生物多样性 ›› 2009, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (5): 440-447. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09034
所属专题: 土壤生物与土壤健康; 昆虫多样性与生态功能
区余端1,2, 苏志尧1,2,*(), 李镇魁1, 佟富春1, 柳泽鑫1
收稿日期:
2009-02-12
接受日期:
2009-08-23
出版日期:
2009-09-20
发布日期:
2009-09-20
通讯作者:
苏志尧
作者简介:
*E-mail: zysu@scau.edu.cn基金资助:
Yuduan Ou1,2, Zhiyao Su1,2,*(), Zhenkui Li1, Fuchun Tong1, Zexin Liu1
Received:
2009-02-12
Accepted:
2009-08-23
Online:
2009-09-20
Published:
2009-09-20
Contact:
Zhiyao Su
摘要:
2008年初车八岭山地常绿阔叶林受到中国南方80年一遇的冰灾的重创。为了揭示灾后林冠开度的梯度对土壤节肢动物多样性与分布的影响, 在受冰灾影响的车八岭山地常绿阔叶林设置2 ha固定样地, 按照冠层受损程度选取17个20 m×20 m的样方, 用半球面影像技术获取林冠开度, 并分凋落物层、0-10 cm和10-20 cm的矿质土层采集凋落物及土壤样品, 分析土壤节肢动物多样性。利用双向聚类分析(two-way cluster analysis)对凋落物层的土壤节肢动物和样地进行聚类, 以典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis)研究冠层开度、土壤有机质、电导率以及自然含水量与0-10 cm表土层土壤节肢动物的关系。结果表明土壤节肢动物的多度、丰富度和多样性随土壤层的加深而下降, 具有明显的表聚性; 林冠开度与凋落物层的土壤节肢动物类群数量呈负相关; 甲螨亚目、中气门亚目和前气门亚目动物对光照的适应范围广; 膜翅目、鞘翅目幼虫、综合纲和伪蝎目动物具有明显的避光性; 土壤节肢动物类群的分布与林冠开度、土壤自然含水量、电导率和有机质关系密切。因此可以推论, 冰灾对车八岭山地常绿阔叶林冠层的破坏及土壤因子的变化会进一步影响土壤节肢动物群落的组成和分布。本项研究还表明, 土壤节肢动物群落能有效地表征它们所栖息的生态系统的特点, 可用于监测冰灾后森林恢复和演替动态。而双向聚类分析和典范对应分析对于揭示土壤节肢动物的空间异质性及其与环境因子的相互关系具有理想的效果。
区余端, 苏志尧, 李镇魁, 佟富春, 柳泽鑫 (2009) 车八岭山地常绿阔叶林冰灾后土壤节肢动物群落的多样性. 生物多样性, 17, 440-447. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09034.
Yuduan Ou, Zhiyao Su, Zhenkui Li, Fuchun Tong, Zexin Liu (2009) Soil arthropod diversity following an ice storm in a montane evergreen broadleaved forest in Chebaling National Nature Reserve, China. Biodiversity Science, 17, 440-447. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09034.
