Research history and conservation progress of leaf monkeys in China

doi:10.17520/biods.2025446

Abstract

Abstract:

Background & AimIn China, leaf monkeys are distributed across Yunnan, Xizang, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Chongqing. They comprise two genera (Semnopithecusand Trachypithecus) and seven species. Leaf monkeys have garnered significant attention from Chinese primatologists due to their distinctive morphological and digestive system characteristics, evolutionary status, and crucial role in maintaining the stability of ecosystem. All of these species are classified as National Class I Key Protected Wild Animals in China. To date, considerable research has been conducted on the white-headed langur (T. leucocephalus), François’ langur (T. francoisi), and Indochinese gray langur (T. crepusculus), while studies on the other species remain relatively scarce. This study focuses on Chinese leaf monkeys, systematically reviewing relevant research and proposing future research directions and trends.

Review Results Through in-depth analysis, we reviewed the research history and advances on Chinese leaf monkeys across several key areas including taxonomy, anatomical characteristics, ecology and behavior, genetics and evolution, population distribution and dynamics, and conservation management. Based on the review, we proposed to conduct multi-dimensional and interdisciplinary researches on behavior and ecology, such as acoustic communication and nutritional ecology. More attention should be paid on the role of leaf monkeys in seed dispersal and maintaining the dynamic balance of forests, exploring the synergy between leaf monkey conservation and community development, and understanding the social service function of endangered species conservation. In the face of the difficulties in field surveys, new technologies (such as unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with infrared thermal imaging and passive acoustic technology) assisted by artificial intelligence could provide a new method for the population monitoring of leaf monkeys.

ProspectsThis study aims to promote the advancement and refinement of research and conservation efforts for leaf monkeys in China, thereby providing fundamental information for the protection of the country’s rare and endangered wildlife.

Key words: non-human primate, leaf monkey, behavioral ecology, conservation biology, research history

Penglai Fan, Wei Yao, Chengming Huang, Qihai Zhou. Research history and conservation progress of leaf monkeys in China[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2026, 34(3): 25446.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2025446

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2026/V34/I3/25446

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种名 Species	研究地点 Study site	植物部位的采食比例 Percentage of plant parts eaten (%)							家域 Home range (ha)	日漫游距离 Daily travel length (m)	资料来源 Resource
种名 Species	研究地点 Study site	嫩叶 Young leaf	成熟叶 Mature leaf	树叶 Leaf	花 Flower	果实 Fruit	种子 Seed	其他 Other	家域 Home range (ha)	日漫游距离 Daily travel length (m)	资料来源 Resource
白头叶猴 Trachypithecus leucocephalus	广西崇左白头叶猴国家级自然保护区 Guangxi Chongzuo White-headed Langur National Nature Reserve	74.9	8.4		2.4	7.7	0.9	5.7	29.0		Li & Rogers, 2005b, 2006
				75.3	2.3	22.5			52.0	585.0	黄乘明, 2000
				91.6		4.2		4.2			Zhou et al., 2013b
		59.0	23.3		4.3	10.5		2.8	28.8	502.0	Li et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2011b
				76.5	4.5	17.1		2.1	15.2	465.0	Huang et al., 2017
		58.8	13.5		4.4	12.6	3.8	6.9			Lu et al., 2021
黑叶猴 T. francoisi	广西弄岗国家级自然保护区 Guangxi Nonggang National Nature Reserve	38.9	13.9		7.5	17.2	14.2	8.3	69.3	541.0	Zhou et al., 2006, 2011a
黑叶猴 T. francoisi	广西弄岗国家级自然保护区 Guangxi Nonggang National Nature Reserve	46.9	24.1		6.3	13.2	4.3	5.4	45.5	662.0	黄中豪等, 2010, 2011
	广西崇左白头叶猴国家级自然保护区 Guangxi Chongzuo White-headed Langur National Nature Reserve			94.5	0.4	3.1	2.0		19.0	438.0	Zhou et al., 2007a; Huang et al., 2008b
				86.9	0.7	9.3		3.1			Li et al., 2009
	广西恩城国家级自然保护区 Guangxi Encheng National Nature Reserve	51.1	20.1		5.7	15.9	1.6	5.6			Yao et al., 2024
	贵州麻阳河国家级自然保护区 Guizhou Mayanghe National Nature Reserve	43.3	20.6			25.7	6.5	3.9	78	881	Hu, 2007, 2011
	重庆金佛山国家级自然保护区 Chongqing Jinfo Mountain National Nature Reserve	29.0	39.0		12.0	8.0		12.0			韩宗先和胡锦矗, 2010
印支灰叶猴 T. crepusculus	云南无量山国家级自然保护区 Yunnan Wuliangshan National Nature Reserve	29.5	24.7		6.3	32.1*		5.7	446	1,011	Fan et al., 2015
中缅灰叶猴 T. melamera	云南高黎贡山国家级自然保护区 Yunnan Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve	41.5	4.1		3.4	22.2	18.7	8.3			Ma et al., 2017
肖氏乌叶猴 T. shortridgei	云南独龙江流域 Dulong River Basin, Yunnan	16.7	25.2		7.4	28.7		22			Geng et al., 2020

