Reproductive characteristics of the invasive species Solanum rostratum in different habitats of Xinjiang, China

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.11044

Abstract

Abstract:

The invasiveness of alien plants is closely related to their reproductive characteristics. A comparison of reproductive characteristics of an alien species in different habitats will help to reveal its optimum habitat for invasion and the mechanism of invasion. Furthermore, it will provide a theoretical foundation for planning a reasonable management strategy. Solanum rostratum is a summer annual weed native to the neotropics and the southwestern USA that produces offspring only by sexual reproduction. This species has become established in seven provinces/cities of China, including Xinjiang. We compared reproductive characteristics of S. rostratum in oasis, desert grassland and gravel desert habitats in Xinjiang and determined the optimum habitat for its invasion. The results were as follows. (1) Single-flower duration of S. rostratum was between 27 and 47 hours. Daily flowering time and single-flower duration were similar among the three habitats. However, number of flowers per individual differed among habitats (P<0.01=: oasis > desert grassland > gravel desert. (2) Halictus quadricinctus, Halictus sp. and Xylocopa latipes were the pollinators of S. rostratum, and all of them buzz-pollinated flowers. However, X. latipes visited flowers only occasionally. (3) Total visiting frequency of pollinators differed among habitats (P<0.05): oasis > desert grassland > gravel desert. Halictus quadricinctus preferred habitats with relatively low temperatures and high humidity, while another species of Halictus preferred relatively high temperatures and low humidity. Thus, the daily time of the peak of visiting frequency of H. quadricinctus was earlier than that of Halictus sp. (4) Order of number of fruits per individual, seed number per fruit and per individual and mass of 1,000 seeds was oasis > desert grassland > gravel desert. Fruit number per individual was highly significantly positively correlated with both number of flowers per individual and total visiting frequency of pollinators. Seed numbers per individual and per fruit were significantly positively correlated with total visiting frequency of pollinators. Our study indicates that S. rostratum can obtain more resources, produce more flowers that attract pollinators and produce more seeds with larger mass in oases than in desert grassland or gravel desert. Therefore, the oasis is the optimum habitat of S. rostratum in the arid region of Xinjiang, China.

Key words: flowering, fruit and seed set characteristics, invasive species, pollinator, Solanum rostratum, Xinjiang

Juan Qiu,Dilinuer Shalimu,Dunyan Tan. Reproductive characteristics of the invasive species Solanum rostratum in different habitats of Xinjiang, China[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2013, 21(5): 590-600.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.11044

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2013/V21/I5/590

Figures/Tables 6

References 63

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生境 Habitat	观测地点 Observation sites	地理坐标 Coordinate	海拔 Elevation (m)	居群面积 Population area (m²)	居群密度 Population density (ind./m²)	土壤类型 Soil type	主要植被 Main vegetation
荒漠草原 Desert grassland	乌鲁木齐县萨尔达坂乡白土窑煤矿附近 Vicinity of Baituyao colliery, Saerdaban countryside of Urumqi County, Xinjiang	43°43′ N, 87°17′ E	1,140	210	2.8	棕钙土 Brown calcic soil	木地肤(Kochia prostrate)、灰藜(Chenopodium glaucum)、椭圆叶天