The contribution of philanthropic funding to China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2023‒2030)

doi:10.17520/biods.2025269

Abstract

Abstract:

Background & Aims: Both the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) and China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2023‒2030) (China’s NBSAP) have highlighted the engagement of non-state actors in biodiversity conservation. Philanthropic funding provided to non-state actors for biodiversity conservation purposes can significantly fill the public funding gap. The Fifteenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP15) to the Convention on Biological Diversity provided a unique opportunity for Chinese non-state actors to conserve China’s biodiversity. In 2021, during the first phase of COP15 in Kunming, a coalition of 10 Chinese non-state actors pledged to mobilize RMB 2.55 billion (USD 359 million) for biodiversity conservation by 2030.

Method: The study provides a systematic analysis by tracking the spending, outputs and outcomes of the pledge made in COP15 over the past five years, offering a systematic analysis of how biodiversity philanthropic funding in China has been mobilized and what results have been attained.

Results: During 2020‒2024, 11 major biodiversity-related philanthropic foundations invested a total of RMB 3.43 billion (USD 481 million) on biodiversity conservation activities. Among them, the seven foundations that made funding pledge at COP15 have spent RMB 1.55 billion (USD 217 million), equivalent to 60.7% of the total pledged amount. This funding has enabled non-state actors to deliver tangible results in the conservation of threatened species, habitat and area-based conservation, and biodiversity mainstreaming in China. The study also identified limitations of China’s conservation philanthropic funding: a disproportionate share of funding has flowed to afforestation-based “ecological restoration”, while comparatively less has been allocated to aligning with national programs or transforming private sector’s business models.

Conclusion: The study recommends that Chinese philanthropic funding should deepen collaboration with government-led biodiversity conservation initiatives to achieve the targets and goals of the NBSAP, and that transforming private sectors’ business models toward nature positivity should also be prioritized.

Key words: conservation philanthropic funding, Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF), National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP)

Fangyi Yang, Tong Jin, Xiaoli Shen, Li Zhang, Biao Yang. The contribution of philanthropic funding to China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2023‒2030)[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2026, 34(1): 25269.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2025269

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2026/V34/I1/25269

Figures/Tables 4

References 15

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基金会名称 Foundations name	是否参与COP15自主承诺 COP15 funding pledge	公益支出 Philanthropic funding (￥)	生物多样性相关公益支出 Biodiversity related spending (￥)	生物多样性相关支出占比 Percentage of biodiversity-related spending
北京市企业家环保基金会(SEE基金会) Society of Entrepreneurs and Ecology (SEE) Foundation	是 Yes	1,083,158,958	848,492,351	78.3%
中华环境保护基金会 China Environmental Protection Foundation	是 Yes	571,896,429	246,001,025	43.0%
内蒙古老牛慈善基金会 Lao Niu Foundation^①	是 Yes	302,594,221	42,666,304	14.1%
中国绿色碳汇基金会 China Green Carbon Foundation	是 Yes	296,396,109	210,219,279	70.9%
桃花源基金会 Paradise Foundation	是 Yes	143,980,444	123,817,180	86.0%
万科基金会 Vanke Foundation	是 Yes	410,104,597	3,882,500	1.0%
深圳市质兰公益基金会 Zhilan Foundation^②	否 No	18,986,030	15,958,900	84.1%
云南省绿色环境发展基金会 Yunnan Green Environment Development Foundation	是 Yes	76,232,776	73,413,084	96.3%
中国绿化基金会 China Green Foundation	否 No	1,664,525,743	1,622,245,059	97.5%
深圳市红树林湿地保护基金会 Mangrove Conservation Foundation	否 No	165,408,406	139,607,488	84.4%
深圳市一个地球自然基金会 One Planet Foundation	否 No	136,468,600	109,896,600	80.5%
重复计算值 Double accounting		22,093,591	7,650,000
总计(扣除重复计算) Total (deducting double accounting)		4,847,658,722	3,428,549,770	70.7%

基金会名称 Foundations name	是否参与COP15自主承诺 COP15 funding pledge	公益支出 Philanthropic funding (￥)	生物多样性相关公益支出 Biodiversity related spending (￥)	生物多样性相关支出占比 Percentage of biodiversity-related spending
北京市企业家环保基金会(SEE基金会) Society of Entrepreneurs and Ecology (SEE) Foundation	是 Yes	1,083,158,958	848,492,351	78.3%
中华环境保护基金会 China Environmental Protection Foundation	是 Yes	571,896,429	246,001,025	43.0%
内蒙古老牛慈善基金会 Lao Niu Foundation^①	是 Yes	302,594,221	42,666,304	14.1%
中国绿色碳汇基金会 China Green Carbon Foundation	是 Yes	296,396,109	210,219,279	70.9%
桃花源基金会 Paradise Foundation	是 Yes	143,980,444	123,817,180	86.0%
万科基金会 Vanke Foundation	是 Yes	410,104,597	3,882,500	1.0%
深圳市质兰公益基金会 Zhilan Foundation^②	否 No	18,986,030	15,958,900	84.1%
云南省绿色环境发展基金会 Yunnan Green Environment Development Foundation	是 Yes	76,232,776	73,413,084	96.3%
中国绿化基金会 China Green Foundation	否 No	1,664,525,743	1,622,245,059	97.5%
深圳市红树林湿地保护基金会 Mangrove Conservation Foundation	否 No	165,408,406	139,607,488	84.4%
深圳市一个地球自然基金会 One Planet Foundation	否 No	136,468,600	109,896,600	80.5%
重复计算值 Double accounting		22,093,591	7,650,000
总计(扣除重复计算) Total (deducting double accounting)		4,847,658,722	3,428,549,770	70.7%

