第三极特有果树光核桃的起源与扩散历史

doi:10.17520/biods.2026152

生物多样性 ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (6): 26152. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2026152 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2026152

• 研究报告: 遗传多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

第三极特有果树光核桃的起源与扩散历史

孔星¹^,²^,³(), 孙向前¹^,²^,³(), 赵本琴¹^,²^,³(), 龚洵²(), 蔡杰¹(), 刘杰¹^,²^,^*()()

¹ 中国科学院昆明植物研究所西南野生生物种质资源库, 昆明 650201
² 中国科学院昆明植物研究所东亚植物多样性与生物地理学重点实验室, 昆明 650201
³ 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049

收稿日期:2026-04-25 接受日期:2026-05-15 出版日期:2026-06-20 发布日期:2026-07-30
通讯作者: *E-mail: liujie@mail.kib.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2024YFD1200704);国家自然科学基金(41971071);国家留学基金委访问学者项目(202304910135);中国科学院“西部之光”人才项目和云南省“万人计划”人才项目(YNWR-QNBJ-2020-293)

Origin and dispersal history of Tibetan peach in the Third Pole

Xing Kong¹^,²^,³(), Xiangqian Sun¹^,²^,³(), Benqin Zhao¹^,²^,³(), Xun Gong²(), Jie Cai¹(), Jie Liu¹^,²^,^*()()

¹ Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
² CAS Key Laboratory for Plant and Biodiversity of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
³ University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Received:2026-04-25 Accepted:2026-05-15 Online:2026-06-20 Published:2026-07-30
Contact: *E-mail: liujie@mail.kib.ac.cn
Supported by:
National Key R&D Program of China(2024YFD1200704);National Natural Science Foundation of China(41971071);China Scholarship Council(202304910135);CAS “Light of West China” Program, and the Top-notch Young Talents Project of Yunnan Provincial “Ten Thousand Talents Program”(YNWR-QNBJ-2020-293)

1. 附录.pdf(1961KB)

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 光核桃(Prunus mira)是栽培桃(P. persica)的野生近缘种, 局限分布于第三极地区的横断山与喜马拉雅, 兼具独特的生态适应性与重要的经济价值, 但其起源及扩散历史尚不明确。本研究基于746份光核桃的质体基因组(ptDNA)与核糖体DNA (nrDNA)序列, 结合谱系地理学分析与物种分布模拟, 重建了该物种的演化历史。群体遗传结构分析显示, 尽管nrDNA数据集无明显的遗传聚类, 但质体基因组包括3个显著分化的遗传分支(Clade A、B、C)。其中, Clade A与Clade B分布于滇西北和藏东南, 而Clade C集中分布于四川西部。分化时间估算表明, 光核桃起源于约8.69 Ma, 3个分支于上新世中期(3.64–4.56 Ma)分化, 这可能与青藏高原隆升及亚洲季风气候增强有关。遗传多样性分析显示, Clade A与Clade B的遗传多样性中心及私有单倍型高值区位于滇西北, 而Clade C的多样性中心则位于川西; 同时, 这两个区域也是光核桃nrDNA多样性和特有性中心, 且为不同历史时期潜在分布较为稳定的地区。由此, 我们推测这两个区域为光核桃末次冰盛期的独立避难所。种群动态历史分析进一步检测到, Clade A和Clade C约在1,500年前(唐朝)和600年前(明朝)经历了有效种群规模快速扩张, 这一动态与区域内茶马古道的兴衰历史吻合。综上所述, 我们推测光核桃应起源于滇西北与川西地区, 并沿茶马古道扩散至藏东南及喜马拉雅地区。本研究在系统解析光核桃起源与扩散历史的同时, 也为其种质资源的有效保护与可持续利用提供了科学依据。

关键词: 第三极, 光核桃, 质体基因组, 母系起源, 谱系地理学, 生态位模拟

Abstract

Aims: Tibetan peach (Prunus mira) is an endemic wild relative of cultivated peach distributed in the Third Pole, primarily within the Himalaya and Hengduan Mountains biodiversity hotspots. It possesses unique ecological adaptability and significant economic value. This study aims to investigate the population structure and genetic diversity of P. mira, reconstruct its origin and dispersal history, and identify glacial refugia, thereby providing a scientific basis for the conservation and sustainable utilization of this wild peach germplasm resource.