种名 Species	研究地点 Study site	植物部位的采食比例 Percentage of plant parts eaten (%)							家域 Home range (ha)	日漫游距离 Daily travel length (m)	资料来源 Resource
种名 Species	研究地点 Study site	嫩叶 Young leaf	成熟叶 Mature leaf	树叶 Leaf	花 Flower	果实 Fruit	种子 Seed	其他 Other	家域 Home range (ha)	日漫游距离 Daily travel length (m)	资料来源 Resource
白头叶猴 Trachypithecus leucocephalus	广西崇左白头叶猴国家级自然保护区 Guangxi Chongzuo White-headed Langur National Nature Reserve	74.9	8.4		2.4	7.7	0.9	5.7	29.0		Li & Rogers, 2005b, 2006
				75.3	2.3	22.5			52.0	585.0	黄乘明, 2000
				91.6		4.2		4.2			Zhou et al., 2013b
		59.0	23.3		4.3	10.5		2.8	28.8	502.0	Li et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2011b
				76.5	4.5	17.1		2.1	15.2	465.0	Huang et al., 2017
		58.8	13.5		4.4	12.6	3.8	6.9			Lu et al., 2021
黑叶猴 T. francoisi	广西弄岗国家级自然保护区 Guangxi Nonggang National Nature Reserve	38.9	13.9		7.5	17.2	14.2	8.3	69.3	541.0	Zhou et al., 2006, 2011a
黑叶猴 T. francoisi	广西弄岗国家级自然保护区 Guangxi Nonggang National Nature Reserve	46.9	24.1		6.3	13.2	4.3	5.4	45.5	662.0	黄中豪等, 2010, 2011
	广西崇左白头叶猴国家级自然保护区 Guangxi Chongzuo White-headed Langur National Nature Reserve			94.5	0.4	3.1	2.0		19.0	438.0	Zhou et al., 2007a; Huang et al., 2008b
				86.9	0.7	9.3		3.1			Li et al., 2009
	广西恩城国家级自然保护区 Guangxi Encheng National Nature Reserve	51.1	20.1		5.7	15.9	1.6	5.6			Yao et al., 2024
	贵州麻阳河国家级自然保护区 Guizhou Mayanghe National Nature Reserve	43.3	20.6			25.7	6.5	3.9	78	881	Hu, 2007, 2011
	重庆金佛山国家级自然保护区 Chongqing Jinfo Mountain National Nature Reserve	29.0	39.0		12.0	8.0		12.0			韩宗先和胡锦矗, 2010
印支灰叶猴 T. crepusculus	云南无量山国家级自然保护区 Yunnan Wuliangshan National Nature Reserve	29.5	24.7		6.3	32.1*		5.7	446	1,011	Fan et al., 2015
中缅灰叶猴 T. melamera	云南高黎贡山国家级自然保护区 Yunnan Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve	41.5	4.1		3.4	22.2	18.7	8.3			Ma et al., 2017
肖氏乌叶猴 T. shortridgei	云南独龙江流域 Dulong River Basin, Yunnan	16.7	25.2		7.4	28.7		22			Geng et al., 2020

