基于MAXENT模型的秦岭山系黑熊潜在生境评价

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.10288

生物多样性 ›› 2011, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (3): 343-352. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.10288

基于MAXENT模型的秦岭山系黑熊潜在生境评价

齐增湘¹^,², 徐卫华²^,^*(), 熊兴耀¹, 欧阳志云², 郑华², 甘德欣¹

1 (湖南农业大学园艺园林学院, 长沙 410128)
2 (中国科学院生态环境研究中心城市与区域生态国家重点实验室, 北京 100085)

收稿日期:2010-12-02 接受日期:2011-04-14 出版日期:2011-05-20 发布日期:2013-12-10
通讯作者: 徐卫华
作者简介:*E-mail:xuweihua@rcees.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(40901289);国家重点基础研究发展计划项目(2009CB421104);世界自然基金会(WWF)项目

Assessment of potential habitat for Ursus thibetanus in the Qinling Moun- tains

Zengxiang Qi¹^,², Weihua Xu²^,^*(), Xingyao Xiong¹, Zhiyun Ouyang², Hua Zheng², Dexin Gan¹

1 College of Horticulture & Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128
2 State Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085

Received:2010-12-02 Accepted:2011-04-14 Online:2011-05-20 Published:2013-12-10
Contact: Weihua Xu

1. 附录I 黑熊生境阻力因子、分值和权重.pdf(165KB)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

明确物种生境空间分布格局及其与环境因子的关系, 对制定合理有效的保护对策十分重要。本文以黑熊(Ursus thibetanus)为研究对象, 以其重要栖息地秦岭山系为研究区域, 选取68个黑熊分布点数据和34个环境因子, 应用MAXENT模型分析其生境空间分布及主要影响因子, 以最大化Kappa值的生境适宜性指数为阈值划分适宜生境, 结合已建自然保护区进行保护空缺分析, 并通过构建阻力面和最小成本路径分析, 开展黑熊生境廊道规划。结果表明: 人类干扰和土地利用类型是影响黑熊生境选择的主要生态因子, 居民点密度、到荒草地距离、到耕地距离3个因子对黑熊生境选择有重要影响, 其综合贡献值分别为21.4%、17.5%和15.9%, 到阔叶林距离、到水体距离等因子次之。黑熊的适宜生境主要集中分布在秦岭山系主脊的中西部地区, 占整个秦岭山系面积的19.23%。空缺分析表明: 已建自然保护区群覆盖了23.49%的适宜生境, 但尚有8,480 km²处于保护区之外。为更有效保护秦岭黑熊及其生境, 建议建设12条生境廊道, 同时结合其他物种进行系统保护规划。

关键词: 黑熊, GAP分析, 生境评价, 最小成本路径分析, 生境廊道

Abstract

Understanding the distribution of suitable habitat of target species and their relationship with environment are critical to formulating effective protective measures. The Qinling Mountains contain important habitat for Ursus thibetanus. A predictive habitat distribution map of this species was estimated using the Maximum Entropy (MAXENT) model with a total of 68 recorded points of known bear occurrence and 34 environmental factors. The distribution of potential habitat and its relationship with major environmental factors were analyzed and a gap analysis was carried out in light of existing nature reserves. Habitat corridor networks were also planned using resistance surface and least-cost analysis. Results showed that human interference and landuse type were the main factors influencing habitat choice of U. thibetanus. Three variables including residential density, distance to grassland and distance to cultivated land had the greatest effect on habitat selection, with a contribution of 21.4%, 17.5% and 15.9% respectively, followed by the distance to broad-leaf forest and distance to water. Estimated suitable habitat for U. thibetanus was distributed mainly in the middle and western portions of the Qinling Mountains and occupied 19.23% of the Mountains’ total area. Gap analysis showed that approximately 23.49% of the bear’s predicted suitable habitat was protected within the nature reserves, but that 8,480 km² of suitable habitat was outside these reserves. In order to protect U. thibetanus and its habitat more effectively, suggestions for the construction of 12 habitat corridors and a systematic conservation planning process integrating other species’ needs were proposed.

Key words: Ursus thibetanus, GAP analysis, habitat evaluation, least cost path analysis, habitat corridor

齐增湘, 徐卫华, 熊兴耀, 欧阳志云, 郑华, 甘德欣 (2011) 基于MAXENT模型的秦岭山系黑熊潜在生境评价. 生物多样性, 19, 343-352. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.10288.

