新冠肺炎时期公众对野生动物消费和贸易意愿的调查

doi:10.17520/biods.2020134

生物多样性 ›› 2020, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (5): 630-643. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020134

新冠肺炎时期公众对野生动物消费和贸易意愿的调查

史湘莹^2,³,张晓川¹,肖凌云¹,李彬彬⁴,刘金梅⁵,杨方义⁶,赵翔³,程琛³,吕植^1,^3,^*()

1 北京大学生命科学学院自然保护与社会发展研究中心, 北京 100871
2 北京大学环境科学与工程学院, 北京 100871
3 山水自然保护中心, 北京 100871
4 昆山杜克大学环境研究中心, 江苏苏州 215316
5 自然之友, 北京 100029
6 桃花源生态保护基金会, 北京 100011

收稿日期:2020-04-01 接受日期:2020-06-08 出版日期:2020-05-20 发布日期:2020-06-19
通讯作者: 吕植

Public perception of wildlife consumption and trade during the COVID-19 outbreak

Xiangying Shi^2,³,Xiaochuan Zhang¹,Lingyun Xiao¹,Binbin V Li⁴,Jinmei Liu⁵,Fangyi Yang⁶,Xiang Zhao³,Chen Cheng³,Zhi Lü^1,^3,^*()

1 Center for Nature and Society, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871
2 College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871
3 Shanshui Conservation Center, Beijing 100871
4 Environmental Research Center, Kunshan Duke University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215316
5 Friends of Nature, Beijing 100029
6 Paradise International Foundation, Beijing 100011

Received:2020-04-01 Accepted:2020-06-08 Online:2020-05-20 Published:2020-06-19
Contact: Zhi Lü

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

新冠肺炎疫情的暴发, 使得对野生动物的消费与贸易中的公共健康安全问题引起广泛关注。为了给相关的立法和政策制定提供参考, 我们通过网络对于全国及部分海外华人发放问卷进行了调查, 共收回74,040份有效问卷。根据问卷调查结果, 本文对普通公众对于野生动物消费和贸易立法意愿及影响因素进行了分析。研究结果包括: (1)公众对全面取缔野味餐馆和集市、禁止消费野味、禁止野生动物及其制品的买卖以及禁止野生动物商业性活体展演的立法动议持赞成态度的比例均超过90%; (2)现有野生动物消费群体经历新冠肺炎疫情后倾向于停止消费行为; (3)曾经消费野生动物或周围有人从事野生动物相关产业的群体相比其他人群更有可能不支持全面禁止对野生动物的消费和贸易。结果表明, 全国人民代表大会常务委员会禁食野生动物的决定和修改野生动物保护法的动议在受高等教育者和城镇居民中有良好的公众基础。

关键词: 野生动物消费, 野生动物贸易, 公共健康安全, 保护政策

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has drawn great attention to the potential public health risks associated with the consumption and trade of wildlife. To inform legislative revision and policy changes, we conducted a web-based survey of the general public, attracting 74,040 responses. The survey examined public support for revising legislation and policy related to wildlife consumption and trade management. The results and analysis revealed: (1) The overwhelming majority (> 90%) of constituents supported more stringent policy and legislation on wildlife consumption, trade, and commercial exhibitions. (2) The consumption of wildlife is likely to fall due to COVID-19. (3) People that engaged either directly or indirectly in wildlife-related industries showed less support for more stringent policy and legislation on wildlife consumption and trade. Based on these results and concerns for public health security, a ban on wildlife consumption and revised legislation by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress was widely supported, particularly among educated, urban respondents.

Key words: wildlife consumption, wildlife trade, public health security, conservation policy

史湘莹, 张晓川, 肖凌云, 李彬彬, 刘金梅, 杨方义, 赵翔, 程琛, 吕植 (2020) 新冠肺炎时期公众对野生动物消费和贸易意愿的调查. 生物多样性, 28, 630-643. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020134.

