Spatial distribution and coexistence of ungulates in Chongzhou Area of Giant Panda National Park

doi:10.17520/biods.2024260

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: Spatial ecological niche differentiation is a crucial mechanism for biodiversity maintenance. The ungulates in the Chongzhou Area of Giant Panda National Park are numerous and widely distributed, but their spatial ecological niche differentiation remains unclear. The objective of our study is to analyze the ungulates spatial distribution and their spatial coexistence.
Methods: A survey on ungulates was conducted using 56 camera traps near Chongzhou, China from October 2021 to March 2022. To analyze species spatial distributions, we used single-species single season model to calculate the occupancy rates of six main local ungulate species including Sus scrofa, Elaphodus cephalophus, Rusa unicolor, Budorcas taxicolor, Naemorhedus griseus, and Muntiacus reevesi. Further, two-species single season model was used to calculate the species interaction factors (SIF) between these species to explore their spatial coexistence.
Results: We found that (1) Elaphodus cephalophus had the highest spatial occupancy rate (0.61) followed by Sus scrofa (0.55), and Rusa unicolor, Budorcas taxicolor, Naemorhedus griseus with 0.44, 0.42, and 0.11, respectively, while Muntiacus reevesi had the lowest occupancy rate (0.05); (2) The occupancy rate of ungulates was affected by environmental variables, with elevation being the highest-ranking factor; (3) There was no significant avoidance between Rusa unicolor and other ungulates in terms of spatial co-existence except Sus scrofa, nor between Elaphodus cephalophus and Sus scrofa, Budorcas taxicolor, whereas the other species were more avoidant in their spatial distributions to each other.
Conclusions: Our results suggest environmental factors influence the spatial ecological position of ungulates, while spatial distribution patterns among species significantly affect the coexistence mechanism and interspecific competition among animals distributed in the same area. We provide a scientific basis for the conservation and management of ungulates in the Chongzhou Area of Giant Panda National Park. Further, our research highlights the importance of considering spatial ecological niche differentiation in species diversity conservation.

Key words: spatial ecological niche differentiation, ungulates, camera trap, occupancy model

Gong Cuifeng, Wei Wei, Luo Gai, Han Yimin, Wu Pengcheng, He Mengnan, Min Qingyue, Fu Qiang, Chen Peng. Spatial distribution and coexistence of ungulates in Chongzhou Area of Giant Panda National Park[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2025, 33(3): 24260.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2024260

