Ongoing threats and the current status of snow leopard conservation in China

doi:10.17520/biods.2019026

Abstract

Abstract:

When working with widespread large carnivores, most conservation organizations can only perform direct conservation actions for a specific population, but the extinction risk of a species is evaluated at a global scale. Here, we aim to bridge this impact gap by assessing the work and opinions from many organizations. We combines knowledge from scientific literature with the observations of 24 front-line staff working at 18 Chinese snow leopard research and conservation organizations. Through attending two group-meetings and by filling in threat-scoring spreadsheets, we identified 21 threats and ranked them at both the national and provincial levels. The five main snow leopard distribution provinces are Qinghai, Tibet, Xinjiang, Sichuan and Gansu. Also, we analyzed 17 conservation actions conducted by these conservation organizations, as well as the threats these actions attempted to address. The top three threats in China are the insufficient capacity of local conservation departments (9.5 points), climate change (8.0 points), and the lack of conservation incentive among local communities (6.8 points), although large differences exist between provinces. There is currently no action being taken in response to climate change. Although some conservation actions have addressed the insufficient capacity of local conservation departments and the lack of conservation awareness in local communities, such as by building up the capacity of conservation areas and monitoring by communities, respectively, the spatial coverage of these actions is still far from sufficient.

Key words: snow leopard, China, threat assessment, expert opinion, conservation actions

Xiaoyu Li,Lingyun Xiao,Xuchang Liang,Chen Cheng,Chen Feng,Xiang Zhao,Yanlin Liu,Xiaoxing Bian,Bing He,Changzhi Zhang,Justine Shanti Alexander,Rui Xing,Yahui Huang,Awangjiumei ,Xierannima ,Dazhao Song,Qiaowen Huang, ,Kui Peng,Hang Yin,Xinming Lian,Xin Yang,Sheng Li,Xiaogang Shi,Chuangming Yang,Zhi Lü. Ongoing threats and the current status of snow leopard conservation in China[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2019, 27(9): 932-942.

Figures/Tables 4

References 60

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威胁分类 Category of threat	威胁名称 Threat	编号 No.	参考文献 Reference
对雪豹的直接猎杀或抓捕 Direct killing or capture of snow leopards	报复性猎杀 In retribution for livestock depredation (RLD)	1.1	Oli et al, 1994; Xu et al, 2008; Li et al, 2013; Alexander et al, 2015; Chen et al, 2016; Wild Xinjiang
	非法贸易导致的偷猎 Poaching for illegal trade (PIT)	1.2	Zhang, 1985; Schaller et al, 1988; Liu, 1993; EIA, 2008, 2012; Peng, 2009; Ma, 2012; Li & Lü, 2014; Maheshwari & Niraj, 2018
	动物园和博物馆的活体收集 Zoo and museum collection of live animals (ZMC)	1.3	Ma, 2012; Shan Shui Conservation Center
	下毒、下套等导致的误杀 Secondary poisoning and trapping (SPT)	1.4	Li et al, 2013; Shan Shui Conservation Center
	雪豹疾病 Diseases of snow leopards (DSL)	1.5	Fix et al, 1989; Silinski et al, 2003; An, 2016; Ostrowski & Gilbert, 2016; Shan Shui Conservation Center
栖息地和猎物相关威胁 Threat about habitats and preys	栖息地退化 Habitat degradation (HD)	2.1	Brown, 2008; Harris, 2010; Wang et al, 2015
	栖息地破碎化 Habitat fragmentation (HF)	2.2	World Wide Fund for Nature; Xu et al, 2008; Li, 2012; Wild Xinjiang
	盗猎和误杀导致的猎物种群减少 Prey reduction due to poaching and mistaken killing (PRPMK)	2.3	Schaller et al, 1988; Shan Shui Conservation Center
	家畜竞争导致的猎物种群减少 Prey reduction due to competition with livestock (PRCL)	2.4	Mishra et al, 2004; Suryawanshi et al, 2010; Xiao, 2017; Wild Xinjiang
	猎物疾病 Diseases of prey (DP)	2.5	Fedosenko & Blank, 2001; Dagleish et al, 2007; Wang et al, 2009; Bao et al, 2011; Ostrowski et al, 2011; Ostrowski & Gilbert, 2016; Wild Xinjiang
政策和认知相关威胁 Threat about policy and cognition	普遍认知缺乏导致的政策不当 Improper policy due to lack of cognition (IP)	3.1	Li et al, 2017
	政策实施不力 Ineffective implementation of policies (IIP)	3.2	Mishra et al, 2003; Chen et al, 2016; Shan Shui Conservation Center
	缺乏跨省(境)合作 Lack of trans-boundary cooperation (LTC)	3.3	-
	基层保护部门能力不足 Insufficient capacity of local conservation departments (ICLCD)	3.4	-
	当地社区保护动力不足 Lack of conservation incentive among local communities (LCILC)	3.5	-
间接威胁 Indirect threat	气候变化 Climate change (CC)	4.1	IPCC, 2007; Klein et al, 2007; Xue et al, 2009; Vince, 2010; Yu et al, 2010; Forrest et al, 2012; Lovari et al, 2013; Yao et al, 2013; Luo et al, 2015; Aryal et al, 2016; Lehnert et al, 2016; Li et al, 2016; Yang et al, 2018
	人口增长和贫困 Human population growth and poverty (HPGP)	4.2	Mishra et al, 2001, 2003; Adams et al, 2004; McShane & Wells, 2004
	流浪狗袭击雪豹及其猎物 Stray dogs attack snow leopards and their prey (SDA)	4.3	Wandeler et al, 1993; Butler et al, 2004; Mingyu Liu (Peking University)
	虫草/药草采挖造成的干扰 Interference caused by cordyceps/herb collection (ICCC)	4.4	Shan Shui Conservation Center
	道路建设与旅游开发项目 Road construction and tourism development projects (RCTD)	4.5	Wild Xinjiang; Wolong National Nature Reserve
	矿产与水电开发 Mineral exploration and hydropower development (MEHD)	4.6	Wingard & Zahler, 2006; Baker et al, 2010; Jackson et al, 2013