Xiangying Shi, Xiaochuan Zhang, Lingyun Xiao, Binbin V Li, Jinmei Liu, Fangyi Yang, Xiang Zhao, Chen Cheng, Zhi Lü (2020) Public perception of wildlife consumption and trade during the COVID-19 outbreak. Biodiversity Science, 28, 630-643. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020134.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2020134

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2020/V28/I5/630

图/表 10

参考文献 21

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变量 Variables	类型 Type	定义 Definition
背景特征 Background
性别 Gender (GND)	分类 Categorical	女: 1; 男: 0 Female, 1; Male, 0
省份 Province (PRV)	分类 Categorical	每个省生成一个虚拟变量 Provincial dummies
城乡 Urbanization (URB)	分类 Categorical	城镇: 1; 农村: 0 Urban, 1; rural, 0
年龄 Age (AGE)	分类 Categorical	虚拟变量(1, 0): AGE1: 0-18岁; AGE2: 19-30岁; AGE3: 31-55岁; AGE4, 56岁以上 Dummies (1, 0): AGE1, 0-18 years old; AGE2, 19-30 years old; AGE3, 31-55 years old; AGE4, above 56 years old
教育程度 Education level (EDU)	分类 Categorical	虚拟变量(1, 0): EDU1: 小学及以下; EDU2: 初高中; EDU3: 大学; EDU4: 研究生及以上 Dummies (1, 0): EDU1, Below primary school; EDU2, Middle or high school; EDU3, Graduate; EDU4, Post graduate
月收入 Monthly income level (CNY) (INC)	分类 Categorical	虚拟变量(1, 0): INC1: 0-1,000元; INC2: 1,000-5,000元; INC3: 5,000-10,000元; INC4: 10,000- 30,000元; INC5: 大于30,000元 Dummies (1, 0): INC1, 0-1,000 CNY; INC2, 1,000-5,000 CNY; INC3, 5,000-10,000 CNY; INC4, 10,000- 30,000 CNY; INC5, above 30,000 CNY
看到周围有人吃野味次数 See surrounding people eat wildlife (times) (EAT)	分类 Categorical	虚拟变量(1, 0): EAT1: 无; EAT2: 1-3次; EAT3: 3-10次; EAT4: 10次以上 Dummies (1, 0): EAT1, None; EAT2, 1-3 times; EAT3, 3-10 times; EAT4, above 10 times
工作/兴趣是否自然保护相关 Engaged or interested in nature conservation (CSV)	分类 Categorical	是: 1; 否: 0 Yes, 1; No, 0
周围有人从事野生动物利用相关产业 Engaged either directly or indirectly in wildlife-related industries (IND)	分类 Categorical	有任意类型: 1; 无: 0 Any type, 1; None, 0
过去有消费野生动物行为 Consumed wildlife in the past (CSM)	分类 Categorical	有: 1; 无: 0 Yes, 1; No, 0
过去消费野生动物, 现在停止 Consumed wildlife in the past but tend to stop now (STOPCSM)	分类 Categorical	有: 1; 无: 0 Yes, 1; No, 0
过去有自然观察野生动物行为 Observed wildlife in the past (WAT)	分类 Categorical	有: 1; 无: 0 Yes, 1; No, 0
过去有自然观察, 现在停止 Observed wildlife in the past but stop now (STOPWAT)	分类 Categorical	有: 1; 无: 0 Yes, 1; No, 0
过去无自然观察, 现在开始 Never observe wildlife before but will start to observe wildlife now (MOREWAT)	分类 Categorical	有: 1; 无: 0 Yes, 1; No, 0
对相关法规了解情况 Knowledge about related laws (LAW)	有序 Ordinal	否: 1; 听说过一些: 2; 是: 3 No, 1; Some, 2; Yes, 3
对相关许可证了解情况 Knowledge about related certificates (CER)	有序 Ordinal	不了解: 1; 听过但不了解: 2; 了解: 3 No, 1; Have heard but don’t know much, 2; Know very well, 3
对立法动议的态度 Attitude towards legislation motion
取缔野味集市和餐馆 Ban on wildlife markets and restaurants (BMKT)	有序 Ordinal	强烈不赞成: 1; 不倾向赞成: 2; 中立: 3; 倾向赞成: 4; 强烈赞成: 5 Strongly disagree, 1; Disagree, 2; Neutral, 3; Agree, 4; Strongly agree, 5
禁止消费者食用野味 Ban on wildlife eating (BEAT)	有序 Ordinal	强烈不赞成: 1; 不倾向赞成: 2; 中立: 3; 倾向赞成: 4; 强烈赞成: 5 Strongly disagree, 1; Disagree, 2; Neutral, 3; Agree, 4; Strongly agree, 5
禁止野生动物及制品买卖 Ban on wildlife and wildlife product trade (BPDT)	有序 Ordinal	强烈不赞成: 1; 不倾向赞成: 2; 中立: 3; 倾向赞成: 4; 强烈赞成: 5 Strongly disagree, 1; Disagree, 2; Neutral, 3; Agree, 4; Strongly agree, 5
禁止在动物园之外展示野生动物活体展演 Ban commercial exhibition of wild animals outside zoos (BSHW)	有序 Ordinal	强烈不赞成: 1; 不倾向赞成: 2; 中立: 3; 倾向赞成: 4; 强烈赞成: 5 Strongly disagree, 1; Disagree, 2; Neutral, 3; Agree, 4; Strongly agree, 5