Methods: We analyzed 746 individuals of P. mira from Xizang, Yunnan, and Sichuan, covering the entire species range. Whole plastid genome and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences were used to investigate genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure, estimate divergence times, and infer population demographic history. Additionally, we conducted species distribution modeling to assess stable potential distribution areas of P. mira from the past to the future.

Results: Population structure analyses suggested that there was no clear genetic structure in the nrDNA dataset, whereas the plastome recognized three distinct clades (Clade A, Clade B, and Clade C) within P. mira populations, indicating that P. mira comprised three distinct maternal lineages. Notably, geographical distribution patterns showed that Clade C exhibited a narrow distribution, mainly concentrated in the western Sichuan. While Clade A and Clade B had a similar geographic range in the northwestern Yunnan and southeastern Xizang. Divergence time estimates indicated that the P. mira originated around 8.69 Ma, with its three clades diverged in the middle Pliocene (3.64–4.56 Ma), which might be related to the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the intensification of the Asian Summer Monsoon. Genetic diversity analysis identified northwestern Yunnan as the genetic diversity core and private haplotype hotspot for Clade A and Clade B, and western Sichuan as the diversity center for Clade C. Moreover, the observation that these two regions exhibited high and unique nrDNA diversity, and together maintained relatively stable potential distributions across multiple historical periods, supported their role as independent refugia during the last glacial period. Population demographic analysis further showed that Clade A and Clade C experienced significant population expansion approximately 1,500 and 600 years ago, respectively, which was consistent with the rise and fall of the Tea Horse Road in the region. Collectively, these findings suggested that P. mira originated in northwestern Yunnan and western Sichuan, and subsequently expanded westward to southeastern Xizang and the Himalaya, likely along the ancient Tea Horse Road.

Conclusion: By combining molecular phylogeography with species distribution modeling, this study provides a coherent framework for understanding the complex evolutionary history of P. mira. The results reveal three distinct maternal lineages within the species, identify two independent glacial refugia (northwestern Yunnan and western Sichuan), and suggest that the ancient Tea Horse Road may have served as a dispersal corridor facilitating the westward expansion of P. mira into southeastern Xizang and the Himalaya. Together, this study not only provides new insights into the evolutionary history of P. mira and a scientific basis for the conservation and sustainable utilization of its genetic resources, but also establishes a new research paradigm for using phylogeographic approaches to explore biological distribution shifts driven by the synergistic effects of natural processes and human activities.

Key words: Third Pole, Prunus mira, plastid genome, maternal origin, phylogeography, ecological niche modelling

孔星, 孙向前, 赵本琴, 龚洵, 蔡杰, 刘杰 (2026) 第三极特有果树光核桃的起源与扩散历史. 生物多样性, 34, 26152. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2026152.

Xing Kong, Xiangqian Sun, Benqin Zhao, Xun Gong, Jie Cai, Jie Liu (2026) Origin and dispersal history of Tibetan peach in the Third Pole. Biodiversity Science, 34, 26152. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2026152.

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2026152

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2026/V34/I6/26152

图/表 6

图1 光核桃的采样点与分布点示意图。分布点数据来源于中国植物图像库(PPBC, http://ppbc.iplant.cn/)、中国数字植物标本馆(CVH, http://www.cvh.ac.cn/)、全球生物多样性信息网络(GBIF, https://www.gbif.org/)及相关文献。

Fig. 1 Sample sites and occurrence points of Prunus mira. Occurrence data were obtained from the Plant Photo Bank of China (PPBC, http://ppbc.iplant.cn/), Chinese Virtual Herbarium (CVH, http://www.cvh.ac.cn/), Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF, https://www.gbif.org/), and relevant literature.

图2 基于光核桃质体基因组的系统发育关系和群体结构分析结果, 不同颜色代表3个分支(绿色代表Clade A; 橙色代表Clade B; 红色代表Clade C)。(a)基于Templeton Crandall Singh (TCS)法构建的单倍型网络图(Network)。圆圈大小与单倍型频率成正比, 圆圈间短线上标注的数字表示突变步数; (b)利用最大似然法(ML)和贝叶斯推断法(BI)构建的不同单倍型间的系统发育关系, 节点处标注了自展值(BS > 95%)和后验概率(PP > 0.95); (c)基于质体基因组数据的主成分分析(PCA)结果; (d) STRUCTURE分析的个体贝叶斯指派结果(K = 2-4)。外类群: P. ferganensis: 新疆桃; P. persica: 栽培桃; P. kansuensis: 甘肃桃; P. davidiana: 山桃; P. dulcis: 扁桃; R. cymosa: 小果蔷薇。