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2025/V33/I3/24260

Figures/Tables 6

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模型 Model	AIC	ΔAIC	AICwgt	No.par.	psi	LowerCL(psi)	UpperCL(psi)
毛冠鹿 Elaphodus cephalophus
psi(EL)p(.)	565.53	0.00	0.14	3	0.61	0.55	0.68
psi(EL + SL)p(.)	566.50	0.97	0.09	4	0.61	0.55	0.68
psi(EL + WA)p(.)	566.99	1.46	0.07	4	0.61	0.55	0.68
psi(EL + ND)p(.)	567.30	1.77	0.06	4	0.61	0.55	0.68
psi(EL + AS)p(.)	567.42	1.89	0.06	4	0.61	0.55	0.68
psi(EL + RO)p(.)	567.50	1.97	0.05	4	0.62	0.55	0.68
psi(.)p(.)	576.59	11.06	0.00	2	0.61	0.48	0.73
模型平均 Model average					0.61	0.55	0.68
野猪 Sus scrofa
psi(EL + ND)p(.)	443.91	0.00	0.17	4	0.55	0.46	0.64
psi(EL + WA + ND)p(.)	445.41	1.50	0.08	5	0.55	0.46	0.64
psi(EL + RO + ND)p(.)	445.81	1.90	0.07	5	0.55	0.46	0.64
psi(EL + AS + ND)p(.)	445.82	1.91	0.07	5	0.55	0.46	0.64
psi(EL + SL + ND)p(.)	445.84	1.93	0.06	5	0.55	0.46	0.64
psi(.)p(.)	468.02	24.11	0.00	2	0.55	0.41	0.68
模型平均 Model average					0.55	0.46	0.64
水鹿 Rusa unicolor
psi(EL + AS + WA + ND)p(.)	436.71	0.00	0.17	6	0.44	0.37	0.52
psi(EL + WA + RO + ND)p(.)	436.95	0.24	0.15	6	0.44	0.36	0.51
psi(EL + WA + ND)p(.)	437.27	0.55	0.13	5	0.44	0.37	0.52
psi(EL + AS + WA + RO + ND)p(.)	437.62	0.90	0.11	7	0.44	0.36	0.52
psi(.)p(.)	449.44	12.73	0.00	2	0.44	0.31	0.57
模型平均 Model average					0.44	0.37	0.51
扭角羚 Budorcas taxicolor
psi(EL + SL + AS + RO)p(.)	159.64	0.00	0.39	6	0.41	0.23	0.53
psi(.)p(.)	171.95	12.31	0.00	2	0.28	0.15	0.45
中华斑羚 Naemorhedus griseus
psi(EL + WA + ND)p(.)	91.63	0.00	0.16	5	0.11	0.05	0.17
psi(WA + ND)p(.)	91.84	0.02	0.15	4	0.11	0.05	0.17
psi(SL + WA + ND)p(.)	93.15	1.52	0.08	5	0.11	0.05	0.17
psi(EL + SL + WA + ND)p(.)	93.27	1.64	0.07	6	0.11	0.05	0.17
psi(AS + WA + ND)p(.)	93.33	1.69	0.07	5	0.11	0.05	0.17
psi(EL + WA + RO + ND)p(.)	93.34	1.70	0.07	6	0.11	0.05	0.17
psi(WA + RO + ND)p(.)	93.38	1.75	0.07	5	0.11	0.05	0.17
psi(.)p(.)	108.90	17.27	0.00	2	0.11	0.05	0.23
模型平均 Model average					0.11	0.05	0.17
小麂 Muntiacus reevesi
psi(EL)p(.)	72.78	0.00	0.11	3	0.05	0.05	0.07
psi(EL + ND)p(.)	74.14	1.36	0.06	4	0.05	0.04	0.07
psi(.)p(.)	74.47	1.69	0.05	2	0.05	0.02	0.15
psi(EL + RO)p(.)	74.53	1.75	0.05	4	0.05	0.04	0.07
psi(EL + AS)p(.)	74.64	1.86	0.04	4	0.05	0.04	0.07
psi(EL + SL)p(.)	74.74	1.96	0.04	4	0.05	0.04	0.07
模型平均 Model average					0.05	0.04	0.07

模型 Model	AIC	ΔAIC	AICwgt	No.par.	psi	LowerCL(psi)	UpperCL(psi)
毛冠鹿 Elaphodus cephalophus
psi(EL)p(.)	565.53	0.00	0.14	3	0.61	0.55	0.68
psi(EL + SL)p(.)	566.50	0.97	0.09	4	0.61	0.55	0.68
psi(EL + WA)p(.)	566.99	1.46	0.07	4	0.61	0.55	0.68
psi(EL + ND)p(.)	567.30	1.77	0.06	4	0.61	0.55	0.68
psi(EL + AS)p(.)	567.42	1.89	0.06	4	0.61	0.55	0.68
psi(EL + RO)p(.)	567.50	1.97	0.05	4	0.62	0.55	0.68
psi(.)p(.)	576.59	11.06	0.00	2	0.61	0.48	0.73
模型平均 Model average					0.61	0.55	0.68
野猪 Sus scrofa
psi(EL + ND)p(.)	443.91	0.00	0.17	4	0.55	0.46	0.64
psi(EL + WA + ND)p(.)	445.41	1.50	0.08	5	0.55	0.46	0.64
psi(EL + RO + ND)p(.)	445.81	1.90	0.07	5	0.55	0.46	0.64
psi(EL + AS + ND)p(.)	445.82	1.91	0.07	5	0.55	0.46	0.64
psi(EL + SL + ND)p(.)	445.84	1.93	0.06	5	0.55	0.46	0.64
psi(.)p(.)	468.02	24.11	0.00	2	0.55	0.41	0.68
模型平均 Model average					0.55	0.46	0.64
水鹿 Rusa unicolor
psi(EL + AS + WA + ND)p(.)	436.71	0.00	0.17	6	0.44	0.37	0.52
psi(EL + WA + RO + ND)p(.)	436.95	0.24	0.15	6	0.44	0.36	0.51
psi(EL + WA + ND)p(.)	437.27	0.55	0.13	5	0.44	0.37	0.52
psi(EL + AS + WA + RO + ND)p(.)	437.62	0.90	0.11	7	0.44	0.36	0.52
psi(.)p(.)	449.44	12.73	0.00	2	0.44	0.31	0.57
模型平均 Model average					0.44	0.37	0.51
扭角羚 Budorcas taxicolor
psi(EL + SL + AS + RO)p(.)	159.64	0.00	0.39	6	0.41	0.23	0.53
psi(.)p(.)	171.95	12.31	0.00	2	0.28	0.15	0.45
中华斑羚 Naemorhedus griseus
psi(EL + WA + ND)p(.)	91.63	0.00	0.16	5	0.11	0.05	0.17
psi(WA + ND)p(.)	91.84	0.02	0.15	4	0.11	0.05	0.17
psi(SL + WA + ND)p(.)	93.15	1.52	0.08	5	0.11	0.05	0.17
psi(EL + SL + WA + ND)p(.)	93.27	1.64	0.07	6	0.11	0.05	0.17
psi(AS + WA + ND)p(.)	93.33	1.69	0.07	5	0.11	0.05	0.17
psi(EL + WA + RO + ND)p(.)	93.34	1.70	0.07	6	0.11	0.05	0.17
psi(WA + RO + ND)p(.)	93.38	1.75	0.07	5	0.11	0.05	0.17
psi(.)p(.)	108.90	17.27	0.00	2	0.11	0.05	0.23
模型平均 Model average					0.11	0.05	0.17
小麂 Muntiacus reevesi
psi(EL)p(.)	72.78	0.00	0.11	3	0.05	0.05	0.07
psi(EL + ND)p(.)	74.14	1.36	0.06	4	0.05	0.04	0.07
psi(.)p(.)	74.47	1.69	0.05	2	0.05	0.02	0.15
psi(EL + RO)p(.)	74.53	1.75	0.05	4	0.05	0.04	0.07
psi(EL + AS)p(.)	74.64	1.86	0.04	4	0.05	0.04	0.07
psi(EL + SL)p(.)	74.74	1.96	0.04	4	0.05	0.04	0.07
模型平均 Model average					0.05	0.04	0.07

