Biodiv Sci ›› 2010, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (1): 19-28. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2010.019
Special Issue: 生物入侵
• Original Papers • Previous Articles Next Articles
Juanjuan Zhao1, Zhiyun Ouyang1,*(), Hua Zheng1, Weihua Xu1, Xiaoke Wang1, Yongming Ni2
Received:
2009-03-03
Accepted:
2009-12-16
Online:
2010-01-20
Published:
2010-01-20
Contact:
Zhiyun Ouyang
Juanjuan Zhao, Zhiyun Ouyang, Hua Zheng, Weihua Xu, Xiaoke Wang, Yongming Ni. Species composition of alien plants in the built-up area of Beijing[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2010, 18(1): 19-28.
No. | 绿地类型 Type of green space | 定义或解释 Definition or interpretation |
---|---|---|
I | 公园绿地 Park green space | 向公众开放, 以游憩为主要功能, 兼具生态、美化、防灾等作用的绿地 Open to the public, set aside mainly for human recreation and enjoyment, also possess ecological and environmental functions and serve as places of refuge |
II | 防护绿地 Protective green space | 具有卫生、隔离和安全防护功能的绿地。包括卫生隔离带、道路防护绿地、防风林、城市组团隔离带等 Urban green space set aside for sanitation, insulation and security purposes, including sanitation greenbelts, roadway protective green space, windbreak forest, and grouped greenbelts |
III | 公共设施绿地 Institutional green space | 公共设施用地内的绿地, 包括学校、单位附属绿地等 Green space in an institutional area, including schools and institutional units |
IV | 居住区绿地 Residential green space | 城市居住用地内社区公园以外的绿地, 包括组团绿地、宅旁绿地、小区道路绿地等 Green space in residential area excluding residential community parks, including grouped greenbelts, house-side green space, and residential subdistrict roadway green space |
V | 道路绿地 Street green space | 道路广场用地内的绿地, 包括行道树绿带、分车绿带、交通岛绿地、交通广场和停车场绿地等 Green space in the area of roadways and piazzas, including street tree avenues, traffic island green space, traffic square green space, and parking lot green space |
VI | 荒地 Vacant land space | 没有明确用途, 荒废、弃置的土地 Green space in vacant land with no definite land use |
Table 1 Classification criteria for green space types surveyed in the built-up area of Beijing
No. | 绿地类型 Type of green space | 定义或解释 Definition or interpretation |
---|---|---|
I | 公园绿地 Park green space | 向公众开放, 以游憩为主要功能, 兼具生态、美化、防灾等作用的绿地 Open to the public, set aside mainly for human recreation and enjoyment, also possess ecological and environmental functions and serve as places of refuge |
II | 防护绿地 Protective green space | 具有卫生、隔离和安全防护功能的绿地。包括卫生隔离带、道路防护绿地、防风林、城市组团隔离带等 Urban green space set aside for sanitation, insulation and security purposes, including sanitation greenbelts, roadway protective green space, windbreak forest, and grouped greenbelts |
III | 公共设施绿地 Institutional green space | 公共设施用地内的绿地, 包括学校、单位附属绿地等 Green space in an institutional area, including schools and institutional units |
IV | 居住区绿地 Residential green space | 城市居住用地内社区公园以外的绿地, 包括组团绿地、宅旁绿地、小区道路绿地等 Green space in residential area excluding residential community parks, including grouped greenbelts, house-side green space, and residential subdistrict roadway green space |
V | 道路绿地 Street green space | 道路广场用地内的绿地, 包括行道树绿带、分车绿带、交通岛绿地、交通广场和停车场绿地等 Green space in the area of roadways and piazzas, including street tree avenues, traffic island green space, traffic square green space, and parking lot green space |
VI | 荒地 Vacant land space | 没有明确用途, 荒废、弃置的土地 Green space in vacant land with no definite land use |
Fig. 1 Origin composition of plant species in various types of green space in the built-up area of Beijing. I, Park green space; II, Protective green space; III, Institutional green space; IV, Residential green space; V, Street green space; VI, Vacant land space.