Fig. 2 Phylogenetic relationships and population structure of Prunus mira as revealed by plastid genome data, different colors represent three clades (green represents Clade A; orange represents Clade B; red represents Clade C). (a) Haplotype network generated using the Templeton Crandall Singh (TCS) approach. Circle sizes reflect the relative frequencies of haplotypes, and the numbers of mutational steps between pairs of haplotypes are indicated along the connecting lines. (b) Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) phylogenetic tree. Branches of the three major clades are color-coded, with bootstrap values (BS > 95%) and posterior probabilities (PP > 0.95) shown at the corresponding nodes. (c) Principal component analysis (PCA) plot of haplotypes, illustrating genetic differentiation among the three clades. (d) Bayesian population assignment results from STRUCTURE at K = 2-4, where each individual is represented as a vertical bar partitioned into K colored segments representing membership coefficients. Outgroups: P. ferganensis, Prunus ferganensis; P. persica, Prunus persica; P. kansuensis, Prunus kansuensis; P. davidiana, Prunus davidiana; P. dulcis, Prunus dulcis; R. cymosa, Rosa cymosa.

图3 光核桃质体基因组单倍型地理分布。物种水平(a)及不同分支((b) Clade A; (c) Clade B; (d) Clade C)中单倍型的空间分布格局。饼图中不同颜色代表不同的单倍型类型, 饼图大小与对应单倍型的样本量成正比。各饼图旁附带的柱状图(条形图)用于指示该群体中所含有的特有单倍型类型及其数量。蓝色线条代表河流。地图上标示了有隔离作用的山脉引自Liu等(2022)。

Fig. 3 Geographical distribution of haplotypes of Prunus mira based on plastid genome data. The figure illustrates the spatial distribution patterns of haplotypes across species (a) and different clades, including Clade A (b), Clade B (c) and Clade C (d). Different colors within each pie chart represent distinct haplotype types, and the area of each pie chart is proportional to the sample size of the corresponding haplotype. The bars adjacent to each pie chart indicate the types and numbers of private haplotypes present in each population. Blue lines represent rivers. The map marks mountain ranges that act as a barrier according to Liu et al. (2022).

图4 基于反距离权重(IDW)法的光核桃不同数据集的遗传多样性空间插值。(a)和(b)分别基于质体基因组数据展示各居群单倍型多样性(Hd)和核苷酸多样性(π)。(c)和(d)分别基于核糖体DNA (nrDNA)展示各居群的单倍型多样性(haplotype diversity, Hd)和核苷酸多样性(nucleotide diversity, π)。颜色梯度代表多样性数值的高低。从蓝色到红色表示多样性数值逐渐升高。

Fig. 4 Spatial interpolation of genetic diversity of Prunus mira using the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method based on different datasets. (a) and (b) present the haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (π) of each population based on plastid genome data, respectively. (c) and (d) show the spatial distribution of Hd and π based on nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) sequences, respectively. Diversity values are represented by a color ramp ranging from blue (low) to red (high).

图5 基于光核桃质体基因组的不同分支群体动态历史与分化时间。(a)不同分支的贝叶斯天际线图。图中实线表示有效种群大小的中位估计值, 浅色阴影区域表示95%最高后验密度区间(highest posterior density, HPD), 横坐标代表时间, 纵坐标代表不同时期的有效种群大小, 绿色代表Clade A, 橙色代表Clade B, 红色代表Clade C。(b)基于单倍型构建的分歧时间树。节点上方数字表示分化时间(Ma), 节点上的蓝色横条和括号内数值表示分化时间的95% HPD, 带序号的黑色圆点指示化石标定点, 灰色阴影区域代表所用到的外类群。除李属(P.)外, 还包含小果蔷薇(R. cymosa)、密毛纤细悬钩子(R. pedunculosus)、仙女木(D. octopetala)、双尖苎麻(B. umbrosa)、聚果榕(F. racemosa)、苹果(M. pumila)、秋子梨(P. ussuriensis)和湖北山楂(C. hupehensis)。Pli: 上新世(Pliocene); Ple: 更新世(Pleistocene)。

