生物多样性 ›› 2011, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (3): 319-326. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.08206
收稿日期:
2010-08-25
接受日期:
2011-02-23
出版日期:
2011-05-20
发布日期:
2013-12-10
通讯作者:
龙春林
作者简介:
*E-mail:long@mail.kib.ac.cn基金资助:
Tiancai Huang1,2,3, Chunlin Long1,2,*()
Received:
2010-08-25
Accepted:
2011-02-23
Online:
2011-05-20
Published:
2013-12-10
Contact:
Chunlin Long
摘要:
为了探讨局部地区遗传资源优先性评价的方法和管理问题, 我们采用“3E”原则对云南裸子植物进行了评价。“3E” 分别指珍稀濒危的(Endangered)、特有的(Endemic)和具有经济价值的(Economic)三个方面。我们首先介绍了“3E”原则的由来、内涵和价值, 并应用 “3E”原则, 以种(变种)为分析单元, 对分布于云南的10科29属107种(变种)野生裸子植物遗传资源的状况进行了分析, 确定了需要优先保护的遗传资源类群。结果表明, 云南省野生裸子植物资源兼有受威胁严重、特有率高、经济价值高等多种特征, 如南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var. mairei)、灰干苏铁(Cycas hongheensis)、油麦吊云杉(Picea brachytyla var. complanata)等58种不仅受威胁严重, 而且具有重要的经济价值和潜在的开发利用价值。具有“3E” 特性的裸子植物遗传资源有72种, 其中贡山三尖杉(Cephalotaxus lanceolata)、苏铁(Cycas revoluta)、大理罗汉松(Podocarpus forrestii)、德保苏铁(C. debaoensis)、德钦柏(Juniperus baimashanensis)、巧家五针松(Pinus squamata)、灰干苏铁、万钧柏(J. chengii)、毛枝五针松(P. wangii)等9种亟待进行抢救性保存, 中甸冷杉(Abies ferreana)、绿春苏铁(C. tangingii)、麦吊杉(Picea brachytyla)、怒江冷杉(A. nukiangensis)、河内苏铁(C. tonkinensis)等40种需要优先收集和保存。保存的方式包括原地保存、异地保存、设施保存和栽培利用等综合措施。将“3E”原则应用于云南裸子植物遗传资源的管理, 具有科学合理性和可操作性, 对遗传资源的保护和可持续利用具有一定的参考价值。
黄天才, 龙春林 (2011) 用3E原则评价云南野生裸子植物遗传资源 收集保存的优先性. 生物多样性, 19, 319-326. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.08206.
Tiancai Huang, Chunlin Long (2011) Priorities for genetic resource collection and preservation of wild gymnosperms in Yunnan: an analysis based on the “3E” principle. Biodiversity Science, 19, 319-326. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.08206.
评价指标 Criteria | 优先性次序 Priority ranking | ||
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | |
珍稀濒危 Rare and Endangered | 极危 Critically Endangered (CR) | 濒危 Endangered (EN) | 易危 Vulnerable (VU) |
区域特有 Endemism | 狭域特有(E1) Endemic to a narrow area | 云南特有(E2) Endemic to Yunnan | 边缘特有和中国特有(E3) Endemic to China or distributed in Yunnan and its surrounding regions |
经济价值 Economic value | 稀有或著名的食用、药用、观赏、木材、工业原料、能源、育种材料及其他特殊用途材料(Ea) Rare or famous, edible, medicinal, aesthetic, timber, material for industry, bioenergy, breeding material, and other special material. | 较好的药用、观赏、木材、食用、工业原料、能源、育种材料及其他特殊用途材料(Eb) Preferable, edible, medicinal, aest- hetic, timber, material for indu- stry, bioenergy, breeding material and other special material. | 基本的药用、观赏、木材、食用、工业原料、能源、育种材料(Ec) Essential, edible, medicinal, aesthetic, timber, material for industry, bioenergy and breeding material. |
生态价值 Ecological value | 建群种、关键种、指示种、高大乔木、农业生态环境建设、重要物质元素循环 (e1) Constructive species, key-stone species, indicator species, big and tall arbor. For agroecological environment construction or important biogeochemical cycle. | 优势种、速生种、先锋植物、乔木, 重要的灌木及木质藤本(e2) Dominant species, fast-growing species, pioneer arbor, important shrub or woody vine. | 一般性小乔木、灌木、木质藤本(e3) Small tree, shrub, or woody vine |
潜在的价值 Potential value | 潜在经济价值、发展农业和保护生物多样性的价值(p1) Potential value in economic, agricultural development, and biodiversity conservation | 潜在的生态、科研和文化价值(p2) Potential value in ecological, scientific and cultural aspects | 潜在的环境建设与保护价值 (p3) Potential value in environmental development and conservation |
科研价值 Scientific value | 全球性科研学术价值(s1) Globally important in science | 国内或地方科研学术价值(s2) Domestic or local scientific value | |
文化价值 Cultural value | 宗教、民族、农业、旅游、文学等的标志性植物(c1) Landmark plants for religion, nationality, agriculture, tourism, literature and so on | 民间习俗、地域性文化等 (c2) Folk custom and regional culture | 民族特有的文化(c3) Ethnic culture endemic to a group |