样方 Plot | 海拔 Elevation (m) | 坡向 Aspect | 坡度 Slope (°) | 林冠开度 Canopy openness (%) | 主要优势植物 Dominant plant species |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | 459 | EBS3° | 31 | 17.81 | 米槠, 甜槠 Castanopsis carlesii, C.eyrei |
P2 | 434 | DE | 40.1 | 28.73 | 米槠, 红背锥, 荷木 Castanopsis carlesii, C.fargesii, Schima superba |
P3 | 442 | EBS7° | 34.5 | 20.93 | 米槠, 微毛山矾, 灰毛杜英, 交让木 Castanopsis carlesii, Symplocos wikstroemiifolia, Elaeocarpus limitaneus, Daphniphyllum macropodum |
P4 | 425 | EBS11° | 33 | 22.92 | 米槠, 红背锥, 鸭公青, 微毛山矾 Castanopsis carlesii, C.fargesii, Neolitsea chuii, Symplocos wikstroemiifolia |
P5 | 459 | EBS3° | 31 | 33.23 | 米槠, 甜槠 Castanopsis carlesii, C.eyrei |
P6 | 459 | EBS3° | 31 | 19.45 | 米槠, 甜槠 Castanopsis carlesii, C.eyrei |
P7 | 435 | DE | 40.3 | 13.15 | 米槠, 华南樟, 栓叶安息香 Castanopsis carlesii, Cinnamomum austro-sinensis, Styrax suberifolia |
P8 | 435 | DE | 40.3 | 17.21 | 米槠, 华南樟, 栓叶安息香 Castanopsis carlesii, Cinnamomum austro-sinensis, Styrax suberifolia |
P9 | 418 | EBN12° | 41.2 | 20.09 | 米槠, 栓叶安息香 Castanopsis carlesii, Styrax suberifolia |
P10 | 418 | EBN12° | 41.2 | 19.27 | 米槠, 栓叶安息香 Castanopsis carlesii, Styrax suberifolia |
P11 | 434 | DE | 40.1 | 21.42 | 米槠, 红背锥, 荷木 Castanopsis carlesii, C.fargesii, Schima superba |
P12 | 394 | EBN10° | 34.9 | 18.58 | 米槠, 荷木 Castanopsis carlesii, Schima superba |
P13 | 394 | EBN10° | 34.9 | 22.96 | 米槠, 荷木 Castanopsis carlesii, Schima superba |
P14 | 394 | EBN10° | 34.9 | 20.52 | 米槠, 荷木 Castanopsis carlesii, Schima superba |
P15 | 349 | EBN15° | 32 | 10.52 | 米槠, 鸭公青, 华山矾 Castanopsis carlesii, Neolitsea chuii, Symplocos chinensis |
P16 | 349 | EBN15° | 32 | 13.21 | 米槠, 鸭公青, 华山矾 Castanopsis carlesii, Neolitsea chuii, Symplocos chinensis |
P17 | 385 | EBN30° | 44.3 | 16.76 | 香港四照花, 石栎 Dendrobenthamia hongkongensis, Lithocarpus glabra |
表1 车八岭国家级自然保护区山地常绿阔叶林17个样方主要的环境因子
Table 1 The main environmental factors of 17 plots in montane evergreen broadleaved forest of Chebaling National Nature Reserve
样方 Plot | 海拔 Elevation (m) | 坡向 Aspect | 坡度 Slope (°) | 林冠开度 Canopy openness (%) | 主要优势植物 Dominant plant species |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | 459 | EBS3° | 31 | 17.81 | 米槠, 甜槠 Castanopsis carlesii, C.eyrei |
P2 | 434 | DE | 40.1 | 28.73 | 米槠, 红背锥, 荷木 Castanopsis carlesii, C.fargesii, Schima superba |
P3 | 442 | EBS7° | 34.5 | 20.93 | 米槠, 微毛山矾, 灰毛杜英, 交让木 Castanopsis carlesii, Symplocos wikstroemiifolia, Elaeocarpus limitaneus, Daphniphyllum macropodum |
P4 | 425 | EBS11° | 33 | 22.92 | 米槠, 红背锥, 鸭公青, 微毛山矾 Castanopsis carlesii, C.fargesii, Neolitsea chuii, Symplocos wikstroemiifolia |
P5 | 459 | EBS3° | 31 | 33.23 | 米槠, 甜槠 Castanopsis carlesii, C.eyrei |
P6 | 459 | EBS3° | 31 | 19.45 | 米槠, 甜槠 Castanopsis carlesii, C.eyrei |
