中国农业生态系统外来种入侵及其管理现状

doi:10.3724/SP.J.2010.647

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

农业生态系统极易遭受外来生物入侵。作者根据文献资料和多年工作观察统计出入侵我国农业生态系统的外来生物共计92科175属239种, 其中植物155种, 动物55种, 微生物29种, 植物多为有意引入后逸生, 而动物和微生物则主要是无意引入。外来入侵种发生数量呈现从南到北、从东到西逐渐减少的趋势。这些入侵种中, 来源于美洲的最多(占45.04%), 其次是欧洲(22.90%); 菜地(包括温室大棚)和果园入侵种最多, 分别达64.85%和66.53%, 而半年期的秋熟旱地和夏熟旱地分别占34.31%和23.85%。其中17种外来杂草、10种害虫、7种病原菌为恶性有害生物, 应作为防除的重点目标。目前农业生态系统外来入侵物种的控制以化学防治为主, 但由于长期施用化学农药, 在侵入我国农田的入侵种中, 已有51种在世界不同地区演化出抗药性生物型, 因而需重视生物防治、农业和生态防治以及检疫等的综合应用。今后外来种对农业生态系统的入侵格局、机制和趋势, 入侵途径以及生物入侵和抗药性生物型对农业生态系统中有害生物群落演替的影响、转基因作物导致的生物入侵等问题值得关注。

关键词: 入侵种发生数量, 原产地, 抗药性, 化学防治, 生物防治

Abstract

Agricultural ecosystems are vulnerable to biological invasions. There are a total of 239 invasive alien species in a variety of agricultural ecosystems in China. Among them, 155 species are plants, 55 are animals and 29 are microbes. The number of invasive alien species decreases from south to north, and from east to west in China. Invasive alien plant species are generally introduced intentionally, while animals and microbes are mainly unintentionally introduced. Among these invaders, 45.04% have a geographical origin in the Americas, 22.90% in Europe, and 16.41% in Asia. Of these species, 64.85% and 66.53% occur in vegetable gardens (including greenhouses) and orchards, respectively, while 34.31%, 23.85% and 6.28% occur in summer-harvested crop dry land, autumn-harvested crop dry land and paddy field, respectively. Among these 239 invaders, 17 plant species, 10 animals and 7 microbes are noxious pests which, we feel, deserve closer management attention. Currently, chemical control is the principal approach to managing these species in agricultural ecosystems. However, long-term application of pesticides has led to pesticide resistance in some invasive species, with 51 of the 239 invasive alien species reported as exhibiting pesticide-resistant populations worldwide. Therefore, more attention should be paid to management which integrates biological control, ecological measures, agronomic means and quarantine. We suggest that research into the following issues would be fruitful: patterns and mechanisms of and trends in biological invasions in agricultural ecosystems, origin sources and invasion pathways, influences of biological invasions and pesticide resistance on successions of pest communities, and biological invasions caused by transgenic crops.

Key words: richness of invasive alien species, native range, pesticide resistance, chemical control, biological control

强胜, 陈国奇, 李保平, 孟玲 (2010) 中国农业生态系统外来种入侵及其管理现状. 生物多样性, 18, 647-659. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.2010.647.

Sheng Qiang, Guoqi Chen, Baoping Li, Ling Meng (2010) Invasive alien species in Chinese agricultural ecosystems and their management. Biodiversity Science, 18, 647-659. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.2010.647.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.2010.647

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2010/V18/I6/647

图/表 9

表1 中国农田生态系统入侵种及其科属分布统计

Table 1 Number of invasive species, genera and families in Chinese agricultural ecosystems

类群 Group	动物 Animal	微生物 Microbe	植物 Plant	总计 Total
种 Species	55	29	155	239
属 Genus	49	24	102	175
科 Family	38	24	30	92
种/属 Species/genus ratio	1.12	1.21	1.52	1.37
种/科 Species/family ratio	1.45	1.21	5.17	2.60

图1 中国省级行政区农业生态系统入侵种数统计。A图中数字表示各省级行政区总入侵种数, B图为各地植物入侵种与动物和微生物入侵种数的线性回归。

Fig. 1 Number of invasive species in agricultural ecosystems in Chinese provincial districts (A) and relationships between species numbers of plant invaders and animal and microbe invaders (B).

