Dynamics of ungulate habitat use and their environmental drivers in the Southwest Mountains: A camera trap monitoring case study from Guanba

doi:10.17520/biods.2025261

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: Mountain ungulates are crucial components of forest ecosystems, playing a significant role in sustaining biodiversity and ecological functions. However, understanding of ungulate population dynamics based on systematic long-term monitoring, and their long-term responses to human activities remain limited, especially in areas where large carnivores are absent. This study aims to investigate the interannual changes of site use and the environmental factors influencing the occupancy of common ungulates in a region historically lacking large carnivores.
Methods: We conducted long-term monitoring by deploying 25 infrared camera grids in Guanba Village, Pingwu County, Mianyang City, located in the southern Minshan Mountains of Southwest China (2019-2023). We focused on analyzing the interannual changes of site use and the factors affecting the occupancy rate for five common ungulate species: Chinese goral (Naemorhedus griseus), Reeves’s muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi), tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), and takin (Budorcas tibetanus).
Results: The findings revealed that four of the five monitored ungulate species (excluding wild boar) exhibited an increasing trend in both site use rate and relative abundance index. Notably, the occupancy rate of takins increased from 0.12 in 2019 to 0.74 in 2023. Model averaging of single-season occupancy models indicated that the impact of human activities varied across species: only takins were significantly and positively influenced by distance to roads across several years (weights of environmental variables, w = 0.92, 1.00, and 0.52 in respective years), consistently showing a preference for areas further from roads. The key environmental covariates affecting occupancy varied by species types and year, suggesting that ungulates flexibly adjust their habitat use in response to shifting environmental resource pressures.
Conclusion: This study provides a supplement to the population dynamics of ungulates in areas where large carnivores are absent and explores the patterns of environmental factors influencing ungulate occupancy rates. The results offer a scientific basis for the adaptive management of mountain ecosystems in Southwest China.

Key words: ungulates, occupancy model, Southwest Mountains, camera trap, population dynamics

Jie Feng, Yanzhi Li, Shuli Wang, Lanxi Li, Pengfei Ding, Bingwei Lü, Ji Meng, Xiangying Shi, Xueyang Li. Dynamics of ungulate habitat use and their environmental drivers in the Southwest Mountains: A camera trap monitoring case study from Guanba[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2026, 34(5): 25261.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2025261