P7 | 435 | DE | 40.3 | 13.15 | 米槠, 华南樟, 栓叶安息香 Castanopsis carlesii, Cinnamomum austro-sinensis, Styrax suberifolia |
P8 | 435 | DE | 40.3 | 17.21 | 米槠, 华南樟, 栓叶安息香 Castanopsis carlesii, Cinnamomum austro-sinensis, Styrax suberifolia |
P9 | 418 | EBN12° | 41.2 | 20.09 | 米槠, 栓叶安息香 Castanopsis carlesii, Styrax suberifolia |
P10 | 418 | EBN12° | 41.2 | 19.27 | 米槠, 栓叶安息香 Castanopsis carlesii, Styrax suberifolia |
P11 | 434 | DE | 40.1 | 21.42 | 米槠, 红背锥, 荷木 Castanopsis carlesii, C.fargesii, Schima superba |
P12 | 394 | EBN10° | 34.9 | 18.58 | 米槠, 荷木 Castanopsis carlesii, Schima superba |
P13 | 394 | EBN10° | 34.9 | 22.96 | 米槠, 荷木 Castanopsis carlesii, Schima superba |
P14 | 394 | EBN10° | 34.9 | 20.52 | 米槠, 荷木 Castanopsis carlesii, Schima superba |
P15 | 349 | EBN15° | 32 | 10.52 | 米槠, 鸭公青, 华山矾 Castanopsis carlesii, Neolitsea chuii, Symplocos chinensis |
P16 | 349 | EBN15° | 32 | 13.21 | 米槠, 鸭公青, 华山矾 Castanopsis carlesii, Neolitsea chuii, Symplocos chinensis |
P17 | 385 | EBN30° | 44.3 | 16.76 | 香港四照花, 石栎 Dendrobenthamia hongkongensis, Lithocarpus glabra |
分类群 Taxa | 凋落物层 Litter | 土壤层 Soil layer (cm) | |
---|---|---|---|
0-10 | 10-20 | ||
蛛形纲 Arachnida 蜱螨目 Acarina | |||
甲螨亚目 Oribatida | 309 | 219 | 38 |
前气门亚目 Prostigmata | 20 | 3 | - |
中气门亚目 Mesostigmata | 61 | 50 | 9 |
蜘蛛目 Araneae | 3 | - | - |
伪蝎目 Pseudoscorpiones | 2 | - | - |
昆虫纲 Insecta 膜翅目 Hymenoptera | 8 | 41 | 19 |
鞘翅目幼虫 Coleoptera larva | 2 | 3 | - |
双翅目幼虫 Diptera larva | - | 13 | - |
鳞翅目幼虫 Lepidoptera larva | 17 | 12 | 3 |
缨翅目 Thysanoptera | 9 | - | - |
弹尾纲 Collembola | 35 | 6 | - |
综合纲 Symphyla | 1 | - | - |
表2 车八岭国家级自然保护区山地常绿阔叶林土壤节肢动物群落的组成及多度
Table 2 Arthropod community composition and abundance in the montane evergreen broadleaved forest of Chebaling National Nature Reserve
分类群 Taxa | 凋落物层 Litter | 土壤层 Soil layer (cm) | |
---|---|---|---|
0-10 | 10-20 | ||
蛛形纲 Arachnida 蜱螨目 Acarina | |||
甲螨亚目 Oribatida | 309 | 219 | 38 |
前气门亚目 Prostigmata | 20 | 3 | - |
中气门亚目 Mesostigmata | 61 | 50 | 9 |
蜘蛛目 Araneae | 3 | - | - |
伪蝎目 Pseudoscorpiones | 2 | - | - |
昆虫纲 Insecta 膜翅目 Hymenoptera | 8 | 41 | 19 |
鞘翅目幼虫 Coleoptera larva | 2 | 3 | - |
双翅目幼虫 Diptera larva | - | 13 | - |
鳞翅目幼虫 Lepidoptera larva | 17 | 12 | 3 |
缨翅目 Thysanoptera | 9 | - | - |
弹尾纲 Collembola | 35 | 6 | - |
综合纲 Symphyla | 1 | - | - |
图1 不同层次节肢动物群落丰富度(A)、均匀度(B)和多样性指数(C)的比较。1: 凋落物层; 2: 土壤层0-10 cm; 3: 土壤层10-20 cm。图中不同小写字母表示有显著差异(P<0.0001)。
Fig. 1 Comparison of arthropod richness (A), evenness (B) and diversity index (C) of arthropod community in different layers. 1, Litter layer; 2, Soil layer of 0-10 cm; 3, Soil layer of 10-20 cm. Different letters for the boxplots in a sub-figure indicates significantly different (P<0.0001).