其他价值 Others value | 重要的绿化和环境保护(o1) Important value in afforestation and environmental protection | 较好的绿化和环境保护(o2) Preferable afforestation and environmental protection | 一般的绿化和环境保护(o3) General value in afforestation and environmental protection |
表1 遗传资源优先性评价指标及代码
Table 1 Evaluation criteria and codes of genetic resources
评价指标 Criteria | 优先性次序 Priority ranking | ||
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | |
珍稀濒危 Rare and Endangered | 极危 Critically Endangered (CR) | 濒危 Endangered (EN) | 易危 Vulnerable (VU) |
区域特有 Endemism | 狭域特有(E1) Endemic to a narrow area | 云南特有(E2) Endemic to Yunnan | 边缘特有和中国特有(E3) Endemic to China or distributed in Yunnan and its surrounding regions |
经济价值 Economic value | 稀有或著名的食用、药用、观赏、木材、工业原料、能源、育种材料及其他特殊用途材料(Ea) Rare or famous, edible, medicinal, aesthetic, timber, material for industry, bioenergy, breeding material, and other special material. | 较好的药用、观赏、木材、食用、工业原料、能源、育种材料及其他特殊用途材料(Eb) Preferable, edible, medicinal, aest- hetic, timber, material for indu- stry, bioenergy, breeding material and other special material. | 基本的药用、观赏、木材、食用、工业原料、能源、育种材料(Ec) Essential, edible, medicinal, aesthetic, timber, material for industry, bioenergy and breeding material. |
生态价值 Ecological value | 建群种、关键种、指示种、高大乔木、农业生态环境建设、重要物质元素循环 (e1) Constructive species, key-stone species, indicator species, big and tall arbor. For agroecological environment construction or important biogeochemical cycle. | 优势种、速生种、先锋植物、乔木, 重要的灌木及木质藤本(e2) Dominant species, fast-growing species, pioneer arbor, important shrub or woody vine. | 一般性小乔木、灌木、木质藤本(e3) Small tree, shrub, or woody vine |
潜在的价值 Potential value | 潜在经济价值、发展农业和保护生物多样性的价值(p1) Potential value in economic, agricultural development, and biodiversity conservation | 潜在的生态、科研和文化价值(p2) Potential value in ecological, scientific and cultural aspects | 潜在的环境建设与保护价值 (p3) Potential value in environmental development and conservation |
科研价值 Scientific value | 全球性科研学术价值(s1) Globally important in science | 国内或地方科研学术价值(s2) Domestic or local scientific value | |
文化价值 Cultural value | 宗教、民族、农业、旅游、文学等的标志性植物(c1) Landmark plants for religion, nationality, agriculture, tourism, literature and so on | 民间习俗、地域性文化等 (c2) Folk custom and regional culture | 民族特有的文化(c3) Ethnic culture endemic to a group |
其他价值 Others value | 重要的绿化和环境保护(o1) Important value in afforestation and environmental protection | 较好的绿化和环境保护(o2) Preferable afforestation and environmental protection | 一般的绿化和环境保护(o3) General value in afforestation and environmental protection |
物种 Species | 主要分布区(1) Major distribution | 海拔 Altitude (m) | 3E标准(2) 3E criterion |
---|---|---|---|
三尖杉科 Cephalotaxaceae | |||
三尖杉 Cephalotaxus fortunei* | I, III, IV, VIII | 2,000-2,900 | VU A2c, Ea, e1, s2 |
高山三尖杉 C. fortunei | I, III | 1,100-3,700 | E3, Eb, e3, s2 |
贡山三尖杉 C. lanceolata* | IV | About 2,000 | CR A2c, E1, Eb, e1, s2 |
西双版纳粗榧 C. mannii* | VIII, VI | 1,000-1,900 | VU A1d, Ea, e1, s2, p1, o1 |
篦子三尖杉 C. oliveri* | I, III, VIII, IX | 300-2,000 | VU A1d, E3, Ea, e1, s2, p1, o1 |
粗榧 C. sinensis* | I, III, V, VIII | 600-3,200 | E3, Eb, e1, s2, p1, o1 |
柏科 Cupressaceae | |||
翠柏 Calocdrus macrolepis* | I, IV, V, VI, VIII | 300-2,100 | VU A2c, Eb, e2, p1, c1, o1 |
干香柏 Cupressus duclouxiana | I, II, III, VI, VII, VIII, XI | 1,300-3,400 | VU A1c, E3, Eb, e2, p2, c2, o2 |
柏木 C. funebris* | I, VIII; | 1,000-1,500 | VU A1c, E3, Eb, e2, p2, c2, o2 |
福建柏 Fokienia hodginsii | I, VII, VIII, IX | 100-1,800 | VU B2ab (i, ii), Eb, e2, c2, o2 |
德钦柏 Juniperus baimashanesis* | II | 3,400 | CR B1ac (ii)+2ac (ii), E1, c2 |