威胁分类 Category of threat	威胁名称 Threat	编号 No.	参考文献 Reference
对雪豹的直接猎杀或抓捕 Direct killing or capture of snow leopards	报复性猎杀 In retribution for livestock depredation (RLD)	1.1	Oli et al, 1994; Xu et al, 2008; Li et al, 2013; Alexander et al, 2015; Chen et al, 2016; Wild Xinjiang
	非法贸易导致的偷猎 Poaching for illegal trade (PIT)	1.2	Zhang, 1985; Schaller et al, 1988; Liu, 1993; EIA, 2008, 2012; Peng, 2009; Ma, 2012; Li & Lü, 2014; Maheshwari & Niraj, 2018
	动物园和博物馆的活体收集 Zoo and museum collection of live animals (ZMC)	1.3	Ma, 2012; Shan Shui Conservation Center
	下毒、下套等导致的误杀 Secondary poisoning and trapping (SPT)	1.4	Li et al, 2013; Shan Shui Conservation Center
	雪豹疾病 Diseases of snow leopards (DSL)	1.5	Fix et al, 1989; Silinski et al, 2003; An, 2016; Ostrowski & Gilbert, 2016; Shan Shui Conservation Center
栖息地和猎物相关威胁 Threat about habitats and preys	栖息地退化 Habitat degradation (HD)	2.1	Brown, 2008; Harris, 2010; Wang et al, 2015
	栖息地破碎化 Habitat fragmentation (HF)	2.2	World Wide Fund for Nature; Xu et al, 2008; Li, 2012; Wild Xinjiang
	盗猎和误杀导致的猎物种群减少 Prey reduction due to poaching and mistaken killing (PRPMK)	2.3	Schaller et al, 1988; Shan Shui Conservation Center
	家畜竞争导致的猎物种群减少 Prey reduction due to competition with livestock (PRCL)	2.4	Mishra et al, 2004; Suryawanshi et al, 2010; Xiao, 2017; Wild Xinjiang
	猎物疾病 Diseases of prey (DP)	2.5	Fedosenko & Blank, 2001; Dagleish et al, 2007; Wang et al, 2009; Bao et al, 2011; Ostrowski et al, 2011; Ostrowski & Gilbert, 2016; Wild Xinjiang
政策和认知相关威胁 Threat about policy and cognition	普遍认知缺乏导致的政策不当 Improper policy due to lack of cognition (IP)	3.1	Li et al, 2017
	政策实施不力 Ineffective implementation of policies (IIP)	3.2	Mishra et al, 2003; Chen et al, 2016; Shan Shui Conservation Center
	缺乏跨省(境)合作 Lack of trans-boundary cooperation (LTC)	3.3	-
	基层保护部门能力不足 Insufficient capacity of local conservation departments (ICLCD)	3.4	-
	当地社区保护动力不足 Lack of conservation incentive among local communities (LCILC)	3.5	-
间接威胁 Indirect threat	气候变化 Climate change (CC)	4.1	IPCC, 2007; Klein et al, 2007; Xue et al, 2009; Vince, 2010; Yu et al, 2010; Forrest et al, 2012; Lovari et al, 2013; Yao et al, 2013; Luo et al, 2015; Aryal et al, 2016; Lehnert et al, 2016; Li et al, 2016; Yang et al, 2018
	人口增长和贫困 Human population growth and poverty (HPGP)	4.2	Mishra et al, 2001, 2003; Adams et al, 2004; McShane & Wells, 2004
	流浪狗袭击雪豹及其猎物 Stray dogs attack snow leopards and their prey (SDA)	4.3	Wandeler et al, 1993; Butler et al, 2004; Mingyu Liu (Peking University)
	虫草/药草采挖造成的干扰 Interference caused by cordyceps/herb collection (ICCC)	4.4	Shan Shui Conservation Center
	道路建设与旅游开发项目 Road construction and tourism development projects (RCTD)	4.5	Wild Xinjiang; Wolong National Nature Reserve
	矿产与水电开发 Mineral exploration and hydropower development (MEHD)	4.6	Wingard & Zahler, 2006; Baker et al, 2010; Jackson et al, 2013