Fig. 5 Population demography and divergence times of different clades of Prunus mira based on plastid genome data. (a) Bayesian skyline plots for different clades. Solid lines represent the median estimates of effective population sizes, with light-shaded areas indicating the 95% highest posterior density intervals (HPD). The horizontal axis represents time, and the vertical axis represents the effective population size at different periods. Different colors denote distinct clades (green represents Clade A; orange represents Clade B; red represents Clade C). (b) Divergence time tree based on haplotypes. Numbers above nodes indicate divergence times (Ma), and blue bars at nodes and values in brackets represent the 95% HPD. The gray shaded areas represent the outgroups used, including species of Prunus (P.) and Rosa cymose (R. cymose), Rubus pedunculosus (R. pedunculosus), Dryas octopetala (D. octopetala), Boehmeria umbrosa (B. umbrosa), Ficus racemosa (F. racemosa), Malus pumila (M. pumila), Pyrus ussuriensis (P. ussuriensis), and Crataegus hupehensis (C. hupehensis). Black circles with numbers denote fossil calibration points. Pli, Pliocene; Ple, Pleistocene.

图6 光核桃不同分支在不同时期的潜在分布区。图中每一列代表一个分支(Clade A、B、C), 每一行代表一个气候时期(LGM、Contemporary、Future)。颜色梯度从深到浅表示生境适宜度由高到低。LGM: 末次冰盛期; Contemporary: 现代(1970-2000)气候情景; Future: 未来(2081-2100) RCP8.5高排放情景。

Fig. 6 Potential distribution areas of different clades of Prunus mira under different climatic periods. Each column represents a clade (Clade A, B, and C), and each row represents a climatic period (LGM, Contemporary, and Future). The color ramp from dark to light represents habitat suitability from high to low. LGM, Last Glacial Maximum; Contemporary, Contemporary (1970‒2000) climate scenarios; Future, Future (2081-2100) RCP8.5 high-emission scenario.