万钧柏 J. chengii* | XI | 3,100-3,200 | CR B1ab (ii), E1, c2 |
刺柏 J. formosana | I, II, III | 200-3,400 | E3, Eb, e2, c2, o2 |
昆明柏 J. gausenii* | I, VIII | 1,200-2,000 | EN B2ab (ii), E1, Eb, e2, c2, o1 |
滇藏方枝柏 J. indica* | II, XI | 2,600-5,100 | VU A2c, e1, c2, o3 |
垂枝香柏 J. pingii | II, III | 2,600-4,400 | VU A2c, E2, e2, c3 |
直叶香柏 J. pingii var. carinata | II, III | 2,700-4,500 | E3, Eb, e2, c2, p3 |
香柏 J. pingii var. Wilsonii | II, III | 2,200-4,900 | E3, Eb, e2, c2, o2 |
垂枝柏 J. recurva | II, III, IV, XI | 2,700-3,900 | VU A1c, E3, E3c, e3, c2 |
小果垂枝柏 J. recurva var. coxii | II, III, IV, XI | 1,800-3,800 | VU A1c, Ec, c2 |
方枝柏 J. saltuaria | II | 2,700-4,500 | E3, Ec, e2, c2 |
高山柏 J. squamata | II, III, IV, XI | 2,500-4,400 | Ec, e3, c2 |
长叶高山柏 J. squamata var. fargesii | II, III, XI | 1,600-4,500 | E3, Ec, e3, c2 |
侧柏 Platycladus orientalis | Yunnan | 1,800-3,400 | Eb, e3, c2, o2 |
圆柏 Sabina chinensis* | I, II | 1,000-3,900 | Eb, e2, c2, o1 |
苏铁科 Cycadaceae | |||
宽叶苏铁 Cycas balansae | V, VI, VIII | 100-1,200 | VU A1cd, Ea, e2, s2, o3 |
德保苏铁 C. debaoensis* | VIII | 600-1,100 | CR B1(iv, v)+2ab (iv, v), E3, c1, o2 |
广东苏铁 C. taiwaniana | VIII | 400-1,100 | VU B2ab (ii), E3, s2, o2 |
长叶苏铁 C. dolichophylla | VIII | 520-600 | E3, Eb, s2 |
灰干苏铁 C. hongheensis* | VIII | 300-800 | CR B1ab (ii, v), E1, e1, s2 |
长柄叉叶苏铁 C. longipetiolula | VIII | 400-1,000 | E1, Eb, e2, s2 |
叉叶苏铁 C. micholitzii* | VIII | 100-700 | EN B2ab (ii), Eb, e2, s2 |
多羽叉叶苏铁 C. multifrondisa | VIII | 200-800 | E2, Eb, e2, s2, p1, o3 |
多歧苏铁 C. multipinnata* | VIII | 250-1,100 | EN A1cd, E2, Eb, e2, s2, p1, o2 |
攀枝花苏铁 C. panzhihuaensis* | I, II | 1,100-2,000 | EN A2c, E3, Eb, e2, s2, p1, o2 |
元江苏铁 C. parvulus* | I, V, VI | 700-1,200 | E2, Eb, e2, s2, p1, o2 |
篦齿苏铁 C. pectinata* | I, V, VI, VIII | 1,000-1,800 | VU A2cd, Eb, e2, s2, p1, o1 |
苏铁 C. revoluta* | Cultivated in Ynunan | 100-500 | CR A4cd, E2, Eb, e2, s2, p1, c1, o1 |
叉孢苏铁 C. segmentifida* | VIII | 550-760 | EN A2c, E3, Eb, e2, s2, p1, o3 |
单羽苏铁 C. simplicipinna | V, VI | 500-900 | Eb, e2, s2, p1, o3 |
贵州苏铁 C. szechuanensis | I, VIII | 400-700 | VU A2cd, Ec, e3, s2, p3, o3 |
绿春苏铁 C. tangingii* | VII, VIII | Below 1,000 | Eb, e2, s2, p1, o3 |
河内苏铁 C. tonkinensis* | VIII | 200-1,000 | E1, Eb, e2, s2, p1, o3 |
麻黄科 Ephederaceae | |||
丽江麻黄 Ehperdra liliangensis* | I, II, III, IV, XI | 2,300-4,100 | E3, Eb, e2, s2, p2, o2 |
藏麻黄 E. saxatilis* | I | 3,100-4,600 | Eb, e3, s2, p1 |
银杏科 Ginkgoaceae | |||
银杏 Ginkgo biloba* | I, X, IX, IX | Below 2,000 | E3, Ea, e1, s1, p1, c1, o1 |
买麻藤科 Gnetaceae | |||
少苞买麻藤 G. brunonianum | IV | 350 | Ec, e3, s2, p3 |
球子买麻藤 G. catasphaericum | Yunnan | Ec, e3, s2, p3 | |
闭苞买麻藤 G. cleistostachyum* | VIII | 1,200-2,000 | E1, Ec, e1, s2, p1, o3 |
灌状买麻藤 G. gnemon* | IV | VU D2, Ec, e3, s2, p3 | |
细柄买麻藤 G. gracilipes* | VIII | EN B2ab (ii), E3, Ec, e3, s2, p3 | |
海南买麻藤 G. hainanense | VIII | 100-900 | Eb, e2, s2, p3 |
买麻藤 G. montanum | V, VI, VII, VIII | 500-2,700 | Eb, e2, s2, p3 |
垂子买麻藤 G. pendulum | IV, V, VI, VII, VIII | 600-1,800 | VU B2ab (iii), E3, Eb, e2, s2, p3 |
松科 Pinaceae | |||
苍山冷杉 Abies delavayi* | III, IV, XI | 2,500-4,300 | VU A2c, E3, Eb, e1, s2, p1, o3 |
云南黄果冷杉 A. ernestii var. salouenensis | II, IV, XI | 2,200-3,200 | E3, Eb, e2, s2, p3, o3 |
中甸冷杉 A. ferreana* | II, XI | 3,300-3,800 | EN A2c, E3, Ea, e2, s2, p1, o3 |
川滇冷杉 A. forrestii | II, IV, XI | 2,800-3,400 | VU A2c, E3, Ea, e2, s2, p2, o3 |
长苞冷杉 A. georgei* | I, XI | 2,500-4,200 | VU A2c, Eb, e1, p1 |
急尖长苞冷杉 A. georgei var. smithii | II, III, XI | 2,600-4,100 | E3, Eb, e2, p2 |
