榕树-榕小蜂互惠合作系统中的非对称性博弈

doi:10.17520/biods.2020234

生物多样性 ›› 2020, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (11): 1324-1332. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020234

所属专题：传粉生物学；昆虫多样性与生态功能

榕树-榕小蜂互惠合作系统中的非对称性博弈

杨丽媛¹^,²^,³, 王瑞武⁴^,^*()

1 浙江农林大学风景园林与建筑学院, 杭州 311300
2 浙江省园林植物种质创新与利用重点实验室, 浙江农林大学, 杭州 311300
3 南方园林植物种质创新与利用国家林业和草原局重点实验室, 浙江农林大学, 杭州 311300
4 西北工业大学生态环境学院, 西安 710129

收稿日期:2020-06-09 接受日期:2020-08-06 出版日期:2020-11-20 发布日期:2020-08-25
通讯作者: 王瑞武
作者简介:* E-mail: wangrw@nwpu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(31700328);陕西省自然科学基金(2019JQ-369);浙江农林大学学校科研发展基金(2019FR028)

Asymmetric interactions in fig-fig wasp mutualism

Liyuan Yang¹^,²^,³, Ruiwu Wang⁴^,^*()

1 Department of Ornamental Horticulture, School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300
2 Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Garden Plants, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300
3 Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Germplasm Innovation and Utilization for Southern Garden Plants, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300
4 School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129

Received:2020-06-09 Accepted:2020-08-06 Online:2020-11-20 Published:2020-08-25
Contact: Ruiwu Wang

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

榕树及其传粉榕小蜂是自然界中目前所知道的关系最为紧密的互利共生系统之一。随着研究的深入, 越来越多的证据发现榕树-传粉榕小蜂之间互惠合作的过程中存在着复杂的竞争和对抗关系, 例如榕树与传粉榕小蜂之间对公共资源的竞争、传粉欺骗与宿主对传粉者的惩罚、榕树与传粉小蜂之间的“军备竞赛”等。在相互竞争或者对抗关系中, 双方表现出非对称性相互作用。其非对称性关系主要表现出如下3个特征: (1)收益不对称, 即榕树(宿主)与传粉榕小蜂(共生体)之间在资源利用等方面的实力不对称; (2)榕树与传粉榕小蜂之间的信息不对称; (3)进化速率不对称。这些非对称的相互作用可能导致种群的波动、榕树与传粉榕小蜂相互适应和进化策略的变化。因此, 理解榕树与传粉榕小蜂之间的非对称交互作用有助于理解为什么合作和冲突在互利共生关系中经常能同时存在, 也将有助于解释榕树-传粉榕小蜂种间相互关系和物种的多样性。

关键词: 协同进化, 传粉欺骗, 寄主惩罚, 进化速率, 军备竞赛, 非对称性关系

Abstract

Fig and fig-pollinating wasps constitute one of the most well-known systems of mutualistic interactions between species. However, interspecific competition and antagonism is increasingly observed in this obligate mutualism system, including competition over common resources, pollination cheating and host sanction, and an evolutionary arms race between the host tree and its pollinators. In the competitive and antagonistic interactions between fig and fig-pollinating wasps, three main asymmetric relationships have been identified: (1) asymmetric payoffs, i.e., asymmetric power between figs (host) and their pollinators (symbionts); (2) asymmetric rates of evolution; and (3) asymmetric information between figs and their pollinators. The asymmetric relationships may affect population dynamics and the mutual adaptation and evolutionary strategies of each species, which helps explain why both cooperation and conflict are simultaneously observed within a specific mutualism, and why diversified strategies and species coexistence are found in nearly all mutualism systems.

Key words: coevolution, pollination cheating, host sanction, evolutionary rate, arms race, asymmetric interaction

杨丽媛, 王瑞武 (2020) 榕树-榕小蜂互惠合作系统中的非对称性博弈. 生物多样性, 28, 1324-1332. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020234.