参考文献 79

[1]	Álvarez I, Wendel JF (2003) Ribosomal ITS sequences and plant phylogenetic inference. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 29, 417-434.
[2]	An ZS, Kutzbach JE, Prell WL, Porter SC (2001) Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau since Late Miocene times. Nature, 411, 62-66.
[3]	Avise JC (2000) Phylogeography:The History and Formation of Species. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, USA.
[4]	Bao FH, Bao WQ, Ao D, Chen JX, Wuyun TN, Bai YE, He YH, Wang L (2024) Genetic diversity and phylogeography of the endemic species Prunus mira in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. BMC Plant Biology, 24, 1215.
[5]	Bao WQ, Wuyun TN, Li TZ, Liu HM, Jiang ZM, Zhu XC, Du HY, Bai YE (2017) Genetic diversity and population structure of Prunus mira (Koehne) from the Tibet Plateau in China and recommended conservation strategies. PLoS ONE, 12, e0188685.
[6]	Barton NH, Charlesworth B (1984) Genetic revolutions, founder effects, and speciation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 15, 133-164.
[7]	Bock R (2007) Cell and Molecular Biology of Plastids. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
[8]	Cao K, Peng Z, Zhao X, Li Y, Liu KZ, Arus P, Fang WC, Chen CW, Wang XW, Wu JL, Fei ZJ, Wang LR (2022) Chromosome-level genome assemblies of four wild peach species provide insights into genome evolution and genetic basis of stress resistance. BMC Biology, 20, 139.
[9]	Ding WN, Ree RH, Spicer RA, Xing YW (2020) Ancient orogenic and monsoon-driven assembly of the world’s richest temperate alpine flora. Science, 369, 578-581.
[10]	Doyle JJ, Doyle JL (1987) A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochemical Bulletin, 19, 11-15.
[11]	Drummond AJ, Rambaut A (2007) BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 7, 214.
[12]	Drummond AJ, Suchard MA, Xie D, Rambaut A (2012) Bayesian phylogenetics with BEAUti and the BEAST 1.7. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 29, 1969-1973.
[13]	Duan L, Fu L, Chen HF (2023) Phylogenomic cytonuclear discordance and evolutionary histories of plants and animals. Science China: Life Sciences, 66, 2946-2948.
[14]	Eckert CG, Samis KE, Lougheed SC (2008) Genetic variation across species’ geographical ranges: The central-marginal hypothesis and beyond. Molecular Ecology, 17, 1170-1188.
[15]	Ellis EC (2011) Anthropogenic transformation of the terrestrial biosphere. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 369, 1010-1035.
[16]	Excoffier L, Ray N (2008) Surfing during population expansions promotes genetic revolutions and structuration. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 23, 347-351.
[17]	Fan PZ, Zhu GF, Wambulwa MC, Milne RI, Wu ZY, Luo YH, Shahi Shavvon R, Jump AS, Maity D, Gao LM (2026) Genetic origins and climate-induced erosion in economically important Asian walnuts. Conservation Biology, 40, e70125.
[18]	Favre A, Päckert M, Pauls SU, Jähnig SC, Uhl D, Michalak I, Muellner-Riehl AN (2015) The role of the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau for the evolution of Tibetan biotas. Biological Reviews, 90, 236-253.
[19]	Feng X, Peterson AT, Aguirre-López LJ, Burger JR, Chen X, Papeş M (2024) Rethinking ecological niches and geographic distributions in face of pervasive human influence in the Anthropocene. Biological Reviews, 99, 1481-1503.
[20]	Freeman M, Ahmed S (2011) Tea Horse Road: China’s Ancient Trade Road to Tibet. River Books, Bangkok.
[21]	Fu XG, Liu J, Milne RI, Monro AK, Liu SY, Tian Q, Stull GW, Kipkoech A, Yi TS, Li DZ, Wu ZY (2026) A robust phylogenomic framework supports a revised intrafamilial classification of Urticaceae. Plant Diversity, 48, 289-306.
[22]	Gao QB, Zhang DJ, Duan YZ, Zhang FQ, Li YH, Fu PC, Chen SL (2012) Intraspecific divergences of Rhodiola alsia (Crassulaceae) based on plastid DNA and internal transcribed spacer fragments. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 168, 204-215.
[23]	Gu C, Barthlomew B (2003) Rosaceae (Amygdaloideae). In: Flora of China, Vol. 9 (eds Wu ZY, Raven PH, Hong DY), pp. 396-434. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.
[24]	Gu MZ (1999) Diversity of crop germplasm resources in Xizang and its protection and management status and prospect. Tibetan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 21(1), 1-7. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[顾茂芝 (1999) 西藏作物种质资源多样性及其保护管理现状与展望. 西藏农业科技, 21(1), 1-7.]