怒江冷杉 A. nukiangensis* | III, XI | 2,500-2,900 | EN A2c, E2, Eb, e2, p2 |
铁坚油杉 Keteleeria davidiana* | X | 600-1,500 | VU A2c, E3, Eb, e1, p1, s2 |
云南油杉 K. evelyniana* | I, II, XI | 700-2,900 | VU A2c, Ea, e1, p1 |
江南油杉 K. fortunei* | V, VI, VII, VIII | 300-1,600 | E3, Eb, e1, p1 |
威信油杉 K. weixinensis* | IX | 1,170 | E1, Ec, e2 |
红杉 Larix potaninii* | I | 2,500-4,150 | VU A2c, E3, Eb, e1, p1 |
大果红杉 L. potaninii var. australis | II, XI | 2,500 - 4,150 | E3, Eb, e2, p2 |
怒江红杉 L. speciosa* | II, III, IV, XI | 2,600-4,100 | VU A1c, E3, Eb, e2, p2, s2 |
麦吊杉 Picea brachytyla* | II, XI | 1,500-2,900 | VU A1cd, E3, Eb, e1, p1, s2 |
油麦吊云杉 P. brachytyla var. complanata* | II, III, IV, XI | 2,000-3,800 | E3, Eb, e1, p1, s2 |
缅甸云杉 P. farreri | IV | 2,400-2,700 | E3, Eb, e2, p2 |
丽江云杉 P. likiangensis | II, XI | 2,300-3,800 | Eb, e2, p2 |
林芝云杉 P. likiangensis var. linzhiensis | II, XI | 2,900-3,700 | VU A2c, E3, Eb, e2, p2 |
华山松 Pinus armandi* | I, II, III, V, XI | 1,100-3,300 | Ea, e1, p1, c2, o2 |
高山松 P. densata* | II, XI | 2,600-3,500 | E3, Eb, e1, p1, c2, o2 |
思茅松 P. kesiya var. lanbianensis* | IV, V, VI, VII, VIII | 600-2,000 | Ea, e1, p1, s2, c2, o1 |
马尾松 P. massoniana* | VIII, IX | Near 2,000 | E3, Ea, e1, p1, c1, s2, o2 |
巧家五针松 P. squamata* | IX | 2,000-2,300 | CR A1a; B1ab (ii)+2ab (ii), E1, Eb, e1, p2, c2, s1 |
黄山松 P. taiwanensis* | VIII | 600-3,400 | E3, Eb, e1, p2, s2, c1, o1 |
乔松 P. wallichiana* | IV, XI | 1,600-4,000 | VU A1c, Eb, e1, p2, c2, s2 |
毛枝五针松 P. wangii* | VIII | 1,100-2,000 | CR A1a, E3, Eb, e1, p2, s2, c2, o2 |
云南松 P. yunnanensis* | I, II, III, V, VI, VIII | 600-2,800 | E3, Ea, e1, p2, s2, c2, o2 |
地盘松 P. yunnanensis var. pygmaea* | I, X, XI | 2,000-3,100 | E3, Ec, e2, p2, s2, o2 |
澜沧黄杉 Pseudotsuga forrestii* | II, XI | 2,200-3,200 | VU A1cd, E3, Eb, e2, p2, s2 |
黄杉 P. sinensis* | I, IX, X | 600-3,300 | VU A1cd, E3, Eb, e2, p2, s2 |
铁杉 Tsuga chinensis | I, II, III, IV, V, X, XI | 1,000-3,200 | E3, Eb, e2, p2, s2, o2 |
丽江铁杉 T. chinensis var. forrestii | II, XI | 2,100-3,000 | VU A1cd, E3, Eb, e2, p2, s2, o2 |
云南铁杉 T. dumosa | I, II, III, V, XI | 2,200-3,500 | Ea, e2, p2, o2 |
罗汉松科 Podocarpaceae | |||
鸡毛松 Dacrycarpus var. patulus* | VI, VII, VIII | 800-1,500 | VU A1c, Ea, e2, p2, s2, o2 |
长叶竹柏 Nageia fleuryi* | VIII | 800-900 | VU A1c, Ea, e2, p2, s2, o2 |
肉托竹柏 N. Wallichiana* | VI | 500-600 | EN A2c, Ea, e2, p2, s2, o2 |
大理罗汉松 Podocarpus forrestii* | III | 2,200-3,000 | CR B1ac (v), E1, Ea, e2, p2, s2, o1 |
罗汉松 P. macrophyllus* | VIII | About 1,000 | Ea, e2, p1, s1, c1, o2 |
短叶罗汉松 P. macrophyllus var. maki | Cultivated in Yunnan | Below 1,000 | E3, e2, p3, s2, o2 |
百日青 P. neriifolius* | V, VI, VII, VIII | 100-1,800 | VU A2c, Ea, e2, p1, s1, o2 |
小叶罗汉松 P. wangii* | VIII | 700-2,000 | E3, Ea, e2, p1, s1, o2 |
红豆杉科 Taxaceae | |||
云南穗花杉 Amentotaxus yunnanensis* | VII, VIII | 900-1,500 | EN A1c, Ea, e2, p1, s1, o2 |
白豆杉 Pseudotaxus chienii* | VIII | 800-1,500 | VU A1c, E3, Ea, e2, p1, s1, o2 |
红豆杉 T. chinensis* | VIII, IX, X | 1,000-1,500 | VU A1cd, E3, Ea, e2, p1, s1, o2 |
南方红豆杉 T. chinensis var. mairei* | I, II, III, IX, X | 1,000-1,200 | VU A2c, Ea, e2, p1, s1, o2 |
喜马拉雅红豆杉 T. wallichiana* | IV | 2,000-3,500 | VU A2c, Ea, e2, p1, s1, o2 |
云南红豆杉 T. yunnanensis* | II, III, V | 2,000-3,500 | VU A2c, Ea, e2, p1, s1, o2 |
云南榧树 Torreya fargesii var. yunnanensis* | I, II, III, IV | 2,000-3,400 | EN A1cd, E1, Ea, e2, p1, s2 |
杉科 Taxodiaceae | |||
柳杉 Cryptomeria japonica var. sinensis* | Cultivated in Ynunan | 300-2,400 | VU A2c, E3, Eb, e1, p1, c1, s2 |
