贵州荔波玉屏洞穴陆生动物食物来源及营养级

doi:10.17520/biods.2021086

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

洞穴是“极端地下生物多样性”的聚集地, 为了揭示洞穴陆生动物的食物来源以及营养级关系, 本文于2016年10月对贵州荔波玉屏镇的3个代表性洞穴内的陆生动物进行调查, 应用¹³C和¹⁵N稳定同位素方法, 分析了洞内陆生动物和基础碳源的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值变化特征, 探究了各动物类群的营养级位置以及不同的基础碳源对动物的食物源的贡献率。结果表明: 洞穴植物的δ¹³C值范围为-38.25‰ ± 0.95‰至-29.44‰ ± 0.49‰, 土壤有机质δ¹³C值范围为-32.73‰ ± 0.03‰至-24.68‰ ± 0.41‰, 大部分不在洞穴植物的δ¹³C变化范围内。洞穴动物δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值范围分别为-34.22‰ ± 0.39‰至-14.83‰ ± 0.78‰、1.86‰ ± 0.20‰至16.43‰ ± 0.05‰, 表现出较大的种(或类群)间差异。IsoSource软件估算结果表明, 洞穴土壤有机质对78.3%动物类群的食物源的贡献率高于植物。荔波玉屏洞穴消费者的营养级范围为1.01-5.32, 其中, 巨蚓科、螺类、潮虫科、马陆、大蚊科、夜蛾科主要处于第2营养层次; 蚰蜒科、蚁蛉科(幼虫)、蝙蝠处于第3营养层次; 蜚蠊科处于第2-3营养层次; 驼螽科、蠼螋科处于第2-4营养层次; 蜘蛛处于第2-5营养层次, 跨3个营养级。综上认为, 洞穴土壤有机质是洞穴消费者的主要食物基础。大部分同一类群的动物在洞穴中所处的营养级位置较稳定, 少部分同属于一个类群的动物在不同洞穴或同一洞穴不同光带所处的营养级位置有差异。

关键词: 稳定同位素, 营养级, 食物源, 洞穴动物, 荔波, 贵州

Abstract

Aims:Karst caves are a gathering place for biodiversity in belowground extreme environments, but little is known about their food web structure. We investigated this by assessing the food sources and trophic levels of terrestrial cave fauna in Yuping Town, Libo County, Guizhou Province. We further documented cave biodiversity resource utilization to provide important reference data to inform conservation of karst ecosystems.

Methods: We investigated terrestrial cave animals in three representative caves in Yuping Town, Libo County, Guizhou Province in October 2016. In each cave system, we recorded δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of terrestrial cave animals and assessed variation in these characteristics. We then assessed the basic carbon source by analyzing the stable isotopes δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N. We then estimated the contribution rates of five types of basic carbon sources to terrestrial consumers using IsoSource software, and explored the trophic level of each faunal species in each cave.

Results: The δ¹³C value of cave plants ranged from -38.25‰ ± 0.95‰ to -29.44‰ ± 0.49‰, while that of soil organic matter ranged from -32.73‰ ± 0.03‰ to -24.68‰ ± 0.41‰. Most of these values were outside the change interval of δ¹³C in cave plants. The δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of cave fauna ranged from -34.22‰ ± 0.39‰ to -14.83‰ ± 0.78‰ and from 1.86‰ ± 0.20‰ to 16.43‰ ± 0.05‰, respectively, suggesting large differences among species and groups. The 78.3% contribution rate of soil organic matter to cave fauna was higher than that of the primary productivity of plants. The trophic level of cave consumers in Yuping Town, Libo County ranged from 1.01 to 5.32. Megascolecidae, snails, Oniscidae, horseshoes, Tipulidae, and Noctuidae were mainly classified as primary consumers into the second trophic level; Scutigeridae, Myrmeleontidae (larvae), and bats were classified into the third trophic level; Blattidae were classified into the second to third trophic level; Rhaphidophoridae and Labiduridae were classified into the second to fourth trophic level; and spiders spanned three trophic levels, being classified into the second to fifth trophic level.

Conclusions: Organic matter in cave soil is the main food source for cave consumers. Most cave fauna in the same taxonomic group had a consistent trophic level in caves, though some fauna belonging to the same taxa had different trophic levels in different caves or in different light zones of the same cave.

