Assessing the effectiveness of water retention ecosystem service in Qinling National Nature Reserve based on InVEST and propensity score matching model

doi:10.17520/biods.2020271

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: Nature reserves (NRs) play an important role in ensuring ecosystem services such as water retention, which are of great significance for the sustainable use of regional water resources. However, the main factors influencing the effectiveness of water retention in NRs are still unclear, which is not conducive to the effective management of NRs and the achievement of regional sustainable development goals. Therefore, the aims of this research are to explore: (1) the overall situation of water retention services in Qinling Mountains; (2) the conservation effectiveness of water retention services in NRs; and (3) the key influencing factors of the conservation effectiveness of water retention services in NRs.
Methods: Here, we used the InVEST model to calculate the water retention between 2010 and 2015 in Qinling Mountains related to 19 national nature reserves. Based on the propensity score matching approach, we assessed the conservation effectiveness of these nature reserves in ensuring the ecosystem service of water retention. We then used the random forest regression model to identify the factors that mainly affect the conservation effectiveness.
Results: The results showed that the water retention ecosystem service in Qinling Mountains generally reduced between 2010 and 2015. Compared with the matched samples outside the NRs, most reserves (63.16%) showed significant positive effects on water retention (N = 12, P < 0.05), while some reserves (26.32%) showed significant negative effects (N = 5, P < 0.05). There were also two reserves (10.52%) that had no significant effects on water retention (N = 2, P > 0.05). In addition, the conservation effectiveness of reserves in ensuring water retention was mainly affected by changes in precipitation and funding investment.
Conclusions: (1) Between 2010 and 2015, the water retention rate was reduced remarkably in Qinling Mountains, but the NRs had achieved positive effectiveness in mitigating the reduction of water retention in general; (2) Changes in precipitation play a dominant role in sustaining the ecosystem service of water retention; and (3) The management factors also affect the conservation effectiveness to certain extent, in which the amount of investment is the most important. Therefore, we suggest increasing capital investment in the future to improve the conservation effectiveness of water retention service of NRs.

Key words: conservation effectiveness assessment, propensity score matching, ecosystem services, random forest model, funding investment

Ming Cao, Junsheng Li, Wei Wang, Juyi Xia, Chunting Feng, Gang Fu, Wenjie Huang, Fangzheng Liu. Assessing the effectiveness of water retention ecosystem service in Qinling National Nature Reserve based on InVEST and propensity score matching model[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(5): 617-628.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2020271