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2026/V34/I5/25261

Figures/Tables 4

References 35

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物种 Species			年份 Year
物种 Species			2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
中华斑羚 Naemorhedus griseus		占域率 Occupancy	0.80 ± 0.25	0.98 ± 0.06	0.96 ± 0.09	0.97 ± 0.10	0.97 ± 0.07
		探测率 Detection probability	0.38 ± 0.06	0.50 ± 0.04	0.43 ± 0.05	0.37 ± 0.04	0.48 ± 0.04
		距河流距离 Distance to river	0.75 ± 1.12	3.80 ± 4.74	1.56 ± 2.83	3.94 ± 4.34	1.22 ± 1.45
		距道路距离 Distance to road	1.59 ± 1.35*	0.96 ± 1.29	1.16 ± 0.95	3.55 ± 3.94	−1.32 ± 2.06
		常绿阔叶林占比 Proportion of evergreen broad-leaved forest	0.16 ± 0.92	−1.68 ± 1.95	−1.55 ± 2.30	1.72 ± 1.86	−0.71 ± 1.30
		落叶阔叶林占比 Proportion of deciduous broad-leaved forest	−2.17 ± 2.75	4.31 ± 7.07	−0.74 ± 2.10	-	1.61 ± 4.51
		2019-2023年每年家畜的红外相机相对多度总和 Pooled relative abundance index (RAI) of livestock from 2019 to 2023	−0.65 ± 0.85	-	-	−4.24 ± 6.61	-
		坡度 Slope	1.55 ± 1.24	1.44 ± 1.65	−3.94 ± 3.37	0.39 ± 1.28	−2.25 ± 1.66*
		崎岖度 Vector ruggedness measure	3.85 ± 3.62	3.12 ± 3.16	1.07 ± 1.41	1.59 ± 3.03	-
小麂 Muntiacus reevesi		占域率 Occupancy	0.02 ± 0.09	0.01 ± 0.05	0.16 ± 0.13	0.47 ± 0.16	0.06 ± 0.12
		探测率 Detection probability	0.90 ± 0.20	0.38 ± 0.09	0.34 ± 0.10	0.31 ± 0.06	0.30 ± 0.07
		距河流距离 Distance to river	-	−1.09 ± 1.47	0.10 ± 1.10	−0.68 ± 0.87	−0.08 ± 1.38
		距道路距离 Distance to road	-1.01 ± 1.33	−3.21 ± 2.76*	−1.11 ± 0.90*	−0.92 ± 0.76	−2.39 ± 1.68*
		常绿阔叶林占比 Proportion of evergreen broad-leaved forest	2.21 ± 2.20	0.70 ± 1.58	0.15 ± 0.82	0.11 ± 0.77	−0.76 ± 1.08
		落叶阔叶林占比 Proportion of deciduous broad-leaved forest	−6.06 ± 9.58	2.00 ± 2.03	0.18 ± 1.44	−0.77 ± 0.96	−5.67 ± 5.81*
		2019-2023年每年家畜的红外相机相对多度总和 Pooled relative abundance index (RAI) of livestock from 2019 to 2023	-	-	-	−0.90 ± 1.68	1.79 ± 2.68
		坡度 Slope	0.20 ± 1.04	2.93 ± 3.42	1.26 ± 1.16	−0.18 ± 0.71	0.59 ± 1.06
		崎岖度 Vector ruggedness measure	−3.54 ± 3.98	−5.75 ± 6.84	−1.67 ± 2.05	1.15 ± 1.49	−4.53 ± 3.53*
毛冠鹿 Elaphodus cephalophus		占域率 Occupancy	0.18 ± 0.33	0.27 ± 0.16	0.09 ± 0.11	0.75 ± 0.31	0.64 ± 0.20
		探测率 Detection probability	0.30 ± 0.06	0.47 ± 0.08	0.46 ± 0.11	0.24 ± 0.06	0.33 ± 0.06
		距河流距离 Distance to river	−0.47 ± 0.99	4.60 ± 4.75*	0.82 ± 1.45	−0.36 ± 1.19	0.41 ± 0.77