乔木 Tree | 灌木 Shrub | 草本 Herb | |
---|---|---|---|
城区绿地总体 All green space | 圆柏 Sabina chinensis 银杏 Ginkgo biloba 紫薇 Lagerstroemia indica | 大叶黄杨 Euonymus japonicus | 野牛草 Buchloe dactyloides |
公园绿地 Park green space | 圆柏 S. chinensis 白皮松 Pinus bungeana 银杏 G. biloba 刺槐 Robinia pseudoacacia | 大叶黄杨 E. japonicus 铺地柏 S. procumbens 小叶黄杨 Buxus sinica var. parvifolia 沙地柏 S. vulgaris | 野牛草 B. dactyloides |
防护绿地 Protective green space | 刺槐 R. pseudoacacia | 银杏苗 G. biloba (seedling) 美国红梣苗 Fraxinus ennsylvanica (seedling) 金叶女贞 Ligustrum vicaryi 大叶黄杨 E. japonicus | 凹头苋 Amaranthus blitum |
公共设施绿地Institutional green space | 圆柏 S. chinensis 雪松 Cedrus deodara 白皮松 P. bungeana 银杏 G. biloba 刺槐 R. peudoacacia | 大叶黄杨 E. japonicus | 野牛草 B. dactyloides |
居住区绿地 Residential green space | 银杏 G. biloba 刺槐 R. peudoacacia 雪松 C. deodara | 大叶黄杨 E. japonicus | 野牛草 B. dactyloides |
道路绿地 Street green space | 圆柏 S. chinensis 银杏 G. biloba | 大叶黄杨 E. japonicus | 野牛草 B. dactyloides |
荒地 Vacant land space | / | / | 虎尾草 Chloris virgata |
Table 2 Dominant plant species of aliens in the built-up area of Beijing
乔木 Tree | 灌木 Shrub | 草本 Herb | |
---|---|---|---|
城区绿地总体 All green space | 圆柏 Sabina chinensis 银杏 Ginkgo biloba 紫薇 Lagerstroemia indica | 大叶黄杨 Euonymus japonicus | 野牛草 Buchloe dactyloides |
公园绿地 Park green space | 圆柏 S. chinensis 白皮松 Pinus bungeana 银杏 G. biloba 刺槐 Robinia pseudoacacia | 大叶黄杨 E. japonicus 铺地柏 S. procumbens 小叶黄杨 Buxus sinica var. parvifolia 沙地柏 S. vulgaris | 野牛草 B. dactyloides |
防护绿地 Protective green space | 刺槐 R. pseudoacacia | 银杏苗 G. biloba (seedling) 美国红梣苗 Fraxinus ennsylvanica (seedling) 金叶女贞 Ligustrum vicaryi 大叶黄杨 E. japonicus | 凹头苋 Amaranthus blitum |
公共设施绿地Institutional green space | 圆柏 S. chinensis 雪松 Cedrus deodara 白皮松 P. bungeana 银杏 G. biloba 刺槐 R. peudoacacia | 大叶黄杨 E. japonicus | 野牛草 B. dactyloides |
居住区绿地 Residential green space | 银杏 G. biloba 刺槐 R. peudoacacia 雪松 C. deodara | 大叶黄杨 E. japonicus | 野牛草 B. dactyloides |
道路绿地 Street green space | 圆柏 S. chinensis 银杏 G. biloba | 大叶黄杨 E. japonicus | 野牛草 B. dactyloides |
荒地 Vacant land space | / | / | 虎尾草 Chloris virgata |
区系成分 Chorological spectra | 国内外来种 National alien genera (%) | 国外外来种 Abroad alien genera (%) | 乡土种 Native genera (%) |
---|---|---|---|
世界分布 Cosmopolitan | 4.0 | 6.8 | 17.3 |
泛热带分布 Pantropic | 16.7 | 17.8 | 12.4 |
热带亚洲和热带美洲间断分布 Tropical Asia and Tropical America disjuncted | 0.8 | 16.9 | 0.5 |
旧世界热带 Old world Tropics | 3.2 | 2.5 | 0.5 |
热带亚洲至热带大洋洲 Tropical Asia and Tropical Australasia | 5.6 | 0.8 | 2.2 |
热带亚洲至热带非洲 Tropical Asia to tropical Africa | 0.0 | 5.9 | 1.6 |
热带亚洲(印度-马来西亚) Tropical Asia (Indo-Malesia) | 5.6 | 0.8 | 1.6 |
北温带 North Temperate | 23.8 | 17.8 | 24.3 |
东亚和北美间断 East Asia and North America disjuncted | 9.5 | 11.0 | 5.4 |
