The necessity and feasibility of establishing conservation compatible land in China

doi:10.17520/biods.2023454

Abstract

Abstract:

Background & Aims: The 15th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (COP15) proposed the “30×30” target, calling for 30% of the world’s land and sea area to be effectively conserved by 2030. As one of the countries with the richest biodiversity in the world, however, China’s protected areas have problems such as insufficient protection coverage, lack of connectivity, insufficient expansion space, and limited compatibility with other land types, and it’s challenging to achieve the global goal of biodiversity conservation. Meanwhile, the globally advocated concept of other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) still face difficulties in its adaptability to the actual situation in China. These issues highlight the fact that China needs to establish an indigenized in-situ conservation system that complements the protected areas and is in line with China’s national conditions. The purpose of this study is to explore the necessity and feasibility of nominating conservation compatible land (CCL) as an in-situ conservation approach outside the protected areas in China, contributing China’s wisdom and solutions to the global “30×30” conservation goals.

Perspective: The concept of “conservation compatible land” (CCL) is herein defined as an area of land or water where conservation and sustainable development goals coexist. It can be established by various entities, approved by different levels of government, and managed with long-term and effective conservation objectives. The preliminary contents, characteristics, necessity, and feasibility of CCL are further analyzed and discussed. We argue that the China’s terrestrial and aquatic areas can be categorized into three basic types, specialized nature conservation areas (protected areas and ecological conservation redline), CCL (integrated conservation goals with other development functions such as agriculture, forestry, fishery and animal husbandry, culture, and residence), and sustainable land use (other areas with limited conservation concerns), according to the extent to which being conserved. By proposing a nationwide land-use system governed at different levels, conserved to various degrees, and coexisted with diverse objectives, we hope that every inch of China’s land can be compatible with both conservation and development functions.

Key words: ecological civilization, territorial spatial planning, sustainable development, OECMs, adaptive management

Rui Yang, Shuyu Hou, Yin Zhang, Zhicong Zhao. The necessity and feasibility of establishing conservation compatible land in China[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2024, 32(4): 23454.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2023454

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2024/V32/I4/23454

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研究内容 Study content		主要方法 Main methods	主要文献 Main references
内涵 Connotation		做诠释; 下定义; 访谈; 问卷调查; 比较分析 Explanation; Definition; Interview; Questionnaire	Jonas & MacKinnon, 2016
潜在区域识别 Identification of potential areas	特征判定 Through characteristics analysis	归纳法; 问卷调查; 专家访谈 Induction; Expert interview; Questionnaire	Lopoukhine & Dias, 2012; Jonas & MacKinnon, 2016; Laffoley et al, 2017
	特征判定 Through characteristics analysis	1. 提出一个或一类存在保护管理的区域 Proposing one (type of) area(s) with existing management measures or with the “screening tool” to see if it fits
	空缺分析 Through gap analysis	空间分析; 问卷调查; 专家访谈 Spatial analysis; Questionnaire; Expert interview	Butchart et al, 2015; Shwartz et al, 2017; Donald et al, 2019
	空缺分析 Through gap analysis	regional, etc.) 识别可能成为OECMs的区域 Identifying potential OECMs in areas with high conservation value while not under protection of protected areas
保护效果判断 Assessment of conservation effects	预测性判断 Predictive assessment	保护覆盖对比 Comparison of conservation coverage	Shwartz et al, 2017; Hong et al, 2017
		种群模型模拟 Simulation of population model	Shackell et al, 2017; Shiono et al, 2021
		物种灭绝风险对比 Comparison of extinction risk simulation	Shiono et al, 2021
	验证性判断 Verifiable assessment	基于一系列生态环境指标进行判断 Based on series of monitored environmental indicators	Shackell et al, 2017; Beazley et al, 2021; Mascorda Cabre et al, 2021
	验证性判断 Verifiable assessment	使用访谈的方法定性判断保护效果 Qualitative interviews on the conservation effects	Parker et al, 2020
政策探讨 Discussion on policies	支持实践的政策 Policies supporting practices	空间分析; 问卷调查; 专家访谈 Spatial analysis; Questionnaire; Expert interview	Heo, 2020
	纳入现有保护形式 Include existing conservation modes		Schram et al, 2019
	有效管理 Effective management		Watson et al, 2016
	多方合作 Cooperation of multiple stakeholders		Mackelworth et al, 2019; Schram et al, 2019