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata* | I, III, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX | 1,000-2,900 | Ea, e1, p1 |
水松 Glyptostrobus pensilis* | VIII, VII | 1,000-1,600 | E3, Ea, e2, c1, p1, s1 |
台湾杉 Taiwania cryptomerioides* | IV, V | 1,700-2,800 | E3, Ea, e2, c1, p2, s2 |
附录I 云南野生裸子植物遗传资源信息和特征分类
Appendix I Information and feature classification of genetic resources of wild gymnosperms in Yunnan Province
物种 Species | 主要分布区(1) Major distribution | 海拔 Altitude (m) | 3E标准(2) 3E criterion |
---|---|---|---|
三尖杉科 Cephalotaxaceae | |||
三尖杉 Cephalotaxus fortunei* | I, III, IV, VIII | 2,000-2,900 | VU A2c, Ea, e1, s2 |
高山三尖杉 C. fortunei | I, III | 1,100-3,700 | E3, Eb, e3, s2 |
贡山三尖杉 C. lanceolata* | IV | About 2,000 | CR A2c, E1, Eb, e1, s2 |
西双版纳粗榧 C. mannii* | VIII, VI | 1,000-1,900 | VU A1d, Ea, e1, s2, p1, o1 |
篦子三尖杉 C. oliveri* | I, III, VIII, IX | 300-2,000 | VU A1d, E3, Ea, e1, s2, p1, o1 |
粗榧 C. sinensis* | I, III, V, VIII | 600-3,200 | E3, Eb, e1, s2, p1, o1 |
柏科 Cupressaceae | |||
翠柏 Calocdrus macrolepis* | I, IV, V, VI, VIII | 300-2,100 | VU A2c, Eb, e2, p1, c1, o1 |
干香柏 Cupressus duclouxiana | I, II, III, VI, VII, VIII, XI | 1,300-3,400 | VU A1c, E3, Eb, e2, p2, c2, o2 |
柏木 C. funebris* | I, VIII; | 1,000-1,500 | VU A1c, E3, Eb, e2, p2, c2, o2 |
福建柏 Fokienia hodginsii | I, VII, VIII, IX | 100-1,800 | VU B2ab (i, ii), Eb, e2, c2, o2 |
德钦柏 Juniperus baimashanesis* | II | 3,400 | CR B1ac (ii)+2ac (ii), E1, c2 |
万钧柏 J. chengii* | XI | 3,100-3,200 | CR B1ab (ii), E1, c2 |
刺柏 J. formosana | I, II, III | 200-3,400 | E3, Eb, e2, c2, o2 |
昆明柏 J. gausenii* | I, VIII | 1,200-2,000 | EN B2ab (ii), E1, Eb, e2, c2, o1 |
滇藏方枝柏 J. indica* | II, XI | 2,600-5,100 | VU A2c, e1, c2, o3 |
垂枝香柏 J. pingii | II, III | 2,600-4,400 | VU A2c, E2, e2, c3 |
直叶香柏 J. pingii var. carinata | II, III | 2,700-4,500 | E3, Eb, e2, c2, p3 |
香柏 J. pingii var. Wilsonii | II, III | 2,200-4,900 | E3, Eb, e2, c2, o2 |
垂枝柏 J. recurva | II, III, IV, XI | 2,700-3,900 | VU A1c, E3, E3c, e3, c2 |
小果垂枝柏 J. recurva var. coxii | II, III, IV, XI | 1,800-3,800 | VU A1c, Ec, c2 |
方枝柏 J. saltuaria | II | 2,700-4,500 | E3, Ec, e2, c2 |
高山柏 J. squamata | II, III, IV, XI | 2,500-4,400 | Ec, e3, c2 |
长叶高山柏 J. squamata var. fargesii | II, III, XI | 1,600-4,500 | E3, Ec, e3, c2 |
侧柏 Platycladus orientalis | Yunnan | 1,800-3,400 | Eb, e3, c2, o2 |
圆柏 Sabina chinensis* | I, II | 1,000-3,900 | Eb, e2, c2, o1 |
苏铁科 Cycadaceae | |||
宽叶苏铁 Cycas balansae | V, VI, VIII | 100-1,200 | VU A1cd, Ea, e2, s2, o3 |
德保苏铁 C. debaoensis* | VIII | 600-1,100 | CR B1(iv, v)+2ab (iv, v), E3, c1, o2 |
广东苏铁 C. taiwaniana | VIII | 400-1,100 | VU B2ab (ii), E3, s2, o2 |
长叶苏铁 C. dolichophylla | VIII | 520-600 | E3, Eb, s2 |
灰干苏铁 C. hongheensis* | VIII | 300-800 | CR B1ab (ii, v), E1, e1, s2 |
长柄叉叶苏铁 C. longipetiolula | VIII | 400-1,000 | E1, Eb, e2, s2 |
叉叶苏铁 C. micholitzii* | VIII | 100-700 | EN B2ab (ii), Eb, e2, s2 |
多羽叉叶苏铁 C. multifrondisa | VIII | 200-800 | E2, Eb, e2, s2, p1, o3 |
多歧苏铁 C. multipinnata* | VIII | 250-1,100 | EN A1cd, E2, Eb, e2, s2, p1, o2 |
攀枝花苏铁 C. panzhihuaensis* | I, II | 1,100-2,000 | EN A2c, E3, Eb, e2, s2, p1, o2 |
元江苏铁 C. parvulus* | I, V, VI | 700-1,200 | E2, Eb, e2, s2, p1, o2 |
篦齿苏铁 C. pectinata* | I, V, VI, VIII | 1,000-1,800 | VU A2cd, Eb, e2, s2, p1, o1 |
苏铁 C. revoluta* | Cultivated in Ynunan | 100-500 | CR A4cd, E2, Eb, e2, s2, p1, c1, o1 |
叉孢苏铁 C. segmentifida* | VIII | 550-760 | EN A2c, E3, Eb, e2, s2, p1, o3 |
单羽苏铁 C. simplicipinna | V, VI | 500-900 | Eb, e2, s2, p1, o3 |
贵州苏铁 C. szechuanensis | I, VIII | 400-700 | VU A2cd, Ec, e3, s2, p3, o3 |