物种 Species	EL	SL	AS	WA	RO	ND
毛冠鹿 Elaphodus cephalophus	0.47	0.09	0.06	0.07	0.05	0.06
野猪 Sus scrofa	0.45	0.06	0.07	0.08	0.07	0.45
水鹿 Rusa unicolor	0.56	0.00	0.28	0.56	0.26	0.56
扭角羚 Budorcas taxicolor	0.39	0.39	0.39	0.00	0.39	0.00
中华斑羚 Naemorhedus griseus	0.30	0.15	0.07	0.60	0.14	0.67
小麂 Muntiacus reevesi	0.30	0.04	0.04	0.00	0.05	0.06

物种 Species	EL	SL	AS	WA	RO	ND
毛冠鹿 Elaphodus cephalophus	0.47	0.09	0.06	0.07	0.05	0.06
野猪 Sus scrofa	0.45	0.06	0.07	0.08	0.07	0.45
水鹿 Rusa unicolor	0.56	0.00	0.28	0.56	0.26	0.56
扭角羚 Budorcas taxicolor	0.39	0.39	0.39	0.00	0.39	0.00
中华斑羚 Naemorhedus griseus	0.30	0.15	0.07	0.60	0.14	0.67
小麂 Muntiacus reevesi	0.30	0.04	0.04	0.00	0.05	0.06

协变量 Covariate	毛冠鹿 Elaphodus cephalophus	野猪 Sus scrofa	水鹿 Rusa unicolor	扭角羚 Budorcas taxicolor	中华斑羚 Naemorhedus griseus	小麂 Muntiacus reevesi
海拔 Elevation	-1.15 (0.41)*	-1.32 (0.70)	1.45 (0.59)*	24.16 (17.31)	-0.88 (1.59)	-1.94 (1.80)
坡度 Slope	0.06 (0.20)	0.10 (0.36)	-	-1.97 (2.37)	0.11 (0.41)	0.01 (0.21)
坡向 Aspect	-0.01 (0.12)	-0.22 (0.45)	0.25 (0.39)	11.17 (7.88)	-0.05 (0.28)	-0.03 (0.25)
距水源距离 Distance to the source of water	0.04 (0.18)	-0.76 (0.48)	-1.39 (0.50)**	-	-5.65 (3.07)	-
距道路距离 Distance to the road	0.01 (0.11)	-0.13 (0.40)	-0.21 (0.36)	5.20 (3.88)	0.07 (0.32)	-0.04 (0.29)
归一化植被指数 Normalized difference vegetation index	0.03 (0.17)	2.84 (1.27)*	1.32 (0.54)*	-	-5.22 (2.80)	0.26 (1.13)