投入行动方向 Main actions	资金量 Total amount of funding (￥)	占比 Percentage
物种保护 Threatened species conservation	202,218,159	5.9%
栖息地及其保护 Habitat and area-based conservation	373,195,789	10.9%
生态修复及造林 Ecological restoration and afforestation	2,313,187,016	67.5%
气候变化及碳汇 Climate change and carbon sink	85,989,632	2.5%
生物多样性主流化 Biodiversity mainstreaming	325,591,097	9.5%
城市生物多样性 Urban biodiversity	107,231,543	3.1%
国际项目 International collaboration	21,136,534	0.6%

投入行动方向 Main actions	资金量 Total amount of funding (￥)	占比 Percentage
物种保护 Threatened species conservation	202,218,159	5.9%
栖息地及其保护 Habitat and area-based conservation	373,195,789	10.9%
生态修复及造林 Ecological restoration and afforestation	2,313,187,016	67.5%
气候变化及碳汇 Climate change and carbon sink	85,989,632	2.5%
生物多样性主流化 Biodiversity mainstreaming	325,591,097	9.5%
城市生物多样性 Urban biodiversity	107,231,543	3.1%
国际项目 International collaboration	21,136,534	0.6%

中文名/英文名 Chinese name/English name	拉丁名 Latin name	IUCN物种红色名录等级 IUCN Red List category	国家重点保护野生动物名录等级 National Protected Wildlife List class
雪豹 Snow leopard	Panthera uncia	易危 Vulnerable (VU)	一级 First class
亚洲金猫 Asian golden cat	Catopuma temminckii	近危 Near Threatened (NT)	二级 Second class
荒漠猫 Chinese mountain cat	Felis bieti	易危 Vulnerable (VU)	二级 Second class
华北豹 North China leopard	Panthera pardus japonensis	濒危 Endangered (EN)	一级 First class
大熊猫 Giant panda	Ailuropoda melanoleuca	易危 Vulnerable (VU)	一级 First class
东北虎 Amur tiger	Panthera tigris altaica	濒危 Endangered (EN)	一级 First class
孟加拉虎 Bengal tiger	Panthera tigris tigris	濒危 Endangered (EN)	一级 First class
云豹 Cloud leopard	Neofelis nebulosa	易危 Vulnerable (VU)	一级 First class
青头潜鸭 Baer’s Pochard	Aythya baeri	极危 Critically Endangered (CR)	一级 First class
东黑冠长臂猿 Cao-vit gibbon	Nomascus nasutus	极危 Critically Endangered (CR)	一级 First class
亚洲象 Asian elephant	Elephas maximus	濒危 Endangered (EN)	一级 First class
安徽麝 Anhui musk deer	Moschus anhuiensis	濒危 Endangered (EN)	一级 First class
白唇鹿White-lipped deer	Cervus albirostris	易危 Vulnerable (VU)	一级 First class
菲氏叶猴 Phayre’s leaf monkey	Trachypithecus phayrei	濒危 Endangered (EN)	一级 First class
喜山长尾叶猴 Nepal gray langur	Semnopithecus schistaceus	近危 Near Threatened (NT)	二级 Second class
巫山巴鲵 Wushan salamander	Liua shihi	易危 Vulnerable (VU)	二级 Second class
威氏鼷鹿 Williamson’s mouse-deer	Tragulus williamsoni	易危 Vulnerable (VU)	二级 Second class
海南长臂猿 Hainan black crested gibbon	Nomascus hainanus	极危 Critically Endangered (CR)	一级 First class
黔金丝猴 Grey snub-nosed monkey	Rhinopithecus brelichi	极危 Critically Endangered (CR)	一级 First class
朱鹮 Crested ibis	Nipponia nippon	濒危 Endangered (EN)	一级 First class
中华穿山甲 Chinese pangolin	Manis pentadactyla	极危 Critically Endangered (CR)	一级 First class
丹顶鹤 Red-crowned crane	Grus japonensis	易危 Vulnerable (VU)	一级 First class
黑脸琵鹭 Black-faced spoonbill	Platalea minor	濒危 Endangered (EN)	一级 First class
东方白鹳 Oriental stork	Ciconia boyciana	濒危 Endangered (EN)	一级 First class
中华白海豚 Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin	Sousa chinensis	易危 Vulnerable (VU)	一级 First class
蒙新河狸 Sino-Mongolian beaver	Castor fiber birulai	濒危 Endangered (EN)	一级 First class
遗鸥 Relict gull	Ichthyaetus relictus	易危 Vulnerable (VU)	一级 First class
东北豹 Amur leopard	Panthera pardus orientalis	极危 Critically Endangered (CR)	一级 First class
秦岭细鳞鲑 Qinling lenok	Brachymystax tsinlingensis	濒危 Endangered (EN)	一级 First class
天行长臂猿 Skywalker hoolock gibbon	Hoolock tianxing	濒危 Endangered (EN)	一级 First class
金斑喙凤蝶 Golden birdwing	Teinopalpus aureus	易危 Vulnerable (VU)	二级 Second class
马麝 Alpine musk deer	Moschus sifanicus	濒危 Endangered (EN)	一级 First class
福建小腺蛙 Little gland frog	Glandirana minima	极危 Critically Endangered (CR)	二级 Second class
黄胸鹀 Yellow-breasted bunting	Emberiza aureola	极危 Critically Endangered (CR)	一级 First class
中华凤头燕鸥 Chinese crested tern	Thalasseus bernsteini	极危 Critically Endangered (CR)	一级 First class
勺嘴鹬 Spoon-billed sandpiper	Calidris pygmaea	极危 Critically Endangered (CR)	一级 First class