壶菌感染对两栖动物种群影响的研究现状与挑战

doi:10.17520/biods.2023274

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

加强生物多样性保护与共建地球生命共同体是我国的重大战略。两栖动物是脊椎动物中生物多样性受威胁最严重的类群, 两种壶菌Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd)和B. salamandrivorans (Bsal)的感染是两栖动物多样性下降的主要因素之一。Bd主要感染两栖动物无尾目、有尾目和蚓螈目的皮肤, 可能引起两栖动物淋巴细胞凋亡和全身电解质失衡。Bsal主要感染有尾目, 可能导致两栖动物致命的败血症。针对壶菌及其感染对两栖动物种群影响的研究在国外已经开展了大量工作, 然而我国在该领域的研究有限。本文通过检索1990-2022年国内外文献, 梳理和总结了壶菌病原的可能起源与传播、壶菌感染的发病机制、壶菌毒力的影响因素和壶菌病原体的诊断与防治等领域的研究, 并提出了未来的研究方向和技术方法的改进需求, 如利用全基因组测序技术溯源、开发RPA技术进行野外检测和应用转录组学研究宿主-病原体的免疫等。最后, 提出以下4条建议: (1)建设壶菌病原基础数据平台, 建立壶菌病常规检测部门, 并将壶菌病监测纳入野生动物疫病监测体系; (2)深入开展我国两栖动物不同地理区系壶菌感染情况的相关研究; (3)探索学科交叉与部门合作, 如流行病学、免疫学、微生物学和生态学等; (4)加强国际交流合作, 构建符合特殊亚洲环境的壶菌感染和预测模型。本研究将为两栖动物保护拓展新思路, 助力我国两栖动物保护的可持续发展。

关键词: 两栖动物, 无尾目, 有尾目, 蚓螈目, 壶菌, 生物多样性下降

Abstract

Background & Aim Strengthening biodiversity conservation and building a community with a shared future for life on earth is a major strategy for China. Amphibians are the most severely threatened group of vertebrates in terms of biodiversity. The infection of two species of chytrid, Batrachchytrium dendrobatidis(Bd) and B. salamandrivorans(Bsal), has become one of the main factors affecting the decline in amphibian diversity. Bd mainly infects the skin of amphibians in the ordersAnura, Caudata, and Gymnophiona, which may cause lymphocyte apoptosis and imbalance of systemic electrolytes in amphibians. Bsalmainly infects the order Caudata, which may lead to fatal sepsis in amphibians. Up to now, a large number of studies on chytrid and the impact of chytrid infections on amphibian populations have been carried out abroad. However, the research in this field in China remains limited.

ProgressFirstly, we analyzed and summarized the possible origin and transmission of chytrid, the pathogenesis of chytrid infection, the influencing factors of chytrid virulence, and the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of chytrid pathogens by retrieving existing literature from domestic and foreign databases from 1990 to 2022. Secondly, we discussed future research directions and requirements for improving technical methods, such as using whole-genome sequencing technology for traceability, developing RPA technology for field detection, and applying transcriptomics to study host-pathogen immunity.

Suggestions & Perspective (1) Build a basic data platform for chytrid, establish a routine detection department for chytridiomycosis and add the monitoring of chytridiomycosis to the wild animal disease monitoring system; (2) Conduct in-depth research on the different geographical zoning of amphibians in China related to the infection of chytrid; (3) Explore interdisciplinary and departmental cooperation, such as epidemiology, immunology, microbiology, ecology and so on; (4) Strengthen international exchange and cooperation, establish a model for predicting the infection of chytrid in a unique Asian environment. This study will expand new ideas for our protection of amphibians and contribute to the sustainable development of amphibian protection in China.

Key words: amphibian, Anura, Caudata, Gymnophiona, chytrid, biodiversity decline

何智荣, 吴思雨, 时莹莹, 王雨婷, 江艺欣, 张春娜, 赵娜, 王苏盆 (2024) 壶菌感染对两栖动物种群影响的研究现状与挑战. 生物多样性, 32, 23274. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023274.

He Zhirong, Wu Siyu, Shi Yingying, Wang Yuting, Jiang Yixin, Zhang Chunna, Zhao Na, Wang Supen (2024) Current status and challenges on the effects of chytrid infection on amphibian populations. Biodiversity Science, 32, 23274. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023274.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2023274

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2024/V32/I2/23274

图/表 3

图1 1990-2022年以壶菌为主题发表的文章数量

Fig. 1 Number of published articles with the theme of chytrid from 1990 to 2022

图2 两栖动物的不同物种对壶菌的敏感性。每个条形图代表一个物种, 颜色表示其敏感程度。同心圆表示, 从内到外分别为目(有尾目或无尾目)、科和属。所有分类单元的详细信息见附录1。

Fig. 2 Sensitivity of different species of amphibians to Chytrid. Each bar represents one species, color denotes its sensitivity. Concentric circles represent the orders (Caudata or Anura), family, and genus from the inside out. The detailed information of all classification units is shown in Appendix 1.

图3 两种真菌Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd)和B. salamandrivorans (Bsal)皮肤感染病理生理学的异同

Fig. 3 Similarities and differences in pathophysiology of skin infections caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and B. salamandrivorans (Bsal)

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