166
乳源木莲 Manglietia yuyuanensis	OSF	91.6	0.0376
刨花楠 Machilus pauhoi	OSF	100.0	0.0190
浙江红山茶 Camellia chekiangoleosa	OGF	94.0	0.0146
窄基红褐柃 Eurya rubiginosa var. attenuata	OGF	64.6	0.0332
麂角杜鹃 Rhododendron latoucheae	OGF	55.1	0.0162
秀丽槭 Acer elegantulum	OGF	100.0	0.0162
钩栲 Castanopsis tibetana	OGF	96.9	0.0446
浙江樟 Cinnamomum japonicum	OGF	97.8	0.0162
灰白蜡瓣花 Corylopsis glandulifera	OGF	99.3	0.0162
小叶青冈 Cyclobalanopsis gracilis	OGF	97.5	0.0162
细叶青冈 C. myrsinaefolia	OGF	100.0	0.0162
尾叶冬青 Ilex wilsonii	OGF	96.5	0.0066
马醉木 Pieris japonica	OGF	74.7	0.0334