[25]	Guan FC, Wang SP, Li RQ, Peng M, Meng FJ (2014) Genetic diversity of wild peach (Prunus mira Koehne kov et. kpst) from different altitudes in the Tibetan Plateau by pollen morphous and RAPD markers. HortScience, 49, 1017-1022.
[26]	Hewitt G (2000) The genetic legacy of the Quaternary ice ages. Nature, 405, 907-913.
[27]	Hodel RGJ, Zimmer E, Wen J (2021) A phylogenomic approach resolves the backbone of Prunus (Rosaceae) and identifies signals of hybridization and allopolyploidy. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 160, 107118.
[28]	Jin JJ, Yu WB, Yang JB, Song Y, de Pamphilis CW, Yi TS, Li DZ (2020) GetOrganelle: A fast and versatile toolkit for accurate de novo assembly of organelle genomes. Genome Biology, 21, 241.
[29]	Katoh K, Standley DM (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30, 772-780.
[30]	Kearse M, Moir R, Wilson A, Stones-Havas S, Cheung M, Sturrock S, Buxton S, Cooper A, Markowitz S, Duran C, Thierer T, Ashton B, Meintjes P, Drummond A (2012) Geneious basic: An integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics, 28, 1647-1649.
[31]	Khan R, Wu ZY, Sun ZY, Mambo WW, Kipkoech A, Ahmad M, Luo YH, Li ZH, Li DZ, Liu J (2025) Heterogeneous landscape shaped the phylogeographical pattern of Debregeasia orientalis (Urticaceae) in southwestern China. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, boaf094.
[32]	Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M (1994) MEGA: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software for microcomputers. Bioinformatics, 10, 189-191.
[33]	Leigh JW, Bryant D, Nakagawa S (2015) POPART: Full-feature software for haplotype network construction. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 6, 1110-1116.
[34]	Li HT, Luo Y, Gan L, Ma PF, Gao LM, Yang JB, Cai J, Gitzendanner MA, Fritsch PW, Zhang T, Jin JJ, Zeng CX, Wang H, Yu WB, Zhang R, van der Bank M, Olmstead RG, Hollingsworth PM, Chase MW, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Yi TS, Li DZ (2021) Plastid phylogenomic insights into relationships of all flowering plant families. BMC Biology, 19, 232.
[35]	Li TF, Liu JR, Xie YN, Wang QY, Meng FJ (2014) Analysis of genetic diversity in Prunus mira Koehne ex Sargent populations using AFLP markers. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 300, 475-482.
[36]	Li Y, Arús P, Wu JL, Zhu GR, Fang WC, Chen CW, Wang XW, Cao K, Wang LR (2025) Panvariome and pangenome of 1,020 global peach accessions shed light on evolution patterns, hidden natural variations, and efficient gene discovery. Molecular Plant, 18, 995-1013.
[37]	Li Y, Cao K, Li N, Zhu GR, Fang WC, Chen CW, Wang XW, Guo J, Wang Q, Ding TY, Wang J, Guan LP, Wang JX, Liu KZ, Guo WW, Arús P, Huang SW, Fei ZJ, Wang LR (2021) Genomic analyses provide insights into peach local adaptation and responses to climate change. Genome Research, 31, 592-606.
[38]	Li Y, Smith T, Liu CJ, Awasthi N, Yang J, Wang YF, Li CS (2011a) Endocarps of Prunus (Rosaceae: Prunoideae) from the early Eocene of Wutu, Shandong Province, China. Taxon, 60, 555-564.
[39]	Li Y, Zhai SN, Qiu YX, Guo YP, Ge XJ, Comes HP (2011b) Glacial survival east and west of the “Mekong-Salween Divide” in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains region as revealed by AFLPs and cpDNA sequence variation in Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Berberidaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 59, 412-424.
[40]	Liu J, Gao LM (2011) Comparative analysis of three different methods of total DNA extraction used in Taxus. Guihaia, 31, 244-249. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[刘杰, 高连明 (2011) 红豆杉属植物三种不同总DNA提取方法的分析比较. 广西植物, 31, 244-249.]
[41]	Liu J, Milne RI, Zhu GF, Spicer RA, Wambulwa MC, Wu ZY, Boufford DE, Luo YH, Provan J, Yi TS, Cai J, Wang H, Gao LM, Li DZ (2022) Name and scale matter: Clarifying the geography of Tibetan Plateau and adjacent mountain regions. Global and Planetary Change, 215, 103893.
[42]	Liu J, Möller M, Provan J, Gao LM, Poudel RC, Li DZ (2013) Geological and ecological factors drive cryptic speciation of yews in a biodiversity hotspot. New Phytologist, 199, 1093-1108.
[43]	Liu J, Qi HL, Fan PZ, Liu CM, Wu ZY, Luo YH, Milne RI, Khan R, Gao LM, Wang YH (2026) Tracing the Holocene hybrid origin of cultivated walnut in southwestern China. Forestry Research, 6, e018.