物种 Species	调查区域 Survey area	种群大小 Population size	文献 References
白头叶猴 Trachypithecus leucocephalus	广西 Guangxi	633	申兰田和李汉华, 1982
白头叶猴 Trachypithecus leucocephalus	广西 Guangxi	400	吴名川, 1983
	广西 Guangxi	550-590	Huang et al., 2002
	广西 Guangxi	1,200	Tang et al., 2024
	广西 Guangxi	1,400	范鹏来(未发表数据) Penglai Fan, unpublished data
黑叶猴 T. francoisi	广西 Guangxi	4,000-5,000	吴名川, 1983
黑叶猴 T. francoisi	广西 Guangxi	2,200-2,500	刘万福和韦振逸, 1995
	广西 Guangxi	307	Li et al., 2007
	广西弄岗国家级自然保护区 Guangxi Nonggang National Nature Reserve	76	唐华兴等, 2011
	广西崇左白头叶猴国家级自然保护区 Guangxi Chongzuo White-headed Langur National Nature Reserve	88	王振兴等, 2014
	广西恩城国家级自然保护区 Guangxi Encheng National Nature Reserve	100-105	李文华等, 2019
	贵州 Guizhou	946-1,094	李明晶, 1995
	贵州 Guizhou	1,160-1,200	胡刚等, 2011
	贵州麻阳河国家级自然保护区 Guizhou Mayanghe National Nature Reserve	554	牛克锋等, 2016
	贵州宽阔水国家级自然保护区 Guizhou Kuankuoshui National Nature Reserve	195	姚小刚等, 2016
	贵州野钟黑叶猴自然保护区 Guizhou Yezhong François’ Langur Nature Reserve	119	邓怀庆和周江, 2018
	贵州野钟黑叶猴自然保护区 Guizhou Yezhong François’ Langur Nature Reserve	123	唐冬艳等, 2025
	贵州大沙河国家级自然保护区 Guizhou Dashahe National Nature Reserve	166	胡淋正等, 2024
	重庆金佛山国家级自然保护区 Chongqing Jinfoshan National Nature Reserve	80	唐洪通和张含藻, 1994
	重庆秀山、酉阳 Xiushan and Youyang, Chongqing	200	王应祥等, 1999
	重庆武隆、彭水 Wulong and Pengshui, Chongqing	40-45	苏化龙等, 2002
	重庆 Chongqing	200	Han et al., 2013
	重庆金佛山国家级自然保护区 Chongqing Jinfoshan National Nature Reserve	180	王霞等, 2025
印支灰叶猴 T. crepusculus	云南 Yunnan	15,000	b
印支灰叶猴 T. crepusculus	云南 Yunnan	11,500-17,000	马世来和王应祥, 1988
	云南无量山国家级自然保护区 Yunnan Wuliangshan National Nature Reserve	2,000	Ma et al., 2015
	云南 Yunnan	> 5,000	魏辅文, 2024
中缅灰叶猴 T. melamera	云南 Yunnan	2,500	魏辅文, 2024
戴帽叶猴 T. pileatus	西藏 Xizang	< 500	魏辅文, 2024
肖氏乌叶猴 T. shortridgei	云南 Yunnan	500-600	马世来和王应祥, 1988
肖氏乌叶猴 T. shortridgei	云南 Yunnan	250	云南省林业厅, 2001^①(①云南省林业厅 (2001) 云南省陆生野生动物资源调查报告. 云南省林业厅, 昆明.)
	云南 Yunnan	250-370	Cui et al., 2016
喜山长尾叶猴 Semnopithecus schistaceus	西藏 Xizang	1,000	尹秉高和刘务林, 1993
喜山长尾叶猴 Semnopithecus schistaceus	西藏 Xizang	1,300	魏辅文, 2024

