祁连山南麓网围栏对黑颈鹤的影响

doi:10.17520/biods.2022554

生物多样性 ›› 2023, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (6): 22554. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022554

• 研究报告: 动物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

祁连山南麓网围栏对黑颈鹤的影响

黄中鸿¹, 陈嘉珈¹, 温立嘉¹, 蒲真¹, 马存新², 高雅月², 郭玉民¹^,^*()

1.北京林业大学生态与自然保护学院, 北京 100083
2.祁连山国家公园青海省管理局, 西宁 810000

收稿日期:2022-09-25 接受日期:2022-11-15 出版日期:2023-06-20 发布日期:2023-01-01
通讯作者: * E-mail: bird168@126.com
基金资助:
青海省林业和草原局祁连山自然保护区管理局2021年第一批中央林草生态保护恢复资金(QHPZCS2021-014-012);国家自然科学基金(31770573)

The influence of fence on black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis) in southern foothills of Qilian Mountains

Zhonghong Huang¹, Jiajia Chen¹, Lijia Wen¹, Zhen Pu¹, Cunxin Ma², Yayue Gao², Yumin Guo¹^,^*()

1. School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083
2. Qilian Mountain National Park Qinghai Provincial Administration Bureau, Xining 810000

Received:2022-09-25 Accepted:2022-11-15 Online:2023-06-20 Published:2023-01-01
Contact: * E-mail: bird168@126.com

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

祁连山是中国重要的天然牧场及畜牧业基地, 密布的围栏虽然方便了牧民管理, 但也给野生动物带来了安全隐患。为了解网围栏对黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)的影响, 2020-2021年, 我们共对祁连山南麓的38只黑颈鹤幼鸟安装卫星跟踪器, 实时监测幼鸟存活状态, 发现跟踪个体活动异常后, 立即前往异常点进行排查, 确定异常原因。通过时序聚类法确认黑颈鹤出羽后期和完全出羽期。并利用核密度分析法和最小凸多边形法估算黑颈鹤出羽后期和完全出羽期在有围栏以及无围栏生境中的家域及核域。通过Mann-Whitney U检验判断两种生境中黑颈鹤家域及核域的差异。结果表明, 祁连山南麓黑颈鹤幼鸟2020年的死亡率为26.67% (N = 15), 2021年为20.00% (N = 20)。其中50%的死亡个体都是由于网围栏导致的。乱海子湿地是出现死亡个体的主要区域。网围栏不仅会导致黑颈鹤幼鸟受伤甚至死亡, 还使处于出羽后期的黑颈鹤家域及核域受到明显限制, 但对于完全出羽期的黑颈鹤的限制却大大减小。为了降低黑颈鹤幼鸟的死亡率, 应改善网围栏的固定方式, 减少刺线及刺状结构, 及时对旧的网围栏进行回收处理。建议在适当位置加上警示物, 保护黑颈鹤种群健康。

关键词: 黑颈鹤, 网围栏, 祁连山, 死亡率, 家域

Abstract

Aims: As one of the most important pastures in China, the Qilian Mountains is covered with fences. Fence serve as a valuable tool to manage and protect wildlife. However, these also lead to the death of countless animals. Due to the Qilian Mountains being an area with high biodiversity, the fences in this area could cause a significant impact on wildlife, including black-necked cranes (Grus nigricollis). In order to better understand the influence of fences, at the southern foothills of Qilian Mountains, on the black-necked crane, a new study must be implemented that seeks to provide scientific evidence that can be used for evaluating the fence system throughout Qilian Mountains.

Methods: From 2020 to 2021, our team installed a satellite transmitter on juvenile, black-necked cranes in the southern foothills of the Qilian Mountains. These allowed for the remote monitoring of juveniles, which allowed to determine any abnormal changes in activity. If a carcass was found, cause of death was determined. The post-fledging period and the fully-fledged period of black-necked crane are confirmed by time-series clustering. Kernel density estimation (KDE) and minimum convex polygon (MCP) were used to estimate home range and core area in fence habitats and non-fenced habitats. Mann-Whitney U test was used to test the difference between fence habitat and non-fenced habitat during the post-fledging period and the fully-fledged period.

Results: The mortality rate of black-necked crane juveniles on the southern foothills of Qilian Mountains was 26.67% in 2020 and 20.00% in 2021. Among them, 50% of the deaths were caused by fences, with most deaths occurring near the Luanhaizi Wetland. The fence will not only cause injury or death to juvenile black-necked cranes but also significantly restrict the home range and core area of black-necked cranes during the post-fledging period. However, this restriction will be greatly reduced in the fully-fledged period.

Conclusion: In order to reduce the impact of fence on black-necked crane, we suggest changing the type of fence used, with no inclusion of barbed wire. Furthermore, old fences should be removed when new fences are installed, and maintenance on these should be performed regularly. Lastly, the marking of fences should be considered in order to reduce collisions between these and black-necked cranes. This could result in the improvement of wildlife habitat in the southern foothills of Qilian Mountains.