[44]	Loveless MD, Hamrick JL (1984) Ecological determinants of genetic structure in plant populations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 15, 65-95.
[45]	Lu HY (2023) Analysis into development of the ancient Tea Horse Road in the southwest of China and the multi-ethnic culture communication. Intercultural Communication Studies, (1), 54-82. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[陆晗昱 (2023) 试论西南茶马古道的发展与多民族文化交流. 跨文化传播研究, (1), 54-82.]
[46]	Petit RJ, Aguinagalde I, de Beaulieu JL, Bittkau C, Brewer S, Cheddadi R, Ennos R, Fineschi S, Grivet D, Lascoux M, Mohanty A, Müller-Starck G, Demesure-Musch B, Palmé A, Martín JP, Rendell S, Vendramin GG (2003) Glacial refugia: Hotspots but not melting pots of genetic diversity. Science, 300, 1563-1565.
[47]	Petit RJ, Excoffier L (2009) Gene flow and species delimitation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 24, 386-393.
[48]	Phillips SJ, Anderson RP, Schapire RE (2006) Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modelling, 190, 231-259.
[49]	Posada D (2008) jModelTest: Phylogenetic model averaging. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 25, 1253-1256.
[50]	Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P (2000) Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics, 155, 945-959.
[51]	Qin HT, Mӧller M, Milne R, Luo YH, Zhu GF, Li DZ, Liu J, Gao LM (2023) Multiple paternally inherited chloroplast capture events associated with Taxus speciation in the Hengduan Mountains. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 189, 107915.
[52]	Qiu J (2008) China: The Third pole. Nature, 454, 393-396.
[53]	Qiu YX, Fu CX, Comes HP (2011) Plant molecular phylogeography in China and adjacent regions: Tracing the genetic imprints of Quaternary climate and environmental change in the world’s most diverse temperate flora. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 59, 225-244.
[54]	Rambaut A, Drummond AJ, Xie D, Baele G, Suchard MA (2018) Posterior summarization in Bayesian phylogenetics using Tracer 1.7. Systematic Biology, 67, 901-904.
[55]	Ronquist F, Teslenko M, van der Mark P, Ayres DL, Darling A, Höhna S, Larget B, Liu L, Suchard MA, Huelsenbeck JP (2012) MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology, 61, 539-542.
[56]	Royden LH, Burchfiel BC, van der Hilst RD (2008) The geological evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. Science, 321, 1054-1058.
[57]	Rozas J, Ferrer-Mata A, Sánchez-DelBarrio JC, Guirao-Rico S, Librado P, Ramos-Onsins SE, Sánchez-Gracia A (2017) DnaSP 6: DNA sequence polymorphism analysis of large data sets. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 34, 3299-3302.
[58]	Shi S, Li JL, Sun JH, Yu J, Zhou SL (2013) Phylogeny and classification of Prunus sensu lato (Rosaceae). Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 55, 1069-1079.
[59]	Song XY, Wambulwa MC, Milne R, Mambo WW, Wu ZY, Li ZH, Luo YH, Vu DD, Cai J, Zhu GF, Li ZP, Cai L, Li DZ, Liu J (2024) Deep plastid phylogeographic divergence of beaked hickory (Carya sinensis) calls for transboundary conservation in a biodiversity hotspot. Tree Genetics & Genomes, 20, 50.
[60]	Spengler RN (2020) Fruit from the Sands: The Silk Road Origins of the Foods We Eat. University of California Press, Oakland, USA.
[61]	Spicer RA, Farnsworth A, Su T (2020) Cenozoic topography, monsoons and biodiversity conservation within the Tibetan Region: An evolving story. Plant Diversity, 42, 229-254.
[62]	Stamatakis A (2014) RAxML version 8: A tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics, 30, 1312-1313.
[63]	Tang LY, Shen CM (1996) Vegetation history and climatic characteristics of the Late Cenozoic on the Tibetan Plateau. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 13, 321-337. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[唐领余, 沈才明 (1996) 青藏高原晚新生代植被史及其气候特征. 微体古生物学报, 13, 321-337.]
[64]	Tian Y, Xing C, Cao Y, Wang C, Guan FC, Li RQ, Meng FJ (2015) Evaluation of genetic diversity on Prunus mira Koehne by using ISSR and RAPD markers. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 29, 1053-1061.