物种 Species	调查区域 Survey area	种群大小 Population size	文献 References
白头叶猴 Trachypithecus leucocephalus	广西 Guangxi	633	申兰田和李汉华, 1982
白头叶猴 Trachypithecus leucocephalus	广西 Guangxi	400	吴名川, 1983
	广西 Guangxi	550-590	Huang et al., 2002
	广西 Guangxi	1,200	Tang et al., 2024
	广西 Guangxi	1,400	范鹏来(未发表数据) Penglai Fan, unpublished data
黑叶猴 T. francoisi	广西 Guangxi	4,000-5,000	吴名川, 1983
黑叶猴 T. francoisi	广西 Guangxi	2,200-2,500	刘万福和韦振逸, 1995
	广西 Guangxi	307	Li et al., 2007
	广西弄岗国家级自然保护区 Guangxi Nonggang National Nature Reserve	76	唐华兴等, 2011
	广西崇左白头叶猴国家级自然保护区 Guangxi Chongzuo White-headed Langur National Nature Reserve	88	王振兴等, 2014
	广西恩城国家级自然保护区 Guangxi Encheng National Nature Reserve	100-105	李文华等, 2019
	贵州 Guizhou	946-1,094	李明晶, 1995
	贵州 Guizhou	1,160-1,200	胡刚等, 2011
	贵州麻阳河国家级自然保护区 Guizhou Mayanghe National Nature Reserve	554	牛克锋等, 2016
	贵州宽阔水国家级自然保护区 Guizhou Kuankuoshui National Nature Reserve	195	姚小刚等, 2016
	贵州野钟黑叶猴自然保护区 Guizhou Yezhong François’ Langur Nature Reserve	119	邓怀庆和周江, 2018
	贵州野钟黑叶猴自然保护区 Guizhou Yezhong François’ Langur Nature Reserve	123	唐冬艳等, 2025
	贵州大沙河国家级自然保护区 Guizhou Dashahe National Nature Reserve	166	胡淋正等, 2024
	重庆金佛山国家级自然保护区 Chongqing Jinfoshan National Nature Reserve	80	唐洪通和张含藻, 1994
	重庆秀山、酉阳 Xiushan and Youyang, Chongqing	200	王应祥等, 1999
	重庆武隆、彭水 Wulong and Pengshui, Chongqing	40-45	苏化龙等, 2002
	重庆 Chongqing	200	Han et al., 2013
	重庆金佛山国家级自然保护区 Chongqing Jinfoshan National Nature Reserve	180	王霞等, 2025
印支灰叶猴 T. crepusculus	云南 Yunnan	15,000	b
印支灰叶猴 T. crepusculus	云南 Yunnan	11,500-17,000	马世来和王应祥, 1988
	云南无量山国家级自然保护区 Yunnan Wuliangshan National Nature Reserve	2,000	Ma et al., 2015
	云南 Yunnan	> 5,000	魏辅文, 2024
中缅灰叶猴 T. melamera	云南 Yunnan	2,500	魏辅文, 2024
戴帽叶猴 T. pileatus	西藏 Xizang	< 500	魏辅文, 2024
肖氏乌叶猴 T. shortridgei	云南 Yunnan	500-600	马世来和王应祥, 1988
肖氏乌叶猴 T. shortridgei	云南 Yunnan	250	云南省林业厅, 2001^①(①云南省林业厅 (2001) 云南省陆生野生动物资源调查报告. 云南省林业厅, 昆明.)
	云南 Yunnan	250-370	Cui et al., 2016
喜山长尾叶猴 Semnopithecus schistaceus	西藏 Xizang	1,000	尹秉高和刘务林, 1993
喜山长尾叶猴 Semnopithecus schistaceus	西藏 Xizang	1,300	魏辅文, 2024