研究内容 Study content		主要方法 Main methods	主要文献 Main references
内涵 Connotation		做诠释; 下定义; 访谈; 问卷调查; 比较分析 Explanation; Definition; Interview; Questionnaire	Jonas & MacKinnon, 2016
潜在区域识别 Identification of potential areas	特征判定 Through characteristics analysis	归纳法; 问卷调查; 专家访谈 Induction; Expert interview; Questionnaire	Lopoukhine & Dias, 2012; Jonas & MacKinnon, 2016; Laffoley et al, 2017
	特征判定 Through characteristics analysis	1. 提出一个或一类存在保护管理的区域 Proposing one (type of) area(s) with existing management measures or with the “screening tool” to see if it fits
	空缺分析 Through gap analysis	空间分析; 问卷调查; 专家访谈 Spatial analysis; Questionnaire; Expert interview	Butchart et al, 2015; Shwartz et al, 2017; Donald et al, 2019
	空缺分析 Through gap analysis	regional, etc.) 识别可能成为OECMs的区域 Identifying potential OECMs in areas with high conservation value while not under protection of protected areas
保护效果判断 Assessment of conservation effects	预测性判断 Predictive assessment	保护覆盖对比 Comparison of conservation coverage	Shwartz et al, 2017; Hong et al, 2017
		种群模型模拟 Simulation of population model	Shackell et al, 2017; Shiono et al, 2021
		物种灭绝风险对比 Comparison of extinction risk simulation	Shiono et al, 2021
	验证性判断 Verifiable assessment	基于一系列生态环境指标进行判断 Based on series of monitored environmental indicators	Shackell et al, 2017; Beazley et al, 2021; Mascorda Cabre et al, 2021
	验证性判断 Verifiable assessment	使用访谈的方法定性判断保护效果 Qualitative interviews on the conservation effects	Parker et al, 2020
政策探讨 Discussion on policies	支持实践的政策 Policies supporting practices	空间分析; 问卷调查; 专家访谈 Spatial analysis; Questionnaire; Expert interview	Heo, 2020
	纳入现有保护形式 Include existing conservation modes		Schram et al, 2019
	有效管理 Effective management		Watson et al, 2016
	多方合作 Cooperation of multiple stakeholders		Mackelworth et al, 2019; Schram et al, 2019

Box 1 国际组织关于“其他基于区域的有效保护措施”的主要官方文件
发布时间	文件名称	发布者
2010	生物多样性公约第十次缔约方大会文件(CBD COP10)	联合国环境署联合国环境署
2018	生物多样性公约第十四次缔约方大会决定14/8 (CBD COP14 Decision 14/8)	联合国环境署联合国环境署
2012	提交生物多样性公约缔约方大会第十一届会议的议程13.4——关于自然保护地的立场文件	IUCN
2015-12	OECMs讨论: 形成议题框架	WCPA OECMs Task Force 自然保护地 OECMs工作组
2016-01	自然保护地OECMs工作组第一次工作组会议: 国际专家会议
2016-07	自然保护地OECMs工作组第二次工作组会议: 推进关于OECMs的指导
2017-02	自然保护地OECMs工作组第三次工作组会议: 通过案例研究加强对OECMs的指导
2017-09	提交至自然保护地OECMs工作组的案例核对
2019	关于识别和报道OECMs
2019-06	自然保护地OECMs工作组第四次工作组会议: 加强OECMs的识别、评估、创建、认定、报道、支持及监测工作
2020	在场地尺度上认定OECMs的方法
2022	生物多样性公约第十五次缔约方大会文件(CBD COP15)	联合国环境署

Box 1 国际组织关于“其他基于区域的有效保护措施”的主要官方文件
发布时间	文件名称	发布者
2010	生物多样性公约第十次缔约方大会文件(CBD COP10)	联合国环境署联合国环境署
2018	生物多样性公约第十四次缔约方大会决定14/8 (CBD COP14 Decision 14/8)	联合国环境署联合国环境署
2012	提交生物多样性公约缔约方大会第十一届会议的议程13.4——关于自然保护地的立场文件	IUCN
2015-12	OECMs讨论: 形成议题框架	WCPA OECMs Task Force 自然保护地 OECMs工作组
2016-01	自然保护地OECMs工作组第一次工作组会议: 国际专家会议
2016-07	自然保护地OECMs工作组第二次工作组会议: 推进关于OECMs的指导
2017-02	自然保护地OECMs工作组第三次工作组会议: 通过案例研究加强对OECMs的指导
2017-09	提交至自然保护地OECMs工作组的案例核对
2019	关于识别和报道OECMs
2019-06	自然保护地OECMs工作组第四次工作组会议: 加强OECMs的识别、评估、创建、认定、报道、支持及监测工作
2020	在场地尺度上认定OECMs的方法
2022	生物多样性公约第十五次缔约方大会文件(CBD COP15)	联合国环境署

	已明确边界的OECMs 数量 No. of OECMs with boundaries	总面积 Total area (km²)	原有保护形式的类型 Original conservation modalities	参考文献 References
加拿大 Canada	133	359,212	原住民和地方社区保护地；采伐计划之外的永久保存森林区; 有效管理的流域和水源地; 维护生物多样性的禁渔区 Indigenous peoples’ and local community conserved areas; Conservation set-asides in managed forests; Watershed protection zones; Fishery closure that maintain biodiversity	MacKinnon et al, 2015; Schram et al, 2019
南非 South Africa	17	85,997	生物多样性保护协议; 保护合约 Biodiversity conservation agreements; Protect contract	Marnewick et al, 2021
阿尔及利亚 Algeria	5	1,234,620	文化公园 Cultural parks	IUCN, 2020
菲律宾 Philippines	42	38,910	关键栖息地; 地方保护地; 原住民社区保护地; 海洋保护地 Critical habitats; Local conservation areas; Indigenous community conserved areas; Marine protected areas (PAs)	Maglana & Martinez, 2018
根西岛 Guernsey	10	7	无详细信息 No detailed information
哥伦比亚 Colombia	2	270	自然保护区和自然公园 Nature reserve; Nature park	IUCN WD-OECM, 2021a
斯威士兰 Eswatini	8	83	基于社区的保护地; 私人保护地; 大学 Community-based PAs; Privately-owned PAs; University	UNDP, 2021
摩洛哥 Morocco	318	133,204	生物环境保护地 Biological and ecological interest sites	IUCN WD-OECM, 2021b