旧世界温带 Old World Temperate | 7.1 | 1.7 | 9.2 |
温带亚洲分布 Temperate Asia | 0.8 | 0.8 | 2.7 |
地中海区、西亚至中亚分布 Mediterranea, West Asia to Central Asia | 0.0 | 3.4 | 1.6 |
中亚 Central Asia | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.5 |
东亚(东喜马拉雅至日本) East Asia Eurasia and Temperate South America disjuncted | 4.8 | 0.8 | 5.4 |
中国特有 Endemic to China | 4.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
地中海区、西亚和东亚间断 Mediterranea, West Asia (or Central Asia), and East Asia disjuncted | 2.4 | 1.7 | 1.6 |
地中海区和喜马拉雅间断分布 Mediterranea and Himalaya disjuncted | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.0 |
欧亚和南非洲(有时也在大洋洲)间断 Eurasia and South Africa (Sometimes also Australasia) disjuncted | 0.8 | 2.5 | 1.1 |
地中海至温带、热带亚洲、大洋洲和南美洲间断 Mediterranea to Temperate-Tropical Asia, Australasia and South America disjuncted | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 |
中国-喜马拉雅(SH) Sino-Himalaya(SH) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 |
中国-日本(SJ) Sino-Japan(SJ) | 6.3 | 0.8 | 2.7 |
热带亚洲、大洋洲(至新西兰)和中、南美(或墨西哥)间断分布 Tropical Asia, Australasia (to New Zealand) and Central to South America (Mexico) disjuncted | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 |
热带亚洲、非洲和中、南美洲间断分布 Tropical Asia, Africa and Central to South America disjuncted | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.0 |
热带亚洲、非洲(或东非、马达加斯加)和大洋州间断分布 Tropical Asia., Africa (or East Africa, Madagascar) and Australasia disjuncted | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 |
北温带和南温带(全温带)间断 North Temperate and South Temperate disjuncted (Pan-temperate) | 3.2 | 2.5 | 5.4 |
欧亚和南美洲温带间断 Eurasia and Temperate South America disjuncted | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 |
东亚和墨西哥间断分布 East Asia and Mexico disjuncted | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.0 |
Table 3 Chorological composition of alien plant species in the built-up area of Beijing
区系成分 Chorological spectra | 国内外来种 National alien genera (%) | 国外外来种 Abroad alien genera (%) | 乡土种 Native genera (%) |
---|---|---|---|
世界分布 Cosmopolitan | 4.0 | 6.8 | 17.3 |
泛热带分布 Pantropic | 16.7 | 17.8 | 12.4 |
热带亚洲和热带美洲间断分布 Tropical Asia and Tropical America disjuncted | 0.8 | 16.9 | 0.5 |
旧世界热带 Old world Tropics | 3.2 | 2.5 | 0.5 |
热带亚洲至热带大洋洲 Tropical Asia and Tropical Australasia | 5.6 | 0.8 | 2.2 |
热带亚洲至热带非洲 Tropical Asia to tropical Africa | 0.0 | 5.9 | 1.6 |
热带亚洲(印度-马来西亚) Tropical Asia (Indo-Malesia) | 5.6 | 0.8 | 1.6 |
北温带 North Temperate | 23.8 | 17.8 | 24.3 |
东亚和北美间断 East Asia and North America disjuncted | 9.5 | 11.0 | 5.4 |
旧世界温带 Old World Temperate | 7.1 | 1.7 | 9.2 |
温带亚洲分布 Temperate Asia | 0.8 | 0.8 | 2.7 |
地中海区、西亚至中亚分布 Mediterranea, West Asia to Central Asia | 0.0 | 3.4 | 1.6 |
中亚 Central Asia | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.5 |