Liyuan Yang, Ruiwu Wang (2020) Asymmetric interactions in fig-fig wasp mutualism. Biodiversity Science, 28, 1324-1332. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020234.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2020234

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2020/V28/I11/1324

图/表 4

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	雌雄同株 Monoecy	雌雄异株 Dioecy		性别功能 Sexual function
	雌雄同株 Monoecy	雄树 Male tree	雌树 Female tree	性别功能 Sexual function
雄花发育产物 Product from male flower	花粉 Pollen	花粉 Pollen	-	雄性功能 Male function
雌花发育产物 Product from female flower	小蜂 Wasp	小蜂 Wasp	-	雄性功能 Male function
雌花发育产物 Product from female flower	种子 Seed	-	种子 Seed	雌性功能 Female function

	雌雄同株 Monoecy	雌雄异株 Dioecy		性别功能 Sexual function
	雌雄同株 Monoecy	雄树 Male tree	雌树 Female tree	性别功能 Sexual function
雄花发育产物 Product from male flower	花粉 Pollen	花粉 Pollen	-	雄性功能 Male function
雌花发育产物 Product from female flower	小蜂 Wasp	小蜂 Wasp	-	雄性功能 Male function
雌花发育产物 Product from female flower	种子 Seed	-	种子 Seed	雌性功能 Female function

博弈策略 Strategy	受益方 Winner	博弈结果 Result	非对称关系 Asymmetric interaction	代表性文献 Typical reference
主动传粉 Active pollinating	榕树 Figs	榕树节约花粉 Figs produce less pollens	实力不对称 Asymmetric power	Kjellberg et al, 2001
传粉欺骗 Pollinator cheating	小蜂 Wasps	小蜂减少传粉负担 Wasp takes less burden for carrying pollens	信息不对称 Asymmetric information	Peng et al, 2008
寄主惩罚 Host sanction	榕树 Figs	防止欺骗者的出现 Reducing the cheating wasps	实力不对称 Asymmetric power	Jander & Herre, 2010
传粉投机者 Speculator	小蜂 Wasps	小蜂逃避寄主惩罚 The wasps avoid the host sanction	信息不对称 Asymmetric information	Jander et al, 2012
雌树诱骗 Female tree attracts wasp by mimicking male tree	榕树 Figs	小蜂失去繁殖机会 Wasps fail to reproduce	实力不对称 Asymmetric power	Cook & Rasplus, 2003
基因突变产生欺骗者 Mutation causes cheaters	小蜂 Wasps	维持种群内投机者比例 Stable proportion of cheaters in population	进化速率不对称 Asymmetric evolution rates	Jander & Steidinger, 2017

博弈策略 Strategy	受益方 Winner	博弈结果 Result	非对称关系 Asymmetric interaction	代表性文献 Typical reference
主动传粉 Active pollinating	榕树 Figs	榕树节约花粉 Figs produce less pollens	实力不对称 Asymmetric power	Kjellberg et al, 2001
传粉欺骗 Pollinator cheating	小蜂 Wasps	小蜂减少传粉负担 Wasp takes less burden for carrying pollens	信息不对称 Asymmetric information	Peng et al, 2008
寄主惩罚 Host sanction	榕树 Figs	防止欺骗者的出现 Reducing the cheating wasps	实力不对称 Asymmetric power	Jander & Herre, 2010
传粉投机者 Speculator	小蜂 Wasps	小蜂逃避寄主惩罚 The wasps avoid the host sanction	信息不对称 Asymmetric information	Jander et al, 2012
雌树诱骗 Female tree attracts wasp by mimicking male tree	榕树 Figs	小蜂失去繁殖机会 Wasps fail to reproduce	实力不对称 Asymmetric power	Cook & Rasplus, 2003
基因突变产生欺骗者 Mutation causes cheaters	小蜂 Wasps	维持种群内投机者比例 Stable proportion of cheaters in population	进化速率不对称 Asymmetric evolution rates	Jander & Steidinger, 2017

榕树-榕小蜂互惠合作系统中的非对称性博弈

Asymmetric interactions in fig-fig wasp mutualism

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寄主榕树性系统 Host sexual system	产卵器长度大于腹部的传粉小蜂种数 Ovipositor is longer than the thorax	产卵器长度短于腹部的传粉小蜂种数 Ovipositor is shorter than the thorax	总计 Total
雌雄同株 Monoecy	12	3	15
雌雄异株 Dioecy	0	28	28
总计 Total	12	31	43

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