Key words: stable isotope, trophic level, food source, cave fauna, Libo County, Guizhou Province

徐承香, 赵璐, 杜维锋, 张思强, 吴永英, 周非 (2021) 贵州荔波玉屏洞穴陆生动物食物来源及营养级. 生物多样性, 29, 1108-1119. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021086.

Chengxiang Xu, Lu Zhao, Weifeng Du, Siqiang Zhang, Yongying Wu, Fei Zhou (2021) Food sources and trophic levels of terrestrial cave fauna in Yuping Town, Libo County, Guizhou Province. Biodiversity Science, 29, 1108-1119. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021086.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2021086

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2021/V29/I8/1108

图/表 5

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洞穴 Cave	样本 Sample	样本数 Sample number	δ¹³C (‰)	δ¹⁵N (‰)
水江洞 Shuijiang Cave	有光带土壤有机质 Soil organic matter in light zone	5	-27.01 ± 0.13	4.46 ± 0.55
	弱光带土壤有机质 Soil organic matter in weak light zone	5	-29.97 ± 0.01	2.74 ± 0.39
	黑暗带土壤有机质 Soil organic matter in dark zone	5	-26.42 ± 0.03	3.31 ± 0.05
	苔藓植物 Bryophyte	NC	-38.14 ± 0.45	3.65 ± 0.24
	蕨类植物 Pteridophyte	62	-31.79 ± 0.21	0.84 ± 0.07
	单子叶植物 Monocotyledon	19	-33.30 ± 0.03	0.01 ± 0.34
	双子叶植物 Dicotyledon	66	-33.03 ± 0.19	1.41 ± 0.16
龙宫洞 Longgong Cave	有光带土壤有机质 Soil organic matter in light zone	5	-26.98 ± 0.08	5.67 ± 0.50
	弱光带土壤有机质 Soil organic matter in weak light zone	5	-32.73 ± 0.03	1.58 ± 0.15
	黑暗带土壤有机质 Soil organic matter in dark zone	5	-30.09 ± 0.32	-2.12 ± 0.60
	苔藓植物 Bryophyte	NC	-38.25 ± 0.95	-2.26 ± 0.11
	蕨类植物 Pteridophyte	49	-32.51 ± 0.17	-0.27 ± 0.00
	单子叶植物 Monocotyledon	22	-33.46 ± 0.47	3.14 ± 0.36
	双子叶植物 Dicotyledon	33	-32.38 ± 0.22	3.72 ± 0.16
双龙洞 Shuanglong Cave	有光带土壤有机质 Soil organic matter in light zone	5	-24.68 ± 0.41	4.59 ± 0.17
	弱光带土壤有机质 Soil organic matter in weak light zone	5	-26.47 ± 0.27	4.84 ± 0.08
	黑暗带土壤有机质 Soil organic matter in dark zone	5	-30.34 ± 0.67	1.11 ± 0.44
	苔藓植物 Bryophyte	NC	-31.03 ± 0.29	-0.88 ± 0.28
	蕨类植物 Pteridophyte	55	-33.38 ± 0.47	-0.66 ± 0.30
	单子叶植物 Monocotyledon	19	-29.44 ± 0.49	0.58 ± 0.34
	双子叶植物 Dicotyledon	56	-32.59 ± 0.14	0.10 ± 0.26