		距道路距离 Distance to road	0.23 ± 1.04	−0.41 ± 1.00	−1.22 ± 0.95	−3.52 ± 2.66*	−0.69 ± 0.72
		常绿阔叶林占比 Proportion of evergreen broad-leaved forest	2.13 ± 1.34*	3.81 ± 3.70*	1.33 ± 1.32	0.50 ± 0.75	−0.11 ± 0.70
		落叶阔叶林占比 Proportion of deciduous broad-leaved forest	−5.79 ± 6.36*	0.66 ± 0.95	−3.09 ± 4.00	−0.65 ± 1.57	2.63 ± 3.50
		2019-2023年每年家畜的红外相机相对多度总和 Pooled relative abundance index (RAI) of livestock from 2019 to 2023	0.11 ± 0.90	-	-	-	-
		坡度 Slope	−0.91 ± 2.09	0.73 ± 0.87	0.42 ± 1.07	0.80 ± 1.08	−0.56 ± 0.71
		崎岖度 Vector ruggedness measure	1.47 ± 1.85	2.15 ± 1.85*	−0.43 ± 1.38	0.46 ± 0.86	−1.25 ± 1.65
野猪 Sus scrofa		占域率 Occupancy	0.81 ± 0.35	0.02 ± 0.06	-	0.58 ± 0.26	0.41 ± 0.12
		探测率 Detection probability	0.17 ± 0.05	0.30 ± 0.09	-	0.17 ± 0.05	0.38 ± 0.07
		距河流距离 Distance to river	−2.66 ± 3.18	−1.35 ± 1.56	-	0.10 ± 0.97	−0.52 ± 0.57
		距道路距离 Distance to road	−0.43 ± 0.80	−2.58 ± 2.24*	-	−1.75 ± 1.26*	−0.32 ± 0.55
		常绿阔叶林占比 Proportion of evergreen broad-leaved forest	0.70 ± 1.41	0.42 ± 1.35	-	-	0.05 ± 0.55
		落叶阔叶林占比 Proportion of deciduous broad-leaved forest	4.63 ± 6.20	−5.07 ± 4.49*	-	−0.70 ± 1.62	−0.09 ± 0.87
野猪 Sus scrofa	2019-2023年每年家畜的红外相机相对多度总和 Pooled relative abundance index (RAI) of livestock from 2019 to 2023		-	-	-	-	0.26 ± 0.48
	坡度 Slope		−1.65 ± 2.00	1.02 ± 0.96	-	−1.62 ± 1.98	−0.29 ± 0.49
	崎岖度 Vector ruggedness measure		−0.41 ± 1.47	−4.37 ± 6.61	-	−1.69 ± 2.14	−0.15 ± 0.48
四川羚牛 Budorcas tibetanus	占域率 Occupancy		0.12 ± 0.14	0.07 ± 0.22	0.04 ± 0.13	0.32 ± 0.27	0.74 ± 0.46
	探测率 Detection probability		0.24 ± 0.10	0.21 ± 0.08	0.19 ± 0.05	0.18 ± 0.07	0.21 ± 0.06
	距河流距离 Distance to river		0.04 ± 1.41	0.57 ± 1.76	1.48 ± 3.26	1.55 ± 1.81	−1.76 ± 2.55
	距道路距离 Distance to road		2.58 ± 1.92*	-	6.63 ± 5.65*	1.25 ± 1.46	1.49 ± 1.38*
	常绿阔叶林占比 Proportion of evergreen broad-leaved forest		−0.68 ± 0.94	−1.06 ± 0.86*	0.17 ± 1.49	−0.34 ± 1.18	−2.72 ± 3.49*
	落叶阔叶林占比 Proportion of deciduous broad-leaved forest		0.35 ± 1.80	−6.71 ± 8.09*	-	−3.14 ± 1.85*	−1.78 ± 3.52
	2019-2023年每年家畜的红外相机相对多度总和 Pooled relative abundance index (RAI) of livestock from 2019 to 2023		-	-	-	-	0.34 ± 1.11
	坡度 Slope		0.69 ± 1.07	0.81 ± 1.10	−0.03 ± 1.18	1.95 ± 2.16	−0.19 ± 1.08
	崎岖度 Vector ruggedness measure		0.79 ± 0.93	0.08 ± 0.87	−1.62 ± 1.95	2.08 ± 3.26*	0.50 ± 2.97