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2021/V29/I5/617

Figures/Tables 8

References 54

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数据类型 Data type	来源与获取方法 Data sources
土地利用数据(2010, 2015年) Land use data (2010, 2015)	2010-2015年全国生态状况变化遥感调查与评估项目 2010-2015 Remote Sensing Investigation and Assessment Project of Ecological Status Change in China
数字高程模型数据 Digital elevation model (DEM) data	地理空间数据云GDEMV2数据(30 m分辨率) GDEMV2 data from Geospatial data cloud with 30 m resolution
子流域数据 Sub-watersheds data	根据数字高程模型数据进行水文提取 Hydrological information extraction based on DEM data
降雨数据 Precipitation data	数据来源于资源环境数据云平台(分辨率1 km) Precipitation data with 1 km resolution obtained from the website of www.resdc.cn
蒸散数据 Evapotranspiration	数据来源于谷歌地球引擎平台, MOD16A2产品(500 m分辨率) Data were extracted from the MOD16A2 products (500 m resolution), which were obtained from the Google Earth Engine.
土壤数据 Soil data	数据来源于第二次土壤普查, 国家青藏高原数据科学中心(上官微和戴永久, 2013) Data were obtained from the second soil census of National Tibetan Plateau Data Center (Shangguan & Dai, 2013)
植物有效含水量 Plant available water capacity (PAWC)	根据土壤普查数据采用土壤质地数据进行计算得到 The data were calculated from the soil texture data based on the soil census.
根系深度 Root depth	第二次土壤普查土壤剖层, 结合研究区文献校正得到(刘兆谦, 1983; 游松财等, 2009; 上官微和戴永久, 2013) Adjusted from the soil profile in the second soil census combined with related literature in the study area (Liu, 1983; You et al, 2009; Shangguan & Dai, 2013)
Zhang系数 Zhang coefficient	根据自然径流反复计算, 结合研究区文献(范亚宁, 2017^①(① 范亚宁 (2017) 秦岭北麓及周边生态系统水源涵养与水质净化功能评估. 硕士学位论文, 西北大学, 西安.); 魏星涛, 2018^②(② 魏星涛 (2018) 基于InVEST模型的祁连山南坡水源涵养功能研究. 硕士学位论文, 青海师范大学, 西宁.))反复校验得到, 估算数值为4.35 According to the repeated calculation of natural runoff, combined with repeated verification of the literature in the study area^①②, the estimated value was 4.35.
流速系数 Velocity coefficient	查阅相关文献(包玉斌等, 2016) Extracted from related literature (Bao et al, 2016)
地形指数 Terrain index	根据数字高程模型数据计算 Calculated from DEM
土壤饱和导水率 Soil saturated hydraulic conductivity	根据Vereecken模型计算(Vereecken et al, 1992) Calculated according to Vereecken model (Vereecken et al, 1992)
自然保护区边界 Nature reserves’ boundaries	生态环境部 Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China
自然保护区相关管理数据 Management data of nature reserves	现场调查, 查阅资料 On-site investigation and archives searching
路网数据 Roads data	Open Street Map (www.openstreetmap.org)

数据类型 Data type	来源与获取方法 Data sources
土地利用数据(2010, 2015年) Land use data (2010, 2015)	2010-2015年全国生态状况变化遥感调查与评估项目 2010-2015 Remote Sensing Investigation and Assessment Project of Ecological Status Change in China
数字高程模型数据 Digital elevation model (DEM) data	地理空间数据云GDEMV2数据(30 m分辨率) GDEMV2 data from Geospatial data cloud with 30 m resolution
子流域数据 Sub-watersheds data	根据数字高程模型数据进行水文提取 Hydrological information extraction based on DEM data
降雨数据 Precipitation data	数据来源于资源环境数据云平台(分辨率1 km) Precipitation data with 1 km resolution obtained from the website of www.resdc.cn
蒸散数据 Evapotranspiration	数据来源于谷歌地球引擎平台, MOD16A2产品(500 m分辨率) Data were extracted from the MOD16A2 products (500 m resolution), which were obtained from the Google Earth Engine.
土壤数据 Soil data	数据来源于第二次土壤普查, 国家青藏高原数据科学中心(上官微和戴永久, 2013) Data were obtained from the second soil census of National Tibetan Plateau Data Center (Shangguan & Dai, 2013)
植物有效含水量 Plant available water capacity (PAWC)	根据土壤普查数据采用土壤质地数据进行计算得到 The data were calculated from the soil texture data based on the soil census.
根系深度 Root depth	第二次土壤普查土壤剖层, 结合研究区文献校正得到(刘兆谦, 1983; 游松财等, 2009; 上官微和戴永久, 2013) Adjusted from the soil profile in the second soil census combined with related literature in the study area (Liu, 1983; You et al, 2009; Shangguan & Dai, 2013)
Zhang系数 Zhang coefficient	根据自然径流反复计算, 结合研究区文献(范亚宁, 2017^①(① 范亚宁 (2017) 秦岭北麓及周边生态系统水源涵养与水质净化功能评估. 硕士学位论文, 西北大学, 西安.); 魏星涛, 2018^②(② 魏星涛 (2018) 基于InVEST模型的祁连山南坡水源涵养功能研究. 硕士学位论文, 青海师范大学, 西宁.))反复校验得到, 估算数值为4.35 According to the repeated calculation of natural runoff, combined with repeated verification of the literature in the study area^①②, the estimated value was 4.35.
流速系数 Velocity coefficient	查阅相关文献(包玉斌等, 2016) Extracted from related literature (Bao et al, 2016)
地形指数 Terrain index	根据数字高程模型数据计算 Calculated from DEM
土壤饱和导水率 Soil saturated hydraulic conductivity	根据Vereecken模型计算(Vereecken et al, 1992) Calculated according to Vereecken model (Vereecken et al, 1992)
自然保护区边界 Nature reserves’ boundaries	生态环境部 Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China
自然保护区相关管理数据 Management data of nature reserves	现场调查, 查阅资料 On-site investigation and archives searching
路网数据 Roads data	Open Street Map (www.openstreetmap.org)