变量 Variables	类型 Type	定义 Definition
背景特征 Background
性别 Gender (GND)	分类 Categorical	女: 1; 男: 0 Female, 1; Male, 0
省份 Province (PRV)	分类 Categorical	每个省生成一个虚拟变量 Provincial dummies
城乡 Urbanization (URB)	分类 Categorical	城镇: 1; 农村: 0 Urban, 1; rural, 0
年龄 Age (AGE)	分类 Categorical	虚拟变量(1, 0): AGE1: 0-18岁; AGE2: 19-30岁; AGE3: 31-55岁; AGE4, 56岁以上 Dummies (1, 0): AGE1, 0-18 years old; AGE2, 19-30 years old; AGE3, 31-55 years old; AGE4, above 56 years old
教育程度 Education level (EDU)	分类 Categorical	虚拟变量(1, 0): EDU1: 小学及以下; EDU2: 初高中; EDU3: 大学; EDU4: 研究生及以上 Dummies (1, 0): EDU1, Below primary school; EDU2, Middle or high school; EDU3, Graduate; EDU4, Post graduate
月收入 Monthly income level (CNY) (INC)	分类 Categorical	虚拟变量(1, 0): INC1: 0-1,000元; INC2: 1,000-5,000元; INC3: 5,000-10,000元; INC4: 10,000- 30,000元; INC5: 大于30,000元 Dummies (1, 0): INC1, 0-1,000 CNY; INC2, 1,000-5,000 CNY; INC3, 5,000-10,000 CNY; INC4, 10,000- 30,000 CNY; INC5, above 30,000 CNY
看到周围有人吃野味次数 See surrounding people eat wildlife (times) (EAT)	分类 Categorical	虚拟变量(1, 0): EAT1: 无; EAT2: 1-3次; EAT3: 3-10次; EAT4: 10次以上 Dummies (1, 0): EAT1, None; EAT2, 1-3 times; EAT3, 3-10 times; EAT4, above 10 times
工作/兴趣是否自然保护相关 Engaged or interested in nature conservation (CSV)	分类 Categorical	是: 1; 否: 0 Yes, 1; No, 0
周围有人从事野生动物利用相关产业 Engaged either directly or indirectly in wildlife-related industries (IND)	分类 Categorical	有任意类型: 1; 无: 0 Any type, 1; None, 0
过去有消费野生动物行为 Consumed wildlife in the past (CSM)	分类 Categorical	有: 1; 无: 0 Yes, 1; No, 0
过去消费野生动物, 现在停止 Consumed wildlife in the past but tend to stop now (STOPCSM)	分类 Categorical	有: 1; 无: 0 Yes, 1; No, 0
过去有自然观察野生动物行为 Observed wildlife in the past (WAT)	分类 Categorical	有: 1; 无: 0 Yes, 1; No, 0
过去有自然观察, 现在停止 Observed wildlife in the past but stop now (STOPWAT)	分类 Categorical	有: 1; 无: 0 Yes, 1; No, 0
过去无自然观察, 现在开始 Never observe wildlife before but will start to observe wildlife now (MOREWAT)	分类 Categorical	有: 1; 无: 0 Yes, 1; No, 0
对相关法规了解情况 Knowledge about related laws (LAW)	有序 Ordinal	否: 1; 听说过一些: 2; 是: 3 No, 1; Some, 2; Yes, 3
对相关许可证了解情况 Knowledge about related certificates (CER)	有序 Ordinal	不了解: 1; 听过但不了解: 2; 了解: 3 No, 1; Have heard but don’t know much, 2; Know very well, 3
对立法动议的态度 Attitude towards legislation motion
取缔野味集市和餐馆 Ban on wildlife markets and restaurants (BMKT)	有序 Ordinal	强烈不赞成: 1; 不倾向赞成: 2; 中立: 3; 倾向赞成: 4; 强烈赞成: 5 Strongly disagree, 1; Disagree, 2; Neutral, 3; Agree, 4; Strongly agree, 5
禁止消费者食用野味 Ban on wildlife eating (BEAT)	有序 Ordinal	强烈不赞成: 1; 不倾向赞成: 2; 中立: 3; 倾向赞成: 4; 强烈赞成: 5 Strongly disagree, 1; Disagree, 2; Neutral, 3; Agree, 4; Strongly agree, 5
禁止野生动物及制品买卖 Ban on wildlife and wildlife product trade (BPDT)	有序 Ordinal	强烈不赞成: 1; 不倾向赞成: 2; 中立: 3; 倾向赞成: 4; 强烈赞成: 5 Strongly disagree, 1; Disagree, 2; Neutral, 3; Agree, 4; Strongly agree, 5
禁止在动物园之外展示野生动物活体展演 Ban commercial exhibition of wild animals outside zoos (BSHW)	有序 Ordinal	强烈不赞成: 1; 不倾向赞成: 2; 中立: 3; 倾向赞成: 4; 强烈赞成: 5 Strongly disagree, 1; Disagree, 2; Neutral, 3; Agree, 4; Strongly agree, 5