洞穴 Cave	样本 Sample	样本数 Sample number	δ¹³C (‰)	δ¹⁵N (‰)
水江洞 Shuijiang Cave	有光带土壤有机质 Soil organic matter in light zone	5	-27.01 ± 0.13	4.46 ± 0.55
	弱光带土壤有机质 Soil organic matter in weak light zone	5	-29.97 ± 0.01	2.74 ± 0.39
	黑暗带土壤有机质 Soil organic matter in dark zone	5	-26.42 ± 0.03	3.31 ± 0.05
	苔藓植物 Bryophyte	NC	-38.14 ± 0.45	3.65 ± 0.24
	蕨类植物 Pteridophyte	62	-31.79 ± 0.21	0.84 ± 0.07
	单子叶植物 Monocotyledon	19	-33.30 ± 0.03	0.01 ± 0.34
	双子叶植物 Dicotyledon	66	-33.03 ± 0.19	1.41 ± 0.16
龙宫洞 Longgong Cave	有光带土壤有机质 Soil organic matter in light zone	5	-26.98 ± 0.08	5.67 ± 0.50
	弱光带土壤有机质 Soil organic matter in weak light zone	5	-32.73 ± 0.03	1.58 ± 0.15
	黑暗带土壤有机质 Soil organic matter in dark zone	5	-30.09 ± 0.32	-2.12 ± 0.60
	苔藓植物 Bryophyte	NC	-38.25 ± 0.95	-2.26 ± 0.11
	蕨类植物 Pteridophyte	49	-32.51 ± 0.17	-0.27 ± 0.00
	单子叶植物 Monocotyledon	22	-33.46 ± 0.47	3.14 ± 0.36
	双子叶植物 Dicotyledon	33	-32.38 ± 0.22	3.72 ± 0.16
双龙洞 Shuanglong Cave	有光带土壤有机质 Soil organic matter in light zone	5	-24.68 ± 0.41	4.59 ± 0.17
	弱光带土壤有机质 Soil organic matter in weak light zone	5	-26.47 ± 0.27	4.84 ± 0.08
	黑暗带土壤有机质 Soil organic matter in dark zone	5	-30.34 ± 0.67	1.11 ± 0.44
	苔藓植物 Bryophyte	NC	-31.03 ± 0.29	-0.88 ± 0.28
	蕨类植物 Pteridophyte	55	-33.38 ± 0.47	-0.66 ± 0.30
	单子叶植物 Monocotyledon	19	-29.44 ± 0.49	0.58 ± 0.34
	双子叶植物 Dicotyledon	56	-32.59 ± 0.14	0.10 ± 0.26

洞穴 Cave	δ¹³C (‰)				δ¹⁵N (‰)
洞穴 Cave	植物 Plants		土壤有机质 Soil organic matter		植物 Plants		土壤有机质 Soil organic matter
水江洞 Shuijiang Cave	F = 326.65	P < 0.01	F = 1,225.08	P < 0.01	F = 143.20	P < 0.01	F = 8.845	P > 0.05
龙宫洞 Longgong Cave	F = 76.57	P < 0.01	F = 683.14	P < 0.01	F = 504.54	P < 0.01	F = 168.16	P < 0.01
双龙洞 Shuanglong Cave	F = 64.80	P < 0.01	F = 110.05	P < 0.01	F = 15.59	P < 0.01	F = 169.41	P < 0.01

洞穴 Cave	δ¹³C (‰)				δ¹⁵N (‰)
洞穴 Cave	植物 Plants		土壤有机质 Soil organic matter		植物 Plants		土壤有机质 Soil organic matter
水江洞 Shuijiang Cave	F = 326.65	P < 0.01	F = 1,225.08	P < 0.01	F = 143.20	P < 0.01	F = 8.845	P > 0.05
龙宫洞 Longgong Cave	F = 76.57	P < 0.01	F = 683.14	P < 0.01	F = 504.54	P < 0.01	F = 168.16	P < 0.01
双龙洞 Shuanglong Cave	F = 64.80	P < 0.01	F = 110.05	P < 0.01	F = 15.59	P < 0.01	F = 169.41	P < 0.01