图2 凋落物层土壤节肢动物类群及其分布的双向聚类分析。林冠开度<20%的样方, 标记为△; 林冠开度≥20%的样方, 标记为▲。各类群按多度从小到大对应matrix coding从浅色到深色。Orib: 甲螨亚目; Meso: 中气门亚目; Pros: 前气门亚目; Lepi: 鳞翅目幼虫; Hyme: 膜翅目; Cole: 鞘翅目幼虫; Coll: 弹尾纲; Symp: 综合纲; Pseu: 伪蝎目; Thys: 缨翅目; Aran: 蜘蛛目。
Fig. 2 Two-way cluster dendrogram of arthropods and plots in litter layer. (△) canopy openness<20%; (▲) canopy openness≥20%, grayscale ranging from light to black color in matrix coding stands for the increase of arthropod abundance. Orib, Oribatida; Meso, Mesostigmata; Pros, Prostigmata; Lepi, Lepidoptera larva; Hyme, Hymenop- tera; Cole, Coleoptera larva; Coll, Collembola; Symp, Symphyla; Pseu, Pseudoscorpionida; Thys, Thysanoptera; Aran, Araneae.
图3 0-10 cm土壤层节肢动物类群(△)、样地(○)和环境变量(→)的CCA排序图。CO: 林冠开度; NMC: 自然含水量; EC: 电导率; SOM: 土壤有机质。Orib: 甲螨亚目; Meso: 中气门亚目; Pros: 前气门亚目; Hyme: 膜翅目; Lepi: 鳞翅目幼虫; Dipt: 双翅目幼虫; Coll: 弹尾纲; Cole: 鞘翅目幼虫。
Fig. 3 CCA ordination diagram of taxa, sampling area and environmental variables in soil layer 0-10 cm. CO, Canopy openness; NMC, Natural moisture content; EC, Electric conductivity; SOM, Soil organic matter. Orib, Oribatida; Meso, Mesostigmata; Pros, Prostigmata; Hyme, Hymenoptera; Lepi, Lepidoptera larva; Dipt, Diptera larva; Coll, Collembola; Cole, Coleoptera larva.
环境变量 Environmental variables | 排序轴1 Axis 1 | 排序轴2 Axis 2 | 排序轴3 Axis 3 |
---|---|---|---|
电导率 Electric conductivity (EC) | -0.7130 | 0.0404 | 0.1356 |
土壤有机质 Soil organic matter (SOM) | -0.6141 | 0.3044 | -0.1555 |
自然含水量 Natural moisture content (NMC) | 0.7227 | -0.2182 | -0.0821 |
林冠开度 Canopy openness (CO) | 0.2374 | 0.7135 | -0.0046 |
表3 环境变量与排序轴的相关性
Table 3 Correlation of environmental variables with axes
环境变量 Environmental variables | 排序轴1 Axis 1 | 排序轴2 Axis 2 | 排序轴3 Axis 3 |
---|---|---|---|
电导率 Electric conductivity (EC) | -0.7130 | 0.0404 | 0.1356 |
土壤有机质 Soil organic matter (SOM) | -0.6141 | 0.3044 | -0.1555 |
自然含水量 Natural moisture content (NMC) | 0.7227 | -0.2182 | -0.0821 |
林冠开度 Canopy openness (CO) | 0.2374 | 0.7135 | -0.0046 |
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