Key words: black-necked crane, fence, Qilian Mountains, mortality rate, home range

黄中鸿, 陈嘉珈, 温立嘉, 蒲真, 马存新, 高雅月, 郭玉民 (2023) 祁连山南麓网围栏对黑颈鹤的影响. 生物多样性, 31, 22554. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022554.

Zhonghong Huang, Jiajia Chen, Lijia Wen, Zhen Pu, Cunxin Ma, Yayue Gao, Yumin Guo (2023) The influence of fence on black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis) in southern foothills of Qilian Mountains. Biodiversity Science, 31, 22554. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022554.

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https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2023/V31/I6/22554

图/表 4

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环志地点 Installation location	2020			2021			平均死亡率 Average mortality rate (%)
环志地点 Installation location	环志数 Installation number	死亡数 Death number	死亡率 Mortality rate (%)	环志数 Installation number	死亡数 Death number	死亡率 Mortality rate (%)	平均死亡率 Average mortality rate (%)
乱海子湿地 Luanhaizi Wetland	4	3	75	8	3	37.5	56.25
野牛沟乡 Yeniugou Township	2	0	0	0	0	0	0
央隆乡 Yanglong Township	4	1	25	3	0	0	12.5
峨堡镇 Ebao Town	0	0	0	2	0	0	0
木里镇 Muli Town	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
天棚湿地 Tianpeng Wetland	5	0	0	6	1	16.67	8.34
总计 Total	15	4	26.67	20	4	20	23.34

环志地点 Installation location	2020			2021			平均死亡率 Average mortality rate (%)
环志地点 Installation location	环志数 Installation number	死亡数 Death number	死亡率 Mortality rate (%)	环志数 Installation number	死亡数 Death number	死亡率 Mortality rate (%)	平均死亡率 Average mortality rate (%)
乱海子湿地 Luanhaizi Wetland	4	3	75	8	3	37.5	56.25
野牛沟乡 Yeniugou Township	2	0	0	0	0	0	0
央隆乡 Yanglong Township	4	1	25	3	0	0	12.5
峨堡镇 Ebao Town	0	0	0	2	0	0	0
木里镇 Muli Town	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
天棚湿地 Tianpeng Wetland	5	0	0	6	1	16.67	8.34
总计 Total	15	4	26.67	20	4	20	23.34

生境类型 Habitat type	时期 Period	方法 Method	家域 Home range (km²)	核域 Core area (km²)	家域面积范围 Minimum to maximum (km²)	样本量 Sample size
有围栏 Fence	出羽后期 Post-fledging period	核密度分析法 KDE	0.924 ± 0.590	0.141 ± 0.101	0.275-2.312	16
	出羽后期 Post-fledging period	最小凸多边形法 MCP	0.902 ± 0.640	0.199 ± 0.192	0.255-2.747	16
	完全出羽期 Fully-fledged period	核密度分析法 KDE	5.090 ± 4.756	0.602 ± 0.612	0.710-16.291	16
	完全出羽期 Fully-fledged period	最小凸多边形法 MCP	9.510 ± 11.556	1.540 ± 2.232	0.605-36.707	16
无围栏 Non-fenced	出羽后期 Post-fledging period	核密度分析法 KDE	2.483 ± 1.619	0.423 ± 0.294	1.316-4.878	4
	出羽后期 Post-fledging period	最小凸多边形法 MCP	2.701 ± 2.269	0.552 ± 0.348	1.214-6.803	4
	完全出羽期 Fully-fledged period	核密度分析法 KDE	7.629 ± 3.857	1.183 ± 0.462	4.502-13.117	4
	完全出羽期 Fully-fledged period	最小凸多边形法 MCP	14.551 ± 11.189	1.885 ± 0.777	3.852-40.213	4

生境类型 Habitat type	时期 Period	方法 Method	家域 Home range (km²)	核域 Core area (km²)	家域面积范围 Minimum to maximum (km²)	样本量 Sample size
有围栏 Fence	出羽后期 Post-fledging period	核密度分析法 KDE	0.924 ± 0.590	0.141 ± 0.101	0.275-2.312	16
	出羽后期 Post-fledging period	最小凸多边形法 MCP	0.902 ± 0.640	0.199 ± 0.192	0.255-2.747	16
	完全出羽期 Fully-fledged period	核密度分析法 KDE	5.090 ± 4.756	0.602 ± 0.612	0.710-16.291	16
	完全出羽期 Fully-fledged period	最小凸多边形法 MCP	9.510 ± 11.556	1.540 ± 2.232	0.605-36.707	16
无围栏 Non-fenced	出羽后期 Post-fledging period	核密度分析法 KDE	2.483 ± 1.619	0.423 ± 0.294	1.316-4.878	4
	出羽后期 Post-fledging period	最小凸多边形法 MCP	2.701 ± 2.269	0.552 ± 0.348	1.214-6.803	4
	完全出羽期 Fully-fledged period	核密度分析法 KDE	7.629 ± 3.857	1.183 ± 0.462	4.502-13.117	4
	完全出羽期 Fully-fledged period	最小凸多边形法 MCP	14.551 ± 11.189	1.885 ± 0.777	3.852-40.213	4

祁连山南麓网围栏对黑颈鹤的影响

The influence of fence on black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis) in southern foothills of Qilian Mountains

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