图2 中国农业生态系统入侵种传入时间(年代)分析。注：图中数字表示相应的物种数。

Fig. 2 Introduction time (year) of invasive species in Chinese agricultural ecosystems

图3 中国农业生态系统入侵种引入方式

Fig. 3 Introducing means of agricultural invasive species in China, i.e. (A) intended introduction, (B) unintended introduction, and (?) unknown.

图4 中国农业生态系统入侵种原产地分析

Fig. 4 Geographical origin of invasive species in Chinese agricultural ecosystems.

图5 中国农业生态系统入侵种危害农田生境分析。由于部分入侵种在多种生境下危害因而各生境下发生危害种的种类数占全部种类数的比例之和超过100%。

Fig. 5 Arable habitats of agricultural invasive species in China. A, Vegetable garden; B, Orchard; C, Paddy field; D, Dry land with summer-harvested crop; and E, Dry land with autumn-harvested crop. As some invasive species occur in several of habitat types, the total percentage of all the five habitat types is beyond 100%.

图6 中国农业生态系统入侵种主要发生时期分析。2-7月爆发的入侵种主要危害夏熟作物; 而8月至次年1月爆发的入侵种主要危害秋熟作物; 而在3-11月均能爆发危害的入侵种归入全年危害类型。

Fig. 6 Main occurring period of agricultural invasive species in China. Feb.-July: mainly threatening crops harvest in summer; Aug.-Jan.: mainly threatening crops harvest in Autumn; and whole year: mainly occuring in March to November.

表2 中国农田生态系统主要的恶性入侵种

Table 2 The main serious invasive species in Chinese agricultural ecosystems

物种名 Species	物种名 Species	物种名 Species
恶性杂草 Serious weed	野老鹳草 Geranium carolinianum	蜜柑大实蝇 B. tsuneonis
空心莲子草 Alternanthera philoxeroides	假臭草 Eupatorium catarium	瓜实蝇 B. cucuribitae
反枝苋 Amaranthus retroflexus	大狼杷草 Bidens frondosa	美国白蛾 Hyphantria cunea
野燕麦 Avena fatua	钻形紫菀 Aster subulatus	二斑叶螨 Tetranychus urticae
大巢菜 Vicia sativa	假高粱 Sorghum halepense	恶性病原菌 Pathogens
胜红蓟 Ageratum conyzoides	节节麦 Aegilops squarrosa	水稻条斑病菌 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae
一年蓬 Erigeron annuus	恶性昆虫 Serious insect	玉米霜霉病菌 Peronosclerospora sorghi
苏门白酒草 Conyza sumatrensis	烟粉虱 Bemisia tabaci	棉黄萎病菌 Verticillium dahliae
小白酒草 C. canadensis	温室白粉虱 Trialeurodes vaporariorum	苹果黑星病菌 Venturia inaequalis
区域恶性杂草 Regional serious weed	美洲斑潜蝇 Liriomyza sativae	马铃薯晚疫病菌 Phytophthora infestans
凤眼莲 Eichhornia crassipes	棉红铃虫 Pectinophora gossypeilla	大豆孢囊线虫 Heterodera glycines
波斯婆婆纳 Veronica persica	稻水象甲 Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus
王不留行 Vaccaria segetalis	桔小实蝇 Bactrocera dorsalis

图7 中国农业生态系统239种入侵种中有报道出现抗药性生物型的物种统计分析。(A)抗药性生物型所涉及的物种、属、科以及抗性情况(单抗性表示对一类农药具有抗性; 多抗性表示对多类农药具有抗性); (B)发现上述抗性物种的地区及相应的物种数; (C)中国发现抗药生物型的农业生态系统入侵种。

Fig. 7 Number of species with pesticide resistant biotypes among 239 invasive species. (A) Number of species, genus and family (the proportions from the relative group of Chinese agricultural invasive species are shown in parentheses). SR means resistance to a single group of pesticide, while MR multi-resistance to more than one groups of pesticides. (B) Number of species in different countries; (C) List of the species reported as exhibiting pesticide-resistant biotypes in China.

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