Zengxiang Qi, Weihua Xu, Xingyao Xiong, Zhiyun Ouyang, Hua Zheng, Dexin Gan (2011) Assessment of potential habitat for Ursus thibetanus in the Qinling Moun- tains. Biodiversity Science, 19, 343-352. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.10288.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.10288

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2011/V19/I3/343

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参考文献 38

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准则层1 Rule layer 1	权重 Weight	准则层2 Rule layer 2	权重 Weight	准则层3 Rule layer 3	对总目标的权重 Weights for the target	相对阻力 Relative resistance
物理环境因子 Physical environment factors	0.2120	坡度阻力因子 Resistance factor of slope (R_s) (°)	0.4241	>50	0.0899	400
				40-50		300
				30-40		200
				21-30		100
				<21		50
		坡向阻力因子 Resistance factor of aspect (R_a)	0.2214	阳坡 Sunny slope	0.0469	50
				半阳半阴坡 Semi-sunny slope		100
				阴坡 Cloudy slope		200
		海拔阻力因子 Resistance factor of elevation (R_e) (m)	0.1640	>2,200	0.0348	400
				1,600-2,200		300
				1,150-1,600		200
				600-1,150		100
				<600		50
		到水体距离阻力因子 Resistance factor of distance to water (R_w) (m)	0.1905	>800	0.0404	400
				600-800		300
				400-600		200
				200-400		100
				<200		50
生物环境因子 Biological environment factors	0.3162	土地利用类型阻力因子 Resistance factor of land use (R_l)	0.3162	阔叶林 Broad-leaf forest	0.3162	0
				混交林 Mixed forest		20
				针叶林 Coniferous forest		50
				灌丛 Brushwood		100
				草甸 Meadow		150
				荒草地 Grassland		200
				耕地 Cultivated land		300
				水体 Water		400
				居民地 Residential areas		500
人为干扰因子 Human disturbance factors	0.4718	到主要公路距离阻力因子 Resistance factor of distance to main roads (R_r) (m)	0.1483	>1,000	0.0700	50
				1,000-600		100
				600-300		200
				100-300		300
				<100		400
		居民点密度阻力因子 Resistance factor of residential density (R_j)	0.5627	>2.5	0.2655	500
				1.0-2.5		400
				0.4-1.0		200
				0.08-0.4		100
				<0.08		50
		到耕地距离阻力因子 Resistance factor of distance to cultivated land (R_c) (m)	0.2889	>1,200	0.1363	50
				1,200-800		100
				800-500		200
				500-100		300
				<100		400

准则层1 Rule layer 1	权重 Weight	准则层2 Rule layer 2	权重 Weight	准则层3 Rule layer 3	对总目标的权重 Weights for the target	相对阻力 Relative resistance
物理环境因子 Physical environment factors	0.2120	坡度阻力因子 Resistance factor of slope (R_s) (°)	0.4241	>50	0.0899	400
				40-50		300
				30-40		200
				21-30		100
				<21		50
		坡向阻力因子 Resistance factor of aspect (R_a)	0.2214	阳坡 Sunny slope	0.0469	50
				半阳半阴坡 Semi-sunny slope		100
				阴坡 Cloudy slope		200
		海拔阻力因子 Resistance factor of elevation (R_e) (m)	0.1640	>2,200	0.0348	400
				1,600-2,200		300
				1,150-1,600		200
				600-1,150		100
				<600		50
		到水体距离阻力因子 Resistance factor of distance to water (R_w) (m)	0.1905	>800	0.0404	400
				600-800		300
				400-600		200
				200-400		100
				<200		50
生物环境因子 Biological environment factors	0.3162	土地利用类型阻力因子 Resistance factor of land use (R_l)	0.3162	阔叶林 Broad-leaf forest	0.3162	0
				混交林 Mixed forest		20
				针叶林 Coniferous forest		50
				灌丛 Brushwood		100
				草甸 Meadow		150
				荒草地 Grassland		200
				耕地 Cultivated land		300
				水体 Water		400
				居民地 Residential areas		500
人为干扰因子 Human disturbance factors	0.4718	到主要公路距离阻力因子 Resistance factor of distance to main roads (R_r) (m)	0.1483	>1,000	0.0700	50
				1,000-600		100
				600-300		200
				100-300		300
				<100		400
		居民点密度阻力因子 Resistance factor of residential density (R_j)	0.5627	>2.5	0.2655	500
				1.0-2.5		400
				0.4-1.0		200
				0.08-0.4		100
				<0.08		50
		到耕地距离阻力因子 Resistance factor of distance to cultivated land (R_c) (m)	0.2889	>1,200	0.1363	50
				1,200-800		100
				800-500		200
				500-100		300
				<100		400

生境类型 Habitat type	斑块面积 Patch area (ha)	斑块数目 Number of patches	斑块密度 Patch density (个/100 ha)	最大斑块指数Largest patch index	平均斑块面积 Mean patch area (ha)
适宜生境 Suitable	1,108,441	9,481	0.857	40.355	116.637
不适宜生境 Unsuitable	4,653,365	8,751	0.188	97.201	531.433

生境类型 Habitat type	斑块面积 Patch area (ha)	斑块数目 Number of patches	斑块密度 Patch density (个/100 ha)	最大斑块指数Largest patch index	平均斑块面积 Mean patch area (ha)
适宜生境 Suitable	1,108,441	9,481	0.857	40.355	116.637
不适宜生境 Unsuitable	4,653,365	8,751	0.188	97.201	531.433

基于MAXENT模型的秦岭山系黑熊潜在生境评价

Assessment of potential habitat for Ursus thibetanus in the Qinling Moun- tains

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