变量 Variables	停止消费 Stop consumption		停止观察 Stop observation		增加观察 More observation		变量 Variables	停止消费 Stop consumption		停止观察 Stop observation		增加观察 More observation
IND	-1.175^***	(-9.54)	-0.100^*	(-1.67)	0.094^*	(1.75)	EDU2	0.608^**	(2.34)	0.109	(0.82)	0.249^**	(2.18)
CSV	-0.485^***	(-2.92)	-2.089^***	(-46.58)	1.872^***	(46.85)	EDU3	1.078^***	(4.02)	-0.393^***	(-2.95)	0.031	(0.27)
WAT	-0.423^***	(-2.69)	-		-		EDU4	0.972^***	(3.31)	-0.629^***	(-4.43)	-0.217^*	(-1.78)
CSM	-		0.104^*	(1.76)	0.271^***	(4.83)	INC2	0.264	(1.29)	0.156^**	(2.16)	0.151^**	(2.56)
URB	0.487^***	(2.83)	-0.641^***	(-10.45)	-0.274^***	(-5.31)	INC3	0.026	(0.12)	-0.017	(-0.21)	0.097	(1.54)
GND	1.329^***	(7.98)	0.355^***	(7.74)	-0.039	(-1.00)	INC4	-0.196	(-0.82)	-0.208^**	(-2.32)	-0.001	(-0.01)
EAT2	0.408^***	(2.67)	-0.198^***	(-3.80)	0.147^***	(3.30)	INC5	-0.291	(-1.06)	-0.111	(-0.90)	0.197^*	(1.76)
EAT3	0.245	(1.29)	-0.075	(-0.94)	0.101	(1.34)	PRV	YES		YES		YES
EAT4	-0.575^***	(-3.23)	0.191^*	(1.87)	0.592^***	(6.21)	截距 Constant	1.573^***	(3.42)	0.187	(0.97)	-2.963^***	(-17.53)
AGE2	-0.433	(-1.39)	-0.086	(-0.69)	0.352^***	(3.16)	样本量 Observations	6,166		20,234		34,220
AGE3	0.365	(1.16)	0.174	(1.40)	0.522^***	(4.69)	准R² Pseudo R²	0.182		0.217		0.151
AGE4	1.103^***	(2.72)	0.129	(0.92)	0.508^***	(4.15)	似然比 Loglikelihood	-1,106		-7,612		-11,525