[65]	Velasco R, Zharkikh A, Affourtit J, Dhingra A, Cestaro A, Kalyanaraman A, Fontana P, Bhatnagar SK, Troggio M, Pruss D, Salvi S, Pindo M, Baldi P, Castelletti S, Cavaiuolo M, Coppola G, Costa F, Cova V, Dal Ri A, Goremykin V, Komjanc M, Longhi S, Magnago P, Malacarne G, Malnoy M, Micheletti D, Moretto M, Perazzolli M, Si-Ammour A, Vezzulli S, Zini E, Eldredge G, Fitzgerald LM, Gutin N, Lanchbury J, Macalma T, Mitchell JT, Reid J, Wardell B, Kodira C, Chen ZT, Desany B, Niazi F, Palmer M, Koepke T, Jiwan D, Schaeffer S, Krishnan V, Wu CJ, Chu VT, King ST, Vick J, Tao QZ, Mraz A, Stormo A, Stormo K, Bogden R, Ederle D, Stella A, Vecchietti A, Kater MM, Masiero S, Lasserre P, Lespinasse Y, Allan AC, Bus V, Chagné D, Crowhurst RN, Gleave AP, Lavezzo E, Fawcett JA, Proost S, Rouzé P, Sterck L, Toppo S, Lazzari B, Hellens RP, Durel CE, Gutin A, Bumgarner RE, Gardiner SE, Skolnick M, Egholm M, Van de Peer Y, Salamini F, Viola R (2010) The genome of the domesticated apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). Nature Genetics, 42, 833-839.
[66]	Wakhungu DA, Li ZP, Kipkoech A, Wambulwa MC, Oyebanji OO, Milne RI, Dudley C, Mambo WW, Xu B, Liu J (2026) Phylogeographic perspectives on conserving the endangered monotypic genus Acanthochlamys (Velloziaceae). Conservation Genetics Resources, 18, 20.
[67]	Wambulwa MC, Zhu GF, Luo YH, Wu ZY, Provan J, Cadotte MW, Jump AS, Wachira FN, Gao LM, Yi TS, Cai J, Wang H, Li DZ, Liu J (2025) Incorporating genetic diversity to optimize the plant conservation network in the Third Pole. Global Change Biology, 31, e70122.
[68]	Wang HC, Moore MJ, Soltis PS, Bell CD, Brockington SF, Alexandre R, Davis CC, Latvis M, Manchester SR, Soltis DE (2009) Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 106, 3853-3858.
[69]	Wang X, Liu SJ, Zuo H, Zheng WK, Zhang SS, Huang Y, Pingcuo GS, Ying H, Zhao F, Li YR, Liu JW, Yi TS, Zan YJ, Larkin RM, Deng XX, Zeng XL, Xu Q (2021) Genomic basis of high-altitude adaptation in Tibetan Prunus fruit trees. Current Biology, 31, 3848-3860.
[70]	Wang ZH, Zhuang EJ (2001) China Fruit-plant Monograph (Peach Flora). China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing. (in Chinese)
	[汪祖华, 庄恩及 (2001) 中国果树志(桃卷). 中国林业出版社, 北京.]
[71]	Weiss S, Ferrand N (2007) Phylogeography of Southern European Refugia. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
[72]	Wendel JF, Doyle JJ (1998) Phylogenetic incongruence:Window into genome history and molecular evolution. In: Molecular Systematics of Plants II: DNA Sequencing (eds Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Doyle JJ), pp. 265-296. Springer, Boston.
[73]	Wick RR, Schultz MB, Zobel J, Holt KE (2015) Bandage: Interactive visualization of de novo genome assemblies. Bioinformatics, 31, 3350-3352.
[74]	Xue C, Geng FD, Li JJ, Zhang DQ, Gao F, Huang L, Zhang XH, Kang JQ, Zhang JQ, Ren Y (2021) Divergence in the Aquilegia ecalcarata complex is correlated with geography and climate oscillations: Evidence from plastid genome data. Molecular Ecology, 30, 5796-5813.
[75]	Yazbek M, Oh SH (2013) Peaches and almonds: Phylogeny of Prunus subg. Amygdalus (Rosaceae) based on DNA sequences and morphology. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 299, 1403-1418.
[76]	You JL, Lougheed SC, Zhao Y, Zhang GJ, Liu WS, Lu F, Wang YG, Zhang WJ, Yang J, Qiong L, Song ZP (2022) Comparative phylogeography study reveals introgression and incomplete lineage sorting during rapid diversification of Rhodiola. Annals of Botany, 129, 185-200.
[77]	Zeng XL, Liao R, Cui HJ (2011) Conception of development and utilization of peach tourism resources in Xizang. Tibet’s Science & Technology, 33(4), 31-34. (in Chinese)
	[曾秀丽, 廖嵘, 崔惠军 (2011) 西藏桃旅游资源开发利用的构想. 西藏科技, 33(4), 31-34.]
[78]	Zhou Y, Zhang JW, Chen WY, Li XL, Fu K, Sun WJ, Liang Y, Xu M, Zhang J, Fan G, Yin HX, Wang Z (2022) Identification of hair growth promoting components in the kernels of Prunus mira koehne and their mechanism of action. Molecules, 27, 5242.
[79]	Zurawski G, Clegg MT, Brown AHD (1984) The nature of nucleotide sequence divergence between barley and maize chloroplast DNA. Genetics, 106, 735-749.

第三极特有果树光核桃的起源与扩散历史

Origin and dispersal history of Tibetan peach in the Third Pole

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

补充材料

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 6

参考文献 79

相关文章 4

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价

[1]	王凤英, 吴增源, 崔涵, 李垠蕾, 邓莉娟, 王红, 刘杰. 第三极荨麻属麻叶荨麻分支的物种界限[J]. 生物多样性, 2025, 33(8): 25138-.
[2]	胡颖, 王茜, 张新新, 周玮, 陈晓阳, 胡新生. 叶绿体DNA标记在谱系地理学中的应用研究进展[J]. 生物多样性, 2019, 27(2): 219-234.
[3]	杜新宇, 卢金梅, 李德铢. 石松类和蕨类植物质体基因组结构演化研究进展[J]. 生物多样性, 2019, 27(11): 1172-1183.
[4]	蒋志刚, 李立立, 胡一鸣, 胡慧建, 李春旺, 平晓鸽, 罗振华. 青藏高原有蹄类动物多样性和特有性: 演化与保护[J]. 生物多样性, 2018, 26(2): 158-170.