自然保护区 Nature reserve	对比结果Comparison results (E)	N	P	自然保护区 Nature reserve	对比结果 Comparison results (E)	N	P
周至 Zhouzhi	+	358	0.000**	太白山 Taibaishan	+	185	0.006**
汉中朱鹮 Hanzhong crested Ibis	+	349	0.000**	天华山 Tianhuashan	+	170	0.000**
观音山 Guanyinshan	+	97	0.000**	小陇山 Xiaolongshan	?	199	0.000**
佛坪 Foping	+	223	0.000**	紫柏山 Zibaishan	?	110	0.009**
黄柏塬 Huangbaiyuan	+	108	0.000**	宝天曼 Baotianman	?	53	0.000**
老县城 Laoxiancheng	+	67	0.020*	伏牛山 Funiushan	?	471	0.000**
长青 Changqing	+	178	0.000**	南阳恐龙蛋化石群 Nanyang Dinosaur Egg Fossil	?	650	0.000**
牛背梁 Niubeiliang	+	81	0.000**	摩天岭 Motianling	不显著 Nonsignificant	49	0.689
平河梁 Pingheliang	+	140	0.000**	小秦岭 Xiaoqinling	不显著 Nonsignificant	132	0.213
桑园 Sangyuan	+	82	0.000**	总体 Overall	+	3,721	0.018**

自然保护区 Nature reserve	对比结果Comparison results (E)	N	P	自然保护区 Nature reserve	对比结果 Comparison results (E)	N	P
周至 Zhouzhi	+	358	0.000**	太白山 Taibaishan	+	185	0.006**
汉中朱鹮 Hanzhong crested Ibis	+	349	0.000**	天华山 Tianhuashan	+	170	0.000**
观音山 Guanyinshan	+	97	0.000**	小陇山 Xiaolongshan	?	199	0.000**
佛坪 Foping	+	223	0.000**	紫柏山 Zibaishan	?	110	0.009**
黄柏塬 Huangbaiyuan	+	108	0.000**	宝天曼 Baotianman	?	53	0.000**
老县城 Laoxiancheng	+	67	0.020*	伏牛山 Funiushan	?	471	0.000**
长青 Changqing	+	178	0.000**	南阳恐龙蛋化石群 Nanyang Dinosaur Egg Fossil	?	650	0.000**
牛背梁 Niubeiliang	+	81	0.000**	摩天岭 Motianling	不显著 Nonsignificant	49	0.689
平河梁 Pingheliang	+	140	0.000**	小秦岭 Xiaoqinling	不显著 Nonsignificant	132	0.213
桑园 Sangyuan	+	82	0.000**	总体 Overall	+	3,721	0.018**

影响因素 Influencing factor	Spearman相关系数 Spearman correlation coefficient	P
降水变化率 Precipitation change rate	0.926	0.000**
平均高程 Average elevation	0.235	0.363
形状指数 Landscape shape index	?0.260	0.314
资金投入 Funding investment	0.542	0.025*
路网密度 Road density	0.047	0.859
单位面积工作人员数量 Number of staff per km²	?0.056	0.83
单位面积巡护人员数量 Number of patrolling personnel per km²	?0.105	0.687
保护区建立时长 Period from the establishment of nature reserves	?0.205	0.430