保护行动 Protective actions		青海 Qinghai	西藏 Tibet	四川 Sichuan	新疆 Xinjiang	甘肃 Gansu	全国 China	应对威胁 Corresponding threat
保护地建设<BR/>Development of nature reserves	保护区监测与反盗猎巡护 Monitoring in conservation area and anti-poaching patrol	√	√	√	√	√	√	1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.3
	保护区能力建设 Capacity building of conservation area	√		√	√	√	√	3.4
	建立新保护地 Establishing new conservation areas				√		√	2.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.5, 4.6
在地保护行动<BR/>Local protective actions	人兽冲突补偿/保险 Compensation/insurance for human-wildlife conflict	√	√	√	√	√	√	1.1, 1.4, 3.1, 4.2
	扶贫/生计改善 Poverty alleviation/livelihood improvement	√	√	√	√	√	√	1.1, 1.4, 2.1, 2.4, 3.5, 4.2
	社区/公民志愿者监测与反盗猎巡护 Community/citizen volunteer monitoring and anti-poaching patrol	√	√	√	√		√	1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.3, 3.4, 3.5
	放牧管理 Grazing management	√					√	2.1, 2.4
	家畜疫病防治 Livestock disease prevention	√	√	√	√	√	√	2.5
	拆除围栏 Fence removal	√	√				√	2.1, 2.2
	流浪狗管理 Stray dogs ??management	√					√	1.5, 4.3
	虫草/药草采集管理 Cordyceps/herb collection management	√					√	4.4
	社区宣传教育 Community education	√	√		√	√	√	1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 2.3, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5,4.4
政策与公众推动<BR/>Policy and public promotion	制定保护规划 Protection planning	√				√	√	3.1, 3.2
	生态补偿 Ecological compensation	√	√	√	√	√	√	2.1, 2.4, 3.4, 3.5, 4.2
	管理开发/发展类项目 Management of development projects	√	√	√	√	√	√	2.1, 2.2, 4.5, 4.6
	政策建议 Policy suggestion	√				√	√	3.1, 3.2
	公众宣传 Publicity	√	√		√	√	√	1.2, 3.1

保护行动 Protective actions		青海 Qinghai	西藏 Tibet	四川 Sichuan	新疆 Xinjiang	甘肃 Gansu	全国 China	应对威胁 Corresponding threat
保护地建设<BR/>Development of nature reserves	保护区监测与反盗猎巡护 Monitoring in conservation area and anti-poaching patrol	√	√	√	√	√	√	1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.3
	保护区能力建设 Capacity building of conservation area	√		√	√	√	√	3.4
	建立新保护地 Establishing new conservation areas				√		√	2.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.5, 4.6
在地保护行动<BR/>Local protective actions	人兽冲突补偿/保险 Compensation/insurance for human-wildlife conflict	√	√	√	√	√	√	1.1, 1.4, 3.1, 4.2
	扶贫/生计改善 Poverty alleviation/livelihood improvement	√	√	√	√	√	√	1.1, 1.4, 2.1, 2.4, 3.5, 4.2
	社区/公民志愿者监测与反盗猎巡护 Community/citizen volunteer monitoring and anti-poaching patrol	√	√	√	√		√	1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.3, 3.4, 3.5
	放牧管理 Grazing management	√					√	2.1, 2.4
	家畜疫病防治 Livestock disease prevention	√	√	√	√	√	√	2.5
	拆除围栏 Fence removal	√	√				√	2.1, 2.2
	流浪狗管理 Stray dogs ??management	√					√	1.5, 4.3
	虫草/药草采集管理 Cordyceps/herb collection management	√					√	4.4
	社区宣传教育 Community education	√	√		√	√	√	1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 2.3, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5,4.4
政策与公众推动<BR/>Policy and public promotion	制定保护规划 Protection planning	√				√	√	3.1, 3.2
	生态补偿 Ecological compensation	√	√	√	√	√	√	2.1, 2.4, 3.4, 3.5, 4.2
	管理开发/发展类项目 Management of development projects	√	√	√	√	√	√	2.1, 2.2, 4.5, 4.6
	政策建议 Policy suggestion	√				√	√	3.1, 3.2
	公众宣传 Publicity	√	√		√	√	√	1.2, 3.1