洞穴 Cave	光带 Light zone	洞穴动物 Cave fauna	样本数 Sample number	δ¹³C (‰) (mean ± SD)	δ¹⁵N (‰) (mean ± SD)	营养级 Trophic level
水江洞 Shuijiang Cave	有光带 Light zone	环口螺科 Cyclophoridae	16	-28.55 ± 1.20	4.49 ± 1.27	1.01 ± 0.37
		钻头螺科 Subulinidae	17	-32.04 ± 1.41	6.51 ± 1.41	1.60 ± 0.41
		烟管螺科 Clausiliidae	3	-27.84 ± 0.71	-	-
		瞳孔蜗牛科 Corrillidae	3	-28.80 ± 0.15	4.40 ± 0.42	1.02 ± 0.12
		巴蜗牛科 Bradybaenidae	104	-27.99 ± 0.46	4.91 ± 0.22	1.13 ± 0.06
		派模蛛科 Pimoidae	3	-25.20	10.13	2.67
		肖蛸科 Tetragnathidae	3	-25.80 ± 0.12	7.46 ± 0.05	1.88 ± 0.02
		球蛛科 Theridiidae	3	-28.54 ± 0.26	6.09 ± 0.14	1.48 ± 0.04
		蚁蛉科 Myrmeleontidae	10	-27.12 ± 0.12	10.55 ± 0.11	2.79 ± 0.03
		大蚊科 Tipulidae	24	-34.22 ± 0.39	7.61 ± 0.41	1.93 ± 0.12
	弱光带 Weak light zone	环口螺科 Cyclophoridae	3	-27.09 ± 0.28	-	-
		烟管螺科 Clausiliidae	3	-24.17 ± 0.95	-	-
		巴蜗牛科 Bradybaenidae	8	-26.30 ± 0.33	-	-
		暗蛛科 Amaurobiidae	9	-23.87 ± 0.19	16.43 ± 0.05	5.03 ± 0.01
		蠼螋科 Labiduridae	2	-27.04 ± 0.41	9.96 ± 0.10	3.12 ± 0.03
		驼螽科 Rhaphidophoridae	30	-25.21 ± 0.19	8.11 ± 0.03	2.58 ± 0.01
		大蚊科 Tipulidae	2	-24.60	6.88	2.22
	黑暗带 Dark zone	暗蛛科 Amaurobiidae	11	-24.44 ± 0.18	15.51 ± 0.06	4.59 ± 0.02
		蚰蜒科 Scutigeridae	2	-25.38 ± 0.04	8.51 ± 0.08	2.53 ± 0.02
		交翅马陆科 Cambalopsidae	8	-25.70 ± 0.10	6.66 ± 0.06	1.99 ± 0.02
		驼螽科 Rhaphidophoridae	30	-25.49 ± 0.40	7.80 ± 0.29	2.32 ± 0.09
		大蚊科 Tipulidae	2	-28.46	6.92	2.06
		夜蛾科 Noctuidae	6	-28.31 ± 0.03	4.96 ± 0.01	1.48 ± 0.00
		假吸血蝠科 Megadermatidae	2	-25.73 ± 0.05	9.23 ± 0.02	2.74 ± 0.00
龙宫洞 Longgong Cave	有光带 Light zone	漏斗蛛科 Agelenidae	2	-28.56 ± 0.33	9.19 ± 0.03	2.04 ± 0.01
		园蛛科 Araneidae	2	-26.24 ± 0.11	10.40 ± 0.13	2.39 ± 0.04
		跳蛛科 Salticidae	3	-28.80 ± 0.25	8.17 ± 0.03	1.74 ± 0.01
		刺客蛛科 Sicariidae	2	-23.43 ± 0.03	14.21 ± 0.07	3.51 ± 0.02
洞穴 Cave	光带 Light zone	洞穴动物 Cave fauna	样本数 Sample number	δ¹³C (‰) (mean ± SD)	δ¹⁵N (‰) (mean ± SD)	营养级 Trophic level
龙宫洞 Longgong Cave	有光带 Light zone	肖蛸科 Tetragnathidae	3	-25.87	10.91	2.54
		妩蛛科 Uloboridae	3	-25.67 ± 0.15	11.64 ± 0.04	2.76 ± 0.01
		角囊马陆科 Cambalidae	3	-24.87 ± 0.33	3.83 ± 0.23	1.54 ± 0.07
		蜚蠊科 Blattidae	3	-27.85 ± 0.23	7.86 ± 0.06	1.65 ± 0.02
		蠼螋科 Labiduridae	2	-25.27	10.01	2.28
		蚁蛉科 Myrmeleontidae	18	-26.98 ± 0.33	-	-
		大蚊科 Tipulidae	6	-31.71	6.17	1.15
	黑暗带 Dark zone	拟阿勇蛞蝓科 Ariophantidae	3	-29.30 ± 0.48	-	-