绿春苏铁 C. tangingii* | VII, VIII | Below 1,000 | Eb, e2, s2, p1, o3 |
河内苏铁 C. tonkinensis* | VIII | 200-1,000 | E1, Eb, e2, s2, p1, o3 |
麻黄科 Ephederaceae | |||
丽江麻黄 Ehperdra liliangensis* | I, II, III, IV, XI | 2,300-4,100 | E3, Eb, e2, s2, p2, o2 |
藏麻黄 E. saxatilis* | I | 3,100-4,600 | Eb, e3, s2, p1 |
银杏科 Ginkgoaceae | |||
银杏 Ginkgo biloba* | I, X, IX, IX | Below 2,000 | E3, Ea, e1, s1, p1, c1, o1 |
买麻藤科 Gnetaceae | |||
少苞买麻藤 G. brunonianum | IV | 350 | Ec, e3, s2, p3 |
球子买麻藤 G. catasphaericum | Yunnan | Ec, e3, s2, p3 | |
闭苞买麻藤 G. cleistostachyum* | VIII | 1,200-2,000 | E1, Ec, e1, s2, p1, o3 |
灌状买麻藤 G. gnemon* | IV | VU D2, Ec, e3, s2, p3 | |
细柄买麻藤 G. gracilipes* | VIII | EN B2ab (ii), E3, Ec, e3, s2, p3 | |
海南买麻藤 G. hainanense | VIII | 100-900 | Eb, e2, s2, p3 |
买麻藤 G. montanum | V, VI, VII, VIII | 500-2,700 | Eb, e2, s2, p3 |
垂子买麻藤 G. pendulum | IV, V, VI, VII, VIII | 600-1,800 | VU B2ab (iii), E3, Eb, e2, s2, p3 |
松科 Pinaceae | |||
苍山冷杉 Abies delavayi* | III, IV, XI | 2,500-4,300 | VU A2c, E3, Eb, e1, s2, p1, o3 |
云南黄果冷杉 A. ernestii var. salouenensis | II, IV, XI | 2,200-3,200 | E3, Eb, e2, s2, p3, o3 |
中甸冷杉 A. ferreana* | II, XI | 3,300-3,800 | EN A2c, E3, Ea, e2, s2, p1, o3 |
川滇冷杉 A. forrestii | II, IV, XI | 2,800-3,400 | VU A2c, E3, Ea, e2, s2, p2, o3 |
长苞冷杉 A. georgei* | I, XI | 2,500-4,200 | VU A2c, Eb, e1, p1 |
急尖长苞冷杉 A. georgei var. smithii | II, III, XI | 2,600-4,100 | E3, Eb, e2, p2 |
怒江冷杉 A. nukiangensis* | III, XI | 2,500-2,900 | EN A2c, E2, Eb, e2, p2 |
铁坚油杉 Keteleeria davidiana* | X | 600-1,500 | VU A2c, E3, Eb, e1, p1, s2 |
云南油杉 K. evelyniana* | I, II, XI | 700-2,900 | VU A2c, Ea, e1, p1 |
江南油杉 K. fortunei* | V, VI, VII, VIII | 300-1,600 | E3, Eb, e1, p1 |
威信油杉 K. weixinensis* | IX | 1,170 | E1, Ec, e2 |
红杉 Larix potaninii* | I | 2,500-4,150 | VU A2c, E3, Eb, e1, p1 |
大果红杉 L. potaninii var. australis | II, XI | 2,500 - 4,150 | E3, Eb, e2, p2 |
怒江红杉 L. speciosa* | II, III, IV, XI | 2,600-4,100 | VU A1c, E3, Eb, e2, p2, s2 |
麦吊杉 Picea brachytyla* | II, XI | 1,500-2,900 | VU A1cd, E3, Eb, e1, p1, s2 |
油麦吊云杉 P. brachytyla var. complanata* | II, III, IV, XI | 2,000-3,800 | E3, Eb, e1, p1, s2 |
缅甸云杉 P. farreri | IV | 2,400-2,700 | E3, Eb, e2, p2 |
丽江云杉 P. likiangensis | II, XI | 2,300-3,800 | Eb, e2, p2 |
林芝云杉 P. likiangensis var. linzhiensis | II, XI | 2,900-3,700 | VU A2c, E3, Eb, e2, p2 |
华山松 Pinus armandi* | I, II, III, V, XI | 1,100-3,300 | Ea, e1, p1, c2, o2 |
高山松 P. densata* | II, XI | 2,600-3,500 | E3, Eb, e1, p1, c2, o2 |
思茅松 P. kesiya var. lanbianensis* | IV, V, VI, VII, VIII | 600-2,000 | Ea, e1, p1, s2, c2, o1 |
马尾松 P. massoniana* | VIII, IX | Near 2,000 | E3, Ea, e1, p1, c1, s2, o2 |
巧家五针松 P. squamata* | IX | 2,000-2,300 | CR A1a; B1ab (ii)+2ab (ii), E1, Eb, e1, p2, c2, s1 |
黄山松 P. taiwanensis* | VIII | 600-3,400 | E3, Eb, e1, p2, s2, c1, o1 |
乔松 P. wallichiana* | IV, XI | 1,600-4,000 | VU A1c, Eb, e1, p2, c2, s2 |
毛枝五针松 P. wangii* | VIII | 1,100-2,000 | CR A1a, E3, Eb, e1, p2, s2, c2, o2 |
云南松 P. yunnanensis* | I, II, III, V, VI, VIII | 600-2,800 | E3, Ea, e1, p2, s2, c2, o2 |
地盘松 P. yunnanensis var. pygmaea* | I, X, XI | 2,000-3,100 | E3, Ec, e2, p2, s2, o2 |
澜沧黄杉 Pseudotsuga forrestii* | II, XI | 2,200-3,200 | VU A1cd, E3, Eb, e2, p2, s2 |
黄杉 P. sinensis* | I, IX, X | 600-3,300 | VU A1cd, E3, Eb, e2, p2, s2 |
铁杉 Tsuga chinensis | I, II, III, IV, V, X, XI | 1,000-3,200 | E3, Eb, e2, p2, s2, o2 |
丽江铁杉 T. chinensis var. forrestii | II, XI | 2,100-3,000 | VU A1cd, E3, Eb, e2, p2, s2, o2 |
云南铁杉 T. dumosa | I, II, III, V, XI | 2,200-3,500 | Ea, e2, p2, o2 |
罗汉松科 Podocarpaceae | |||