东亚(东喜马拉雅至日本) East Asia Eurasia and Temperate South America disjuncted | 4.8 | 0.8 | 5.4 |
中国特有 Endemic to China | 4.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
地中海区、西亚和东亚间断 Mediterranea, West Asia (or Central Asia), and East Asia disjuncted | 2.4 | 1.7 | 1.6 |
地中海区和喜马拉雅间断分布 Mediterranea and Himalaya disjuncted | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.0 |
欧亚和南非洲(有时也在大洋洲)间断 Eurasia and South Africa (Sometimes also Australasia) disjuncted | 0.8 | 2.5 | 1.1 |
地中海至温带、热带亚洲、大洋洲和南美洲间断 Mediterranea to Temperate-Tropical Asia, Australasia and South America disjuncted | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 |
中国-喜马拉雅(SH) Sino-Himalaya(SH) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 |
中国-日本(SJ) Sino-Japan(SJ) | 6.3 | 0.8 | 2.7 |
热带亚洲、大洋洲(至新西兰)和中、南美(或墨西哥)间断分布 Tropical Asia, Australasia (to New Zealand) and Central to South America (Mexico) disjuncted | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 |
热带亚洲、非洲和中、南美洲间断分布 Tropical Asia, Africa and Central to South America disjuncted | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.0 |
热带亚洲、非洲(或东非、马达加斯加)和大洋州间断分布 Tropical Asia., Africa (or East Africa, Madagascar) and Australasia disjuncted | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 |
北温带和南温带(全温带)间断 North Temperate and South Temperate disjuncted (Pan-temperate) | 3.2 | 2.5 | 5.4 |
欧亚和南美洲温带间断 Eurasia and Temperate South America disjuncted | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 |
东亚和墨西哥间断分布 East Asia and Mexico disjuncted | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.0 |
种名 Species | 科名 Family | 原产地 Origin | 频数 Frequency |
---|---|---|---|
喜旱莲子草 Alternanthera philoxeroides | 苋科 Amaranthaceae | 巴西 Brazil | 2 |
皱果苋 Amaranthus viridis | 热带非洲 Tropical Africa | 5 | |
刺苋 A. spinosus | 美洲热带 Tropical America | 6 | |
反枝苋 A. retroflexus | 美洲 America | 119 | |
垂序商陆 Phytolacca americana | 商陆科 Phytolaccaceae | 北美洲 North America | 1 |
紫苜蓿 Medicago sativa | 豆科 Leguminosae | 欧洲 Europe | 1 |
白车轴草 Trifolium repens | 南欧 South Europe | 5 | |
刺槐 Robinia pseudoacacia | 北美 North America | 166 | |
含羞草 Mimosa pudica | 北美热带 Tropical North America | 3 | |
凤仙花 Impatiens balsamina | 凤仙花科 Balsaminaceae | 热带亚洲 Tropical Asia | 6 |
齿裂大戟 Euphorbia dentata | 大戟科 Euphorbiaceae | 北美洲 North America | 3 |
野西瓜苗 Hibiscus trionum | 锦葵科 Malvaceae | 非洲 Africa | 1 |
火炬树 Rhus typhina | 漆树科 Anacardiaceae | 北美洲 North America | 15 |
月见草 Oenothera erythrospeda | 柳叶菜科 Onagraceae | 英国 Britain | 1 |
天胡荽 Hydrocotyle sibthorpioide | 伞形科 Umbelliferae | 中国南部 South China | 1 |
牵牛 Pharbitis nil | 旋花科 Convolvulaceae | 热带美洲 Tropical America | 2 |
裂叶牵牛 P. hederacea | 美洲 America | 64 | |
圆叶牵牛 P. purpurea | 南美洲 South America | 77 | |