		椎实螺科 Lymnaeidae	3	-29.74 ± 0.31	2.54 ± 0.25	2.37 ± 0.08
		坚齿螺科 Canaenidae	2	-28.92 ± 0.11	1.86 ± 0.20	2.17 ± 0.06
		巨蟹蛛科 Sparassidae	2	-26.68 ± 0.16	8.11 ± 0.07	4.01 ± 0.02
		刺盲蛛科 Podoctidae	2	-27.76 ± 0.23	7.10 ± 0.36	3.71 ± 0.11
		蜚蠊科 Blattidae	3	-27.74 ± 0.10	3.34 ± 0.18	2.61 ± 0.05
		蠼螋科 Labiduridae	2	-26.35 ± 0.39	8.07 ± 0.08	4.00 ± 0.02
		驼螽科 Rhaphidophoridae	22	-25.85 ± 0.19	7.20 ± 0.40	3.74 ± 0.12
		大蚊科 Tipulidae	3	-33.52 ± 0.44	2.06	2.23
		夜蛾科 Noctuidae	3	-27.18 ± 0.05	3.27 ± 0.02	2.59 ± 0.01
双龙洞 Shuanglong Cave	有光带 Light zone	环口螺科 Cyclophoridae	12	-26.97 ± 0.15	5.53 ± 0.24	1.28 ± 0.07
		交翅马陆科 Cambalopsidae	2	-26.26 ± 0.30	4.47 ± 0.23	1.04 ± 0.07
		角囊马陆科 Cambalidae	3	-24.44 ± 0.19	8.52 ± 0.27	2.09 ± 0.08
		夜蛾科 Noctuidae	5	-29.11 ± 0.45	4.98 ± 0.08	1.12 ± 0.02
		步甲科 Carabidae	2	-26.89 ± 0.01	-	-
		蚁蛉科 Myrmeleontidae	7	-25.00 ± 0.36	11.19 ± 0.10	2.94 ± 0.03
		长头地蜈蚣科 Mecistocephalidae	2	-26.23 ± 0.21	-	-
		驼螽科 Rhaphidophoridae	3	-26.89 ± 0.49	12.04 ± 0.08	3.19 ± 0.02
		巨蚓科 Megascolecidae	1	-14.83 ± 0.78	3.71 ± 0.05	1.26 ± 0.02
		长踦盲蛛科 Phalangiidae	3	-26.52 ± 0.20	-	-
		跳蛛科 Salticidae	3	-27.47 ± 0.30	8.50 ± 0.07	2.15 ± 0.02
		漏斗蛛科 Agelenidae	3	-28.80 ± 0.80	8.42 ± 0.01	2.13 ± 0.00
	弱光带 Weak light zone	烟管螺科 Clausiliidae	2	-31.41	4.45 ± 0.12	1.11 ± 0.03
		巴蜗牛科 Bradybaenidae	10	-28.94 ± 0.48	4.68 ± 0.23	1.05 ± 0.07
		潮虫科 Oniscidae	4	-24.36 ± 0.73	7.36 ± 0.39	1.74 ± 0.11
		拟态蛛科 Mimetidae	3	-26.87 ± 0.55	6.99 ± 0.03	1.63 ± 0.01
		跳蛛科 Salticidae	3	-27.57 ± 0.13	7.61 ± 0.16	1.81 ± 0.05
		蚰蜒科 Scutigeridae	3	-26.81 ± 0.36	10.51 ± 0.65	2.67 ± 0.19
		交翅马陆科 Cambalopsidae	30	-26.17 ± 1.26	3.64 ± 0.35	1.35 ± 0.10
		奇马陆科 Paradoxosomatidae	3	-20.86 ± 0.17	4.52 ± 0.27	1.09 ± 0.08
		驼螽科 Rhaphidophoridae	29	-25.56 ± 0.65	7.51 ± 0.65	1.79 ± 0.19
		大蚊科 Tipulidae	4	-25.82 ± 0.28	6.18 ± 0.16	1.39 ± 0.05
		夜蛾科 Noctuidae	7	-30.26 ± 0.14	7.44 ± 0.05	1.76 ± 0.02
	黑暗带 Dark zone	烟管螺科 Clausiliidae	50	-30.79 ± 0.05	6.19 ± 0.62	2.49 ± 0.18
		巴蜗牛科 Bradybaenidae	17	-29.02 ± 0.41	5.03 ± 0.99	2.15 ± 0.29
		暗蛛科 Amaurobiidae	2	-24.79 ± 0.09	15.81 ± 0.16	5.32 ± 0.05
		蚰蜒科 Scutigeridae	1	-24.83	9.46 ± 0.07	3.46 ± 0.02
		交翅马陆科 Cambalopsidae	21	-27.14 ± 0.14	4.33 ± 0.15	1.95 ± 0.04
		驼螽科 Rhaphidophoridae	24	-26.37 ± 0.22	6.23 ± 0.13	2.51 ± 0.04
		菊头蝠科 Rhinolophidae	5	-27.84 ± 0.22	7.91 ± 0.03	3.00 ± 0.01