鸡毛松 Dacrycarpus var. patulus* | VI, VII, VIII | 800-1,500 | VU A1c, Ea, e2, p2, s2, o2 |
长叶竹柏 Nageia fleuryi* | VIII | 800-900 | VU A1c, Ea, e2, p2, s2, o2 |
肉托竹柏 N. Wallichiana* | VI | 500-600 | EN A2c, Ea, e2, p2, s2, o2 |
大理罗汉松 Podocarpus forrestii* | III | 2,200-3,000 | CR B1ac (v), E1, Ea, e2, p2, s2, o1 |
罗汉松 P. macrophyllus* | VIII | About 1,000 | Ea, e2, p1, s1, c1, o2 |
短叶罗汉松 P. macrophyllus var. maki | Cultivated in Yunnan | Below 1,000 | E3, e2, p3, s2, o2 |
百日青 P. neriifolius* | V, VI, VII, VIII | 100-1,800 | VU A2c, Ea, e2, p1, s1, o2 |
小叶罗汉松 P. wangii* | VIII | 700-2,000 | E3, Ea, e2, p1, s1, o2 |
红豆杉科 Taxaceae | |||
云南穗花杉 Amentotaxus yunnanensis* | VII, VIII | 900-1,500 | EN A1c, Ea, e2, p1, s1, o2 |
白豆杉 Pseudotaxus chienii* | VIII | 800-1,500 | VU A1c, E3, Ea, e2, p1, s1, o2 |
红豆杉 T. chinensis* | VIII, IX, X | 1,000-1,500 | VU A1cd, E3, Ea, e2, p1, s1, o2 |
南方红豆杉 T. chinensis var. mairei* | I, II, III, IX, X | 1,000-1,200 | VU A2c, Ea, e2, p1, s1, o2 |
喜马拉雅红豆杉 T. wallichiana* | IV | 2,000-3,500 | VU A2c, Ea, e2, p1, s1, o2 |
云南红豆杉 T. yunnanensis* | II, III, V | 2,000-3,500 | VU A2c, Ea, e2, p1, s1, o2 |
云南榧树 Torreya fargesii var. yunnanensis* | I, II, III, IV | 2,000-3,400 | EN A1cd, E1, Ea, e2, p1, s2 |
杉科 Taxodiaceae | |||
柳杉 Cryptomeria japonica var. sinensis* | Cultivated in Ynunan | 300-2,400 | VU A2c, E3, Eb, e1, p1, c1, s2 |
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata* | I, III, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX | 1,000-2,900 | Ea, e1, p1 |
水松 Glyptostrobus pensilis* | VIII, VII | 1,000-1,600 | E3, Ea, e2, c1, p1, s1 |
台湾杉 Taiwania cryptomerioides* | IV, V | 1,700-2,800 | E3, Ea, e2, c1, p2, s2 |
分布区 Zones | 科Families | 属 Genera | 种 Species |
---|---|---|---|
I 云南高原区 | 8 | 19 | 30 |
II 金沙江区 | 6 | 16 | 36 |
III 滇西峡谷区 | 7 | 14 | 28 |
IV 东喜马拉雅区 | 7 | 13 | 22 |
V 澜沧、红河中游区 | 8 | 13 | 18 |
VI 滇缅老越边境区 | 6 | 12 | 15 |
VII 滇越边境区 | 7 | 12 | 12 |
VIII 滇东南区 | 8 | 21 | 44 |
IX 滇东地区 | 5 | 8 | 11 |
X 大小凉山区 | 2 | 4 | 7 |
XI 康藏高原区 | 3 | 10 | 30 |
表2 云南野生裸子植物遗传资源水平分布现状
Table 2 The horizontal distribution of wild gymnosperm genetic resources in Yunnan
分布区 Zones | 科Families | 属 Genera | 种 Species |
---|---|---|---|
I 云南高原区 | 8 | 19 | 30 |
II 金沙江区 | 6 | 16 | 36 |
III 滇西峡谷区 | 7 | 14 | 28 |
IV 东喜马拉雅区 | 7 | 13 | 22 |
V 澜沧、红河中游区 | 8 | 13 | 18 |
VI 滇缅老越边境区 | 6 | 12 | 15 |
VII 滇越边境区 | 7 | 12 | 12 |
VIII 滇东南区 | 8 | 21 | 44 |
IX 滇东地区 | 5 | 8 | 11 |
X 大小凉山区 | 2 | 4 | 7 |
XI 康藏高原区 | 3 | 10 | 30 |
水系 River system | 种数 Species number (%) |
---|---|
金沙江-长江 Jinsha River-the Yangtze River | 39(36.5) |
南盘江-珠江 Nanpan River-the Pearl River | 30(28.0) |
澜沧江-湄公河 Lancang River-the Mekong River | 55(51.4) |
怒江-萨尔温江 Nujiang River-the Salween River | 37(34.6) |
元江-红河 Yuanjiang River-the Red River | 44(41.1) |
独龙江、大盈江、瑞丽江-伊洛瓦底江 Dulong River, Daying River, and Ruili River -the Ayeyarwady River | 39(36.5) |
表3 云南六大水系野生裸子植物遗传资源分布情况
Table 3 Distribution of wild gymnosperm genetic resources in six river systems in Yunnan
水系 River system | 种数 Species number (%) |
---|---|
金沙江-长江 Jinsha River-the Yangtze River | 39(36.5) |
南盘江-珠江 Nanpan River-the Pearl River | 30(28.0) |
澜沧江-湄公河 Lancang River-the Mekong River | 55(51.4) |
怒江-萨尔温江 Nujiang River-the Salween River | 37(34.6) |
元江-红河 Yuanjiang River-the Red River | 44(41.1) |
独龙江、大盈江、瑞丽江-伊洛瓦底江 Dulong River, Daying River, and Ruili River -the Ayeyarwady River | 39(36.5) |
海拔 Altitude (m) | 主要科 Major families | 主要属 Major genera | 种数 Species number |
---|---|---|---|
100- 1,500 | 苏铁科 Cycadaceae 买麻藤科 Gnetaceae 罗汉松科 Podocarpaceae | 福建柏属 Fokienia 翠柏属 Calocedrus 穗花杉属 Amentotaxus | 48 |
