生物多样性信用的概念、原则、交易和挑战

doi:10.17520/biods.2023300

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为应对生物多样性资金缺口、遏止与扭转全球生物多样性丧失, 生物多样性信用以碳信用为蓝本应运而生。与以生物多样性损失为前提的生物多样性抵消不同, 生物多样性信用是一种可测量、追踪和交易的, 能为生物多样性带来净效益的经济工具。本文旨在介绍生物多样性信用的概念内涵, 详细阐释了其与生物多样性抵消和碳信用的概念异同, 在参考高质量碳信用的基础上汇总了生物多样性信用的原则, 包含其核算方法和治理体系, 同时介绍了目前全球生物多样性信用市场, 提供了不同交易项目的具体实践案例, 并梳理了生物多样性信用在定价、是否会成为企业漂绿的工具、监管与治理体系以及与碳信用的兼容等4方面的问题和挑战。未来, 生物多样性信用挑战与机遇并存。

关键词: 生物多样性丧失, 生物多样性信用, 生物多样性抵消, 碳信用, 市场机制

Abstract

Aim & Background Unlike biodiversity offsets, which are based on the premise of biodiversity loss, biodiversity credits are an economic instrument that is measurable, traceable, tradable, and generates net biodiversity gains. To address the funding gap for biodiversity and to halt and reverse global biodiversity loss, biodiversity credits have emerged with carbon credits as a blueprint.

Results This paper introduced the conceptual framework of biodiversity credits, providing a detailed explanation of their similarities and differences with biodiversity offsets and carbon credits. Drawing on the foundation of high-quality carbon credits, the paper summarized the principles of biodiversity credits, including their accounting approaches and governance systems. Furthermore, it presented the current global market for biodiversity credits, offering specific practical examples of various trading projects.

Prospects The paper also examined four aspects of problems and challenges related to biodiversity credits: (1) pricing in voluntary markets lacks clear standards; (2) the risk of being a potential greenwashing tool used by enterprises; (3) regulatory and governance systems need safeguards for transparency and community rights; (4) the compatibility with carbon credits is controversial. Looking forward, challenges and opportunities of biodiversity credits co-exist as a critical tool for businesses to achieve their Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) goals.

Key words: biodiversity loss, biodiversity credits, biodiversity offsets, carbon credits, market mechanism

中图分类号:

X176

彭昀月, 靳彤, 张小全 (2024) 生物多样性信用的概念、原则、交易和挑战. 生物多样性, 32, 23300. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023300.

Peng Yunyue, Jin Tong, Zhang Xiaoquan (2024) Biodiversity credits: Concepts, principles, transactions and challenges. Biodiversity Science, 32, 23300. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023300.

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2023300

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2024/V32/I2/23300

图/表 3

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项目类型 Scheme type	适用情况 Applicability	单位 Unit type	目标 Objective
生物多样性抵消项目 Biodiversity offset scheme	强制或自愿 Compliance or voluntary	生物多样性抵消 Biodiversity offsets	生物多样性无净损失或产生生物多样性净增长/净正向影响 No net loss of biodiversity or biodiversity net gain/net positive impacts
生物多样性信用项目 Biodiversity credit scheme	自愿 Voluntary	生物多样性信用 Biodiversity credits	正向的生物多样性成果 Positive biodiversity outcomes

项目类型 Scheme type	适用情况 Applicability	单位 Unit type	目标 Objective
生物多样性抵消项目 Biodiversity offset scheme	强制或自愿 Compliance or voluntary	生物多样性抵消 Biodiversity offsets	生物多样性无净损失或产生生物多样性净增长/净正向影响 No net loss of biodiversity or biodiversity net gain/net positive impacts
生物多样性信用项目 Biodiversity credit scheme	自愿 Voluntary	生物多样性信用 Biodiversity credits	正向的生物多样性成果 Positive biodiversity outcomes

国家或地区 Countries or regions	项目类型 Project type
国家或地区 Countries or regions	PL	GL	UL	IS^*
澳大利亚 Australia	√	√		√
新西兰 New Zealand	√	√
纽埃 Niue		√
印度 India		√
南非 South Africa	√
加蓬 Gabon		√
哥伦比亚 Colombia	√
巴西 Brazil	√
英国 United Kingdom	√	√	√	√
瑞士 Switzerland	√
瑞典 Sweden	√
法国 France	√
南美洲 South America	√
非洲 Africa	√
国际 International	√			√

国家或地区 Countries or regions	项目类型 Project type
国家或地区 Countries or regions	PL	GL	UL	IS^*
澳大利亚 Australia	√	√		√
新西兰 New Zealand	√	√
纽埃 Niue		√
印度 India		√
南非 South Africa	√
加蓬 Gabon		√
哥伦比亚 Colombia	√
巴西 Brazil	√
英国 United Kingdom	√	√	√	√
瑞士 Switzerland	√
瑞典 Sweden	√
法国 France	√
南美洲 South America	√
非洲 Africa	√
国际 International	√			√