Genetic relationships of hatchery populations and wild populations of Tanichthys albonubes near Guangzhou

doi:10.17520/biods.2019290

Abstract

Abstract:

Tanichthys albonubes is a popular ornamental fish species which had been believed to be extinct in the wild in China. Since 2003, many wild populations have been found on Hainan and Guangxi provinces and therefore the conversation status has been modified to be Critically Endangered. We investigated the genetic relationships of hatchery populations of T. albonubes to their wild populations near Guangzhou. To study these genetic relationships, multilocus data (one mitochondrial gene, two nuclear genes and 13 microsatellite loci) from 186 individuals from three hatchery populations and four wild populations around the city of Guangzhou were analyzed. The K2P genetic distances based on the Cyt b gene among wild populations and hatchery populations of T. albonubes ranged from 0.005 to 0.015, and from 0.001 to 0.009, respectively. Phylogenetic relationships showed hatchery population Fangcun contained four mitochondrial clades, two of which grouped with haplotypes from two wild populations near Guangzhou while the remaining clustered separately. The haplotype networks revealed that the Qingyuan population consisted of one shared haplotype with population Fangcun, which had greater haplotype diversity than all other populations. STRUCTURE analyses from the hatchery and wild populations suggested these populations could be grouped into two clusters (K = 2), one of which was formed by a hatchery population and a Qingyuan population while the other was formed by two wild populations. Principal component analysis showed that hatchery populations and Qingyuan populations overlapped with some degree of genetic variation with these cultured stocks. Directional gene flow was detected from population Qingyuan to population Fangcun using IMa3 programme. Based on these findings, we conclude that population Fangcun originated from multiple wild populations near Guangzhou and subsequently served as the ancestor of cultured populations in Singapore and Canada. We propose that irregular releases of cultured stocks of T. albonubes should be forbidden and captive hatchery using different wild populations should be prevented. At the same time, genetic resources management and sustained monitoring of hatchery and wild populations of T. albonubes should be reinforced in the future.

Key words: Tanichthys albonubes, mitochondrial DNA, nuclear gene, microsatellite, gene flow

Chao Li,Jinjin Jin,Jinzhen Luo,Chunhui Wang,Junjie Wang,Jun Zhao. Genetic relationships of hatchery populations and wild populations of Tanichthys albonubes near Guangzhou[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2020, 28(4): 474-484.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2019290

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2020/V28/I4/474

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1 Sampling location of four wild populations of Tanichthys albonubes in this study. Population codes refer to Table 1.

Table 1 Sampling information of Tanichthys albonubes of the present study

种群 Population	代号 Code	所属谱系 Lineage*	样本量 Sample size*
种群 Population	代号 Code	所属谱系 Lineage*	mtDNA	nuDNA	Microsatellites
养殖种群 Hatchery populations
广州芳村 Fangcun, Guangzhou, China	FC	A	30	30	30
新加坡 Singapore	SIG	A	24	24	30
加拿大 Canada	CA	A	12	12	12
野生种群 Wild populations
广州从化良口 Liangkou, Conghua, Guangzhou, China	CL	A	30	30	30
广州从化石门 Shimen, Conghua, Guangzhou, China	SM	A	30	30	30
清远 Qingyuan, China	QY	A	30	30	30
外类群
深圳 Shenzhen, China	SZ	A	30	-	-
总计 Total			186	156	162

Table 2 K2P genetic distance among seven populations of Tanichthys albonubes based on Cyt b gene. Population codes refer to Table 1.

种群Populations	芳村 FC	新加坡SIG	加拿大CA	良口 CL	石门 SM	清远 QY
新加坡 SIG	0.008
加拿大 CA	0.009	0.001
良口 CL	0.006	0.006	0.007
石门 SM	0.009	0.009	0.010	0.007
清远 QY	0.007	0.001	0.002	0.005	0.008
深圳 SZ	0.013	0.014	0.015	0.012	0.015	0.014

Fig. 2 Phylogenetic trees and haplotype networks of Tanichthys albonubes based on Cyt b gene. Population codes refer to Table 1. (A) Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum-likelihood (ML) trees of T. albonubes based on Cyt b gene. The asterisks on the branches indicate posterior probabilities (PP) ≥ 0.90 and bootstrap values (BS) ≥ 90. (B) Haplotype networks of T. albonubes based on Cyt b gene (segments above lines indicate the number of mutations).

Fig. 3 Population structure analysis of hatchery and wild populations of Tanichthys albonubes. (A) STRUCTURE plots of K = 2 based on 13 microsatellite loci; (B) ΔK values of the different number of clusters (K); (C) PCA analysis based on 13 microsatellite loci. Population codes refer to Table 1.

Fig. 4 Gene flow estimation among hatchery and wild populations of Tanichthys albonubes. Grey arrows and boxes were marginal distribution values in demographic units. tu means time since ancestral population splitting. Green arrows and the numbers above them showed the gene flows (2Nm values) and their directions. Only statistically significant cases of gene flow are presented. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01. Population codes refer to Table 1.

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