1,500- 3,500 | 杉科 Taxodiaceae 柏科 Cupressaceae 买麻藤科 Gnetaceae 三尖杉科 Cephalotaxaceae | 松属 Pinus 油杉属 Keteleeria | 66 |
Above 3,500 | 松科 Pinaceae | 刺柏属 Juniperus 榧属 Torreya 红豆杉属 Taxus | 29 |
表4 云南野生裸子植物遗传资源垂直分布现状
Table 4 The vertical distribution of wild gymnosperm genetic resources in Yunnan
海拔 Altitude (m) | 主要科 Major families | 主要属 Major genera | 种数 Species number |
---|---|---|---|
100- 1,500 | 苏铁科 Cycadaceae 买麻藤科 Gnetaceae 罗汉松科 Podocarpaceae | 福建柏属 Fokienia 翠柏属 Calocedrus 穗花杉属 Amentotaxus | 48 |
1,500- 3,500 | 杉科 Taxodiaceae 柏科 Cupressaceae 买麻藤科 Gnetaceae 三尖杉科 Cephalotaxaceae | 松属 Pinus 油杉属 Keteleeria | 66 |
Above 3,500 | 松科 Pinaceae | 刺柏属 Juniperus 榧属 Torreya 红豆杉属 Taxus | 29 |
亟待优先保存 To be urgently collected and preserved | ||
---|---|---|
贡山三尖杉 Cephalotaxus lanceolata | 苏铁 C. revoluta | 大理罗汉松 Podocarpus forrestii |
德保苏铁 Cycas debaoensis | 德钦柏 Juniperus baimashanensis | 巧家五针松 Pinus squamata |
灰干苏铁 C. hongheensis | 万钧柏 J. chengii | 毛枝五针松 P. wangii |
优先保存 To be priorly collected and preserved | ||
中甸冷杉 Abies ferreana | 绿春苏铁 C. tangingii | 麦吊杉 Picea brachytyla |
怒江冷杉 A. nukiangensis | 河内苏铁 C. tonkinensis | 华山松 Pinus armandi |
云南穗花杉 Amentotaxus yunnanensis | 鸡毛松 Dacrycarpus imbricatus var. patulus | 黄山松 P. taiwanensis |
三尖杉 Cephalotaxus fortunei | 昆明柏 Juniperus gausenii | 乔松 P. wallichiana |
西双版纳粗榧 C. mannii | 银杏 Ginkgo biloba | 罗汉松 Podocarpus macrophyllus |
篦子三尖杉 C. oliveri | 闭苞买麻藤 Gnetum cleistostachyum | 白豆杉 Pseudotaxus chienii |
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata | 灌状买麻藤 G. gnemon | 圆柏 Sabina chinensis |
翠柏 Cupressus macrolepis | 细柄买麻藤 G. gracilipes | 红豆杉 Taxus chinensis |
叉叶苏铁 Cycas micholitzii | 水松 Glyptostrobus pensilis | 南方红豆杉 T. chinensis var. mairei |
多歧苏铁 C. multipinnata | 铁坚油杉 Keteleeria davidiana | 喜马拉雅红豆杉 T. wallichiana |
攀枝花苏铁 C. panzhihuaensis | 威信油杉 K. weixinensis | 云南红豆杉 T. yunnanensis |
元江苏铁 C. parvulus | 红杉 Larix potaninii | 云南榧树 Torreya fargesii var. yunnanensis |
篦齿苏铁 C. pectinata | 长叶竹柏 Nageia fleuryi | |
叉孢苏铁 C. segmentifida | 肉托竹柏 N. wallichiana |
表5 云南亟待和优先收集保存的遗传资源类群
Table 5 Wild gymnosperm genetic resources to be urgently or priorly collected and preserved in Yunnan
亟待优先保存 To be urgently collected and preserved | ||
---|---|---|
贡山三尖杉 Cephalotaxus lanceolata | 苏铁 C. revoluta | 大理罗汉松 Podocarpus forrestii |
德保苏铁 Cycas debaoensis | 德钦柏 Juniperus baimashanensis | 巧家五针松 Pinus squamata |
灰干苏铁 C. hongheensis | 万钧柏 J. chengii | 毛枝五针松 P. wangii |
优先保存 To be priorly collected and preserved | ||
中甸冷杉 Abies ferreana | 绿春苏铁 C. tangingii | 麦吊杉 Picea brachytyla |
怒江冷杉 A. nukiangensis | 河内苏铁 C. tonkinensis | 华山松 Pinus armandi |
云南穗花杉 Amentotaxus yunnanensis | 鸡毛松 Dacrycarpus imbricatus var. patulus | 黄山松 P. taiwanensis |
三尖杉 Cephalotaxus fortunei | 昆明柏 Juniperus gausenii | 乔松 P. wallichiana |
西双版纳粗榧 C. mannii | 银杏 Ginkgo biloba | 罗汉松 Podocarpus macrophyllus |
篦子三尖杉 C. oliveri | 闭苞买麻藤 Gnetum cleistostachyum | 白豆杉 Pseudotaxus chienii |
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata | 灌状买麻藤 G. gnemon | 圆柏 Sabina chinensis |
翠柏 Cupressus macrolepis | 细柄买麻藤 G. gracilipes | 红豆杉 Taxus chinensis |
叉叶苏铁 Cycas micholitzii | 水松 Glyptostrobus pensilis | 南方红豆杉 T. chinensis var. mairei |
多歧苏铁 C. multipinnata | 铁坚油杉 Keteleeria davidiana | 喜马拉雅红豆杉 T. wallichiana |
攀枝花苏铁 C. panzhihuaensis | 威信油杉 K. weixinensis | 云南红豆杉 T. yunnanensis |
元江苏铁 C. parvulus | 红杉 Larix potaninii | 云南榧树 Torreya fargesii var. yunnanensis |
篦齿苏铁 C. pectinata | 长叶竹柏 Nageia fleuryi | |
叉孢苏铁 C. segmentifida | 肉托竹柏 N. wallichiana |
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