曼陀罗 Datura innoxia | 茄科 Solanaceae | 美国、墨西哥 USA and Mexico | 15 |
阿拉伯婆婆纳 Veronica persica | 玄参科 Scrophulariaceae | 亚洲西部至伊朗 West Asia to Iran | 1 |
鸡矢藤 Paederia scandens | 茜草科 Rubiaceae | 长江流域以南 South of Yangtze River Basin | 5 |
藿香蓟 Ageratum conyzoides | 菊科 Compositae | 中、南美洲 Central and South Africa | 1 |
菊芋 Helianthus tuberosus | 北美 North America | 2 | |
糠稷 Panicum bisulcatum | 禾本科 Gramineae | 华南、西南中部 South and Central area of SW China | 1 |
虎尾草 Chloris virgata | 热带非洲 Tropical Africa | 14 | |
毒麦 Lolium temulentum | 欧洲 Europe | 4 | |
黑麦草 L. perenne | 欧洲 Europe | 33 | |
野牛草 Buchloe dactyloides | 美洲 America | 144 | |
牛筋草 Eleusine indica | 旧世界热带 Old World Tropic | 551 | |
香附子 Cyperus rotundus | 莎草科 Cyperaceae | 旧世界热带 Old World Tropic | 1 |
Table 4 Invasive plant species recorded by this investigation in the built-up area of Beijing
种名 Species | 科名 Family | 原产地 Origin | 频数 Frequency |
---|---|---|---|
喜旱莲子草 Alternanthera philoxeroides | 苋科 Amaranthaceae | 巴西 Brazil | 2 |
皱果苋 Amaranthus viridis | 热带非洲 Tropical Africa | 5 | |
刺苋 A. spinosus | 美洲热带 Tropical America | 6 | |
反枝苋 A. retroflexus | 美洲 America | 119 | |
垂序商陆 Phytolacca americana | 商陆科 Phytolaccaceae | 北美洲 North America | 1 |
紫苜蓿 Medicago sativa | 豆科 Leguminosae | 欧洲 Europe | 1 |
白车轴草 Trifolium repens | 南欧 South Europe | 5 | |
刺槐 Robinia pseudoacacia | 北美 North America | 166 | |
含羞草 Mimosa pudica | 北美热带 Tropical North America | 3 | |
凤仙花 Impatiens balsamina | 凤仙花科 Balsaminaceae | 热带亚洲 Tropical Asia | 6 |
齿裂大戟 Euphorbia dentata | 大戟科 Euphorbiaceae | 北美洲 North America | 3 |
野西瓜苗 Hibiscus trionum | 锦葵科 Malvaceae | 非洲 Africa | 1 |
火炬树 Rhus typhina | 漆树科 Anacardiaceae | 北美洲 North America | 15 |
月见草 Oenothera erythrospeda | 柳叶菜科 Onagraceae | 英国 Britain | 1 |
天胡荽 Hydrocotyle sibthorpioide | 伞形科 Umbelliferae | 中国南部 South China | 1 |
牵牛 Pharbitis nil | 旋花科 Convolvulaceae | 热带美洲 Tropical America | 2 |
裂叶牵牛 P. hederacea | 美洲 America | 64 | |
圆叶牵牛 P. purpurea | 南美洲 South America | 77 | |
曼陀罗 Datura innoxia | 茄科 Solanaceae | 美国、墨西哥 USA and Mexico | 15 |
阿拉伯婆婆纳 Veronica persica | 玄参科 Scrophulariaceae | 亚洲西部至伊朗 West Asia to Iran | 1 |
鸡矢藤 Paederia scandens | 茜草科 Rubiaceae | 长江流域以南 South of Yangtze River Basin | 5 |
藿香蓟 Ageratum conyzoides | 菊科 Compositae | 中、南美洲 Central and South Africa | 1 |
菊芋 Helianthus tuberosus | 北美 North America | 2 | |
糠稷 Panicum bisulcatum | 禾本科 Gramineae | 华南、西南中部 South and Central area of SW China | 1 |
虎尾草 Chloris virgata | 热带非洲 Tropical Africa | 14 | |
毒麦 Lolium temulentum | 欧洲 Europe | 4 | |
黑麦草 L. perenne | 欧洲 Europe | 33 | |
野牛草 Buchloe dactyloides | 美洲 America | 144 | |
牛筋草 Eleusine indica | 旧世界热带 Old World Tropic | 551 | |
香附子 Cyperus rotundus | 莎草科 Cyperaceae | 旧世界热带 Old World Tropic | 1 |
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