变量 Variables	停止消费 Stop consumption		停止观察 Stop observation		增加观察 More observation		变量 Variables	停止消费 Stop consumption		停止观察 Stop observation		增加观察 More observation
IND	-1.175^***	(-9.54)	-0.100^*	(-1.67)	0.094^*	(1.75)	EDU2	0.608^**	(2.34)	0.109	(0.82)	0.249^**	(2.18)
CSV	-0.485^***	(-2.92)	-2.089^***	(-46.58)	1.872^***	(46.85)	EDU3	1.078^***	(4.02)	-0.393^***	(-2.95)	0.031	(0.27)
WAT	-0.423^***	(-2.69)	-		-		EDU4	0.972^***	(3.31)	-0.629^***	(-4.43)	-0.217^*	(-1.78)
CSM	-		0.104^*	(1.76)	0.271^***	(4.83)	INC2	0.264	(1.29)	0.156^**	(2.16)	0.151^**	(2.56)
URB	0.487^***	(2.83)	-0.641^***	(-10.45)	-0.274^***	(-5.31)	INC3	0.026	(0.12)	-0.017	(-0.21)	0.097	(1.54)
GND	1.329^***	(7.98)	0.355^***	(7.74)	-0.039	(-1.00)	INC4	-0.196	(-0.82)	-0.208^**	(-2.32)	-0.001	(-0.01)
EAT2	0.408^***	(2.67)	-0.198^***	(-3.80)	0.147^***	(3.30)	INC5	-0.291	(-1.06)	-0.111	(-0.90)	0.197^*	(1.76)
EAT3	0.245	(1.29)	-0.075	(-0.94)	0.101	(1.34)	PRV	YES		YES		YES
EAT4	-0.575^***	(-3.23)	0.191^*	(1.87)	0.592^***	(6.21)	截距 Constant	1.573^***	(3.42)	0.187	(0.97)	-2.963^***	(-17.53)
AGE2	-0.433	(-1.39)	-0.086	(-0.69)	0.352^***	(3.16)	样本量 Observations	6,166		20,234		34,220
AGE3	0.365	(1.16)	0.174	(1.40)	0.522^***	(4.69)	准R² Pseudo R²	0.182		0.217		0.151
AGE4	1.103^***	(2.72)	0.129	(0.92)	0.508^***	(4.15)	似然比 Loglikelihood	-1,106		-7,612		-11,525

变量 Variables	对相关法规了解情况 Knowledge about related laws		对相关许可证了解情况 Knowledge about related certificates		变量 Variables	对相关法规了解情况 Knowledge about related laws		对相关许可证了解情况 Knowledge about related certificates
IND	0.458^***	(10.11)	0.642^***	(14.39)	EDU3	0.143^*	(1.65)	0.400^***	(4.85)
CSV	0.416^***	(11.69)	0.398^***	(11.33)	EDU4	0.033	(0.36)	0.487^***	(5.52)
WAT	0.251^***	(6.91)	0.366^***	(10.32)	INC2	0.169^***	(3.87)	0.121^***	(2.76)
CSM	-0.058	(-1.26)	0.070	(1.57)	INC3	0.171^***	(3.56)	0.135^***	(2.85)
EAT2	0.193^***	(5.73)	0.270^***	(8.13)	INC4	0.132^**	(2.41)	0.116^**	(2.16)
EAT3	0.264^***	(4.32)	0.430^***	(7.82)	INC5	0.064	(0.78)	0.167^**	(2.15)
EAT4	0.507^***	(5.95)	0.626^***	(7.87)	PRV	YES		YES
URB	0.104^***	(3.42)	0.209^***	(6.81)	截距项1 Constant cut1	-0.016	(-0.13)	0.223^*	(1.95)
GND	-0.161^***	(-5.95)	-0.350^***	(-12.95)	截距项2 Constant cut2	2.766^***	(22.19)	2.973^***	(25.67)
AGE2	-0.329^***	(-3.71)	-0.610^***	(-7.54)	样本量 Observations	54,315		54,310
AGE3	0.058	(0.66)	-0.545^***	(-6.73)	准R² Pseudo R²	0.0376		0.0518
AGE4	0.483^***	(5.05)	-0.298^***	(-3.33)	似然比 Loglikelihood	-52,011		-49,248
EDU2	0.206^**	(2.36)	0.246^***	(2.96)

