生物多样性 ›› 2011, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (3): 343-352. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.10288
齐增湘1,2, 徐卫华2,*(), 熊兴耀1, 欧阳志云2, 郑华2, 甘德欣1
收稿日期:
2010-12-02
接受日期:
2011-04-14
出版日期:
2011-05-20
发布日期:
2013-12-10
通讯作者:
徐卫华
作者简介:
*E-mail:xuweihua@rcees.ac.cn基金资助:
Zengxiang Qi1,2, Weihua Xu2,*(), Xingyao Xiong1, Zhiyun Ouyang2, Hua Zheng2, Dexin Gan1
Received:
2010-12-02
Accepted:
2011-04-14
Online:
2011-05-20
Published:
2013-12-10
Contact:
Weihua Xu
摘要:
明确物种生境空间分布格局及其与环境因子的关系, 对制定合理有效的保护对策十分重要。本文以黑熊(Ursus thibetanus)为研究对象, 以其重要栖息地秦岭山系为研究区域, 选取68个黑熊分布点数据和34个环境因子, 应用MAXENT模型分析其生境空间分布及主要影响因子, 以最大化Kappa值的生境适宜性指数为阈值划分适宜生境, 结合已建自然保护区进行保护空缺分析, 并通过构建阻力面和最小成本路径分析, 开展黑熊生境廊道规划。结果表明: 人类干扰和土地利用类型是影响黑熊生境选择的主要生态因子, 居民点密度、到荒草地距离、到耕地距离3个因子对黑熊生境选择有重要影响, 其综合贡献值分别为21.4%、17.5%和15.9%, 到阔叶林距离、到水体距离等因子次之。黑熊的适宜生境主要集中分布在秦岭山系主脊的中西部地区, 占整个秦岭山系面积的19.23%。空缺分析表明: 已建自然保护区群覆盖了23.49%的适宜生境, 但尚有8,480 km2处于保护区之外。为更有效保护秦岭黑熊及其生境, 建议建设12条生境廊道, 同时结合其他物种进行系统保护规划。
齐增湘, 徐卫华, 熊兴耀, 欧阳志云, 郑华, 甘德欣 (2011) 基于MAXENT模型的秦岭山系黑熊潜在生境评价. 生物多样性, 19, 343-352. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.10288.
Zengxiang Qi, Weihua Xu, Xingyao Xiong, Zhiyun Ouyang, Hua Zheng, Dexin Gan (2011) Assessment of potential habitat for Ursus thibetanus in the Qinling Moun- tains. Biodiversity Science, 19, 343-352. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.10288.
准则层1 Rule layer 1 | 权重 Weight | 准则层2 Rule layer 2 | 权重 Weight | 准则层3 Rule layer 3 | 对总目标的权重 Weights for the target | 相对阻力 Relative resistance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
物理环境因子 Physical environment factors | 0.2120 | 坡度阻力因子 Resistance factor of slope (Rs) (°) | 0.4241 | >50 | 0.0899 | 400 |
40-50 | 300 | |||||
30-40 | 200 | |||||
21-30 | 100 | |||||
<21 | 50 | |||||
坡向阻力因子 Resistance factor of aspect (Ra) | 0.2214 | 阳坡 Sunny slope | 0.0469 | 50 | ||
半阳半阴坡 Semi-sunny slope | 100 | |||||
阴坡 Cloudy slope | 200 | |||||
海拔阻力因子 Resistance factor of elevation (Re) (m) | 0.1640 | >2,200 | 0.0348 | 400 | ||
1,600-2,200 | 300 | |||||
1,150-1,600 | 200 | |||||
600-1,150 | 100 | |||||
<600 | 50 | |||||
到水体距离阻力因子 Resistance factor of distance to water (Rw) (m) | 0.1905 | >800 | 0.0404 | 400 | ||
600-800 | 300 | |||||
400-600 | 200 | |||||
200-400 | 100 | |||||
<200 | 50 | |||||
生物环境因子 Biological environment factors | 0.3162 | 土地利用类型阻力因子 Resistance factor of land use (Rl) | 0.3162 | 阔叶林 Broad-leaf forest | 0.3162 | 0 |
混交林 Mixed forest | 20 | |||||
针叶林 Coniferous forest | 50 | |||||
灌丛 Brushwood | 100 | |||||
草甸 Meadow | 150 | |||||
荒草地 Grassland | 200 | |||||
耕地 Cultivated land | 300 | |||||
水体 Water | 400 | |||||
居民地 Residential areas | 500 | |||||
人为干扰因子 Human disturbance factors | 0.4718 | 到主要公路距离阻力因子 Resistance factor of distance to main roads (Rr) (m) | 0.1483 | >1,000 | 0.0700 | 50 |
1,000-600 | 100 | |||||
600-300 | 200 | |||||
100-300 | 300 | |||||
<100 | 400 | |||||
居民点密度阻力因子 Resistance factor of residential density (Rj) | 0.5627 | >2.5 | 0.2655 | 500 | ||
1.0-2.5 | 400 | |||||
0.4-1.0 | 200 | |||||