物种 Species			年份 Year
物种 Species			2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
中华斑羚 Naemorhedus griseus		占域率 Occupancy	0.80 ± 0.25	0.98 ± 0.06	0.96 ± 0.09	0.97 ± 0.10	0.97 ± 0.07
		探测率 Detection probability	0.38 ± 0.06	0.50 ± 0.04	0.43 ± 0.05	0.37 ± 0.04	0.48 ± 0.04
		距河流距离 Distance to river	0.75 ± 1.12	3.80 ± 4.74	1.56 ± 2.83	3.94 ± 4.34	1.22 ± 1.45
		距道路距离 Distance to road	1.59 ± 1.35*	0.96 ± 1.29	1.16 ± 0.95	3.55 ± 3.94	−1.32 ± 2.06
		常绿阔叶林占比 Proportion of evergreen broad-leaved forest	0.16 ± 0.92	−1.68 ± 1.95	−1.55 ± 2.30	1.72 ± 1.86	−0.71 ± 1.30
		落叶阔叶林占比 Proportion of deciduous broad-leaved forest	−2.17 ± 2.75	4.31 ± 7.07	−0.74 ± 2.10	-	1.61 ± 4.51
		2019-2023年每年家畜的红外相机相对多度总和 Pooled relative abundance index (RAI) of livestock from 2019 to 2023	−0.65 ± 0.85	-	-	−4.24 ± 6.61	-
		坡度 Slope	1.55 ± 1.24	1.44 ± 1.65	−3.94 ± 3.37	0.39 ± 1.28	−2.25 ± 1.66*
		崎岖度 Vector ruggedness measure	3.85 ± 3.62	3.12 ± 3.16	1.07 ± 1.41	1.59 ± 3.03	-
小麂 Muntiacus reevesi		占域率 Occupancy	0.02 ± 0.09	0.01 ± 0.05	0.16 ± 0.13	0.47 ± 0.16	0.06 ± 0.12
		探测率 Detection probability	0.90 ± 0.20	0.38 ± 0.09	0.34 ± 0.10	0.31 ± 0.06	0.30 ± 0.07
		距河流距离 Distance to river	-	−1.09 ± 1.47	0.10 ± 1.10	−0.68 ± 0.87	−0.08 ± 1.38
		距道路距离 Distance to road	-1.01 ± 1.33	−3.21 ± 2.76*	−1.11 ± 0.90*	−0.92 ± 0.76	−2.39 ± 1.68*
		常绿阔叶林占比 Proportion of evergreen broad-leaved forest	2.21 ± 2.20	0.70 ± 1.58	0.15 ± 0.82	0.11 ± 0.77	−0.76 ± 1.08
		落叶阔叶林占比 Proportion of deciduous broad-leaved forest	−6.06 ± 9.58	2.00 ± 2.03	0.18 ± 1.44	−0.77 ± 0.96	−5.67 ± 5.81*
		2019-2023年每年家畜的红外相机相对多度总和 Pooled relative abundance index (RAI) of livestock from 2019 to 2023	-	-	-	−0.90 ± 1.68	1.79 ± 2.68
		坡度 Slope	0.20 ± 1.04	2.93 ± 3.42	1.26 ± 1.16	−0.18 ± 0.71	0.59 ± 1.06
		崎岖度 Vector ruggedness measure	−3.54 ± 3.98	−5.75 ± 6.84	−1.67 ± 2.05	1.15 ± 1.49	−4.53 ± 3.53*
毛冠鹿 Elaphodus cephalophus		占域率 Occupancy	0.18 ± 0.33	0.27 ± 0.16	0.09 ± 0.11	0.75 ± 0.31	0.64 ± 0.20
		探测率 Detection probability	0.30 ± 0.06	0.47 ± 0.08	0.46 ± 0.11	0.24 ± 0.06	0.33 ± 0.06
		距河流距离 Distance to river	−0.47 ± 0.99	4.60 ± 4.75*	0.82 ± 1.45	−0.36 ± 1.19	0.41 ± 0.77
		距道路距离 Distance to road	0.23 ± 1.04	−0.41 ± 1.00	−1.22 ± 0.95	−3.52 ± 2.66*	−0.69 ± 0.72
		常绿阔叶林占比 Proportion of evergreen broad-leaved forest	2.13 ± 1.34*	3.81 ± 3.70*	1.33 ± 1.32	0.50 ± 0.75	−0.11 ± 0.70
		落叶阔叶林占比 Proportion of deciduous broad-leaved forest	−5.79 ± 6.36*	0.66 ± 0.95	−3.09 ± 4.00	−0.65 ± 1.57	2.63 ± 3.50
		2019-2023年每年家畜的红外相机相对多度总和 Pooled relative abundance index (RAI) of livestock from 2019 to 2023	0.11 ± 0.90	-	-	-	-
		坡度 Slope	−0.91 ± 2.09	0.73 ± 0.87	0.42 ± 1.07	0.80 ± 1.08	−0.56 ± 0.71
		崎岖度 Vector ruggedness measure	1.47 ± 1.85	2.15 ± 1.85*	−0.43 ± 1.38	0.46 ± 0.86	−1.25 ± 1.65
野猪 Sus scrofa		占域率 Occupancy	0.81 ± 0.35	0.02 ± 0.06	-	0.58 ± 0.26	0.41 ± 0.12
		探测率 Detection probability	0.17 ± 0.05	0.30 ± 0.09	-	0.17 ± 0.05	0.38 ± 0.07
		距河流距离 Distance to river	−2.66 ± 3.18	−1.35 ± 1.56	-	0.10 ± 0.97	−0.52 ± 0.57
		距道路距离 Distance to road	−0.43 ± 0.80	−2.58 ± 2.24*	-	−1.75 ± 1.26*	−0.32 ± 0.55
		常绿阔叶林占比 Proportion of evergreen broad-leaved forest	0.70 ± 1.41	0.42 ± 1.35	-	-	0.05 ± 0.55
		落叶阔叶林占比 Proportion of deciduous broad-leaved forest	4.63 ± 6.20	−5.07 ± 4.49*	-	−0.70 ± 1.62	−0.09 ± 0.87
野猪 Sus scrofa	2019-2023年每年家畜的红外相机相对多度总和 Pooled relative abundance index (RAI) of livestock from 2019 to 2023		-	-	-	-	0.26 ± 0.48
	坡度 Slope		−1.65 ± 2.00	1.02 ± 0.96	-	−1.62 ± 1.98	−0.29 ± 0.49
	崎岖度 Vector ruggedness measure		−0.41 ± 1.47	−4.37 ± 6.61	-	−1.69 ± 2.14	−0.15 ± 0.48
四川羚牛 Budorcas tibetanus	占域率 Occupancy		0.12 ± 0.14	0.07 ± 0.22	0.04 ± 0.13	0.32 ± 0.27	0.74 ± 0.46
	探测率 Detection probability		0.24 ± 0.10	0.21 ± 0.08	0.19 ± 0.05	0.18 ± 0.07	0.21 ± 0.06
	距河流距离 Distance to river		0.04 ± 1.41	0.57 ± 1.76	1.48 ± 3.26	1.55 ± 1.81	−1.76 ± 2.55
	距道路距离 Distance to road		2.58 ± 1.92*	-	6.63 ± 5.65*	1.25 ± 1.46	1.49 ± 1.38*
	常绿阔叶林占比 Proportion of evergreen broad-leaved forest		−0.68 ± 0.94	−1.06 ± 0.86*	0.17 ± 1.49	−0.34 ± 1.18	−2.72 ± 3.49*
	落叶阔叶林占比 Proportion of deciduous broad-leaved forest		0.35 ± 1.80	−6.71 ± 8.09*	-	−3.14 ± 1.85*	−1.78 ± 3.52
	2019-2023年每年家畜的红外相机相对多度总和 Pooled relative abundance index (RAI) of livestock from 2019 to 2023		-	-	-	-	0.34 ± 1.11
	坡度 Slope		0.69 ± 1.07	0.81 ± 1.10	−0.03 ± 1.18	1.95 ± 2.16	−0.19 ± 1.08
	崎岖度 Vector ruggedness measure		0.79 ± 0.93	0.08 ± 0.87	−1.62 ± 1.95	2.08 ± 3.26*	0.50 ± 2.97