新冠肺炎时期公众对野生动物消费和贸易意愿的调查

Public perception of wildlife consumption and trade during the COVID-19 outbreak

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变量 Variables	取缔野味集市和餐馆 Ban on wildlife meat markets and restaurants		禁止消费者食用野味 Ban on wildlife eating on consumers		禁止野生动物及制品买卖 Ban on wildlife and wildlife product trade		禁止动物园之外展示野生动物活体 Ban commercial exhibition of wild animals outside zoos
IND	-0.239^***	(-4.20)	-0.338^***	(-5.74)	-0.464^***	(-8.41)	-0.379^***	(-7.67)
CSV	-0.123^**	(-2.25)	-0.130^**	(-2.19)	-0.139^**	(-2.55)	-0.079^*	(-1.65)
WAT	0.072	(1.37)	-0.038	(-0.66)	-0.131^**	(-2.52)	-0.121^***	(-2.63)
CSM	-0.598^***	(-11.03)	-0.653^***	(-11.62)	-0.631^***	(-11.83)	-0.389^***	(-7.89)
EAT2	0.099^**	(1.96)	0.078	(1.51)	0.040	(0.83)	0.048	(1.11)
EAT3	0.231^***	(2.98)	0.130^*	(1.65)	0.154^**	(2.08)	0.164^**	(2.44)
EAT4	0.339^***	(3.38)	0.331^***	(3.08)	0.514^***	(4.67)	0.263^***	(2.86)
URB	0.417^***	(9.95)	0.240^***	(5.20)	0.014	(0.31)	0.192^***	(4.95)
GND	0.393^***	(8.49)	0.762^***	(15.76)	0.724^***	(16.47)	0.592^***	(15.55)
AGE2	0.394^***	(4.05)	0.169	(1.58)	0.260^***	(2.63)	0.292^***	(3.33)
AGE3	0.680^***	(6.85)	0.533^***	(4.88)	0.729^***	(7.18)	0.552^***	(6.20)
AGE4	0.799^***	(6.46)	0.608^***	(4.55)	0.855^***	(6.84)	0.359^***	(3.44)
EDU2	0.110	(1.04)	0.206^*	(1.77)	0.070	(0.58)	0.023	(0.24)
EDU3	0.439^***	(4.15)	0.415^***	(3.58)	0.284^**	(2.37)	0.343^***	(3.47)
EDU4	0.541^***	(4.70)	0.416^***	(3.39)	0.244^*	(1.96)	0.381^***	(3.61)
INC2	0.017	(0.28)	0.154^**	(2.33)	0.147^**	(2.30)	0.032	(0.57)
INC3	0.245^***	(3.54)	0.299^***	(4.12)	0.214^***	(3.13)	0.083	(1.37)
INC4	0.111	(1.39)	0.123	(1.50)	0.083	(1.08)	-0.034	(-0.50)
INC5	0.078	(0.67)	0.050	(0.43)	0.040	(0.38)	-0.125	(-1.27)
PRV	YES		YES		YES		YES
截距1 Constant cut1	-2.198^***	(-13.92)	-3.121^***	(-17.94)	-3.111^***	(-19.01)	-2.541^***	(-18.04)
截距2 Constant cut2	-1.827^***	(-11.59)	-2.658^***	(-15.54)	-2.599^***	(-16.09)	-2.056^***	(-14.71)
截距3 Constant cut3	-1.451^***	(-9.22)	-2.002^***	(-11.90)	-1.896^***	(-11.95)	-1.397^***	(-10.04)
截距4 Constant cut4	-0.741^***	(-4.73)	-1.061^***	(-6.38)	-0.914^***	(-5.83)	-0.706^***	(-5.10)
样本量 Observations	54,454		54,454		54,449		54,453
准R² Pseudo R²	0.0365		0.0413		0.0399		0.0267
似然比 Loglikelihood	-33,619		-29,045		-31,312		-40,879

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