0.08-0.4 | 100 | |||||
<0.08 | 50 | |||||
到耕地距离阻力因子 Resistance factor of distance to cultivated land (Rc) (m) | 0.2889 | >1,200 | 0.1363 | 50 | ||
1,200-800 | 100 | |||||
800-500 | 200 | |||||
500-100 | 300 | |||||
<100 | 400 |
附录I 黑熊生境阻力因子、分值和权重
Appendix I Resistance factors, values and weights of habitat for Ursus thibetanus
准则层1 Rule layer 1 | 权重 Weight | 准则层2 Rule layer 2 | 权重 Weight | 准则层3 Rule layer 3 | 对总目标的权重 Weights for the target | 相对阻力 Relative resistance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
物理环境因子 Physical environment factors | 0.2120 | 坡度阻力因子 Resistance factor of slope (Rs) (°) | 0.4241 | >50 | 0.0899 | 400 |
40-50 | 300 | |||||
30-40 | 200 | |||||
21-30 | 100 | |||||
<21 | 50 | |||||
坡向阻力因子 Resistance factor of aspect (Ra) | 0.2214 | 阳坡 Sunny slope | 0.0469 | 50 | ||
半阳半阴坡 Semi-sunny slope | 100 | |||||
阴坡 Cloudy slope | 200 | |||||
海拔阻力因子 Resistance factor of elevation (Re) (m) | 0.1640 | >2,200 | 0.0348 | 400 | ||
1,600-2,200 | 300 | |||||
1,150-1,600 | 200 | |||||
600-1,150 | 100 | |||||
<600 | 50 | |||||
到水体距离阻力因子 Resistance factor of distance to water (Rw) (m) | 0.1905 | >800 | 0.0404 | 400 | ||
600-800 | 300 | |||||
400-600 | 200 | |||||
200-400 | 100 | |||||
<200 | 50 | |||||
生物环境因子 Biological environment factors | 0.3162 | 土地利用类型阻力因子 Resistance factor of land use (Rl) | 0.3162 | 阔叶林 Broad-leaf forest | 0.3162 | 0 |
混交林 Mixed forest | 20 | |||||
针叶林 Coniferous forest | 50 | |||||
灌丛 Brushwood | 100 | |||||
草甸 Meadow | 150 | |||||
荒草地 Grassland | 200 | |||||
耕地 Cultivated land | 300 | |||||
水体 Water | 400 | |||||
居民地 Residential areas | 500 | |||||
人为干扰因子 Human disturbance factors | 0.4718 | 到主要公路距离阻力因子 Resistance factor of distance to main roads (Rr) (m) | 0.1483 | >1,000 | 0.0700 | 50 |
1,000-600 | 100 | |||||
600-300 | 200 | |||||
100-300 | 300 | |||||
<100 | 400 | |||||
居民点密度阻力因子 Resistance factor of residential density (Rj) | 0.5627 | >2.5 | 0.2655 | 500 | ||
1.0-2.5 | 400 | |||||
0.4-1.0 | 200 | |||||
0.08-0.4 | 100 | |||||
<0.08 | 50 | |||||
到耕地距离阻力因子 Resistance factor of distance to cultivated land (Rc) (m) | 0.2889 | >1,200 | 0.1363 | 50 | ||
1,200-800 | 100 | |||||
800-500 | 200 | |||||
500-100 | 300 | |||||
<100 | 400 |
生境类型 Habitat type | 斑块面积 Patch area (ha) | 斑块数目 Number of patches | 斑块密度 Patch density (个/100 ha) | 最大斑块指数Largest patch index | 平均斑块面积 Mean patch area (ha) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
适宜生境 Suitable | 1,108,441 | 9,481 | 0.857 | 40.355 | 116.637 |
不适宜生境 Unsuitable | 4,653,365 | 8,751 | 0.188 | 97.201 | 531.433 |
表1 黑熊生境类型景观格局指数
Table 1 Landscape pattern index of habitat types for Ursus thibetanus
生境类型 Habitat type | 斑块面积 Patch area (ha) | 斑块数目 Number of patches | 斑块密度 Patch density (个/100 ha) | 最大斑块指数Largest patch index | 平均斑块面积 Mean patch area (ha) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
适宜生境 Suitable | 1,108,441 | 9,481 | 0.857 | 40.355 | 116.637 |
不适宜生境 Unsuitable | 4,653,365 | 8,751 | 0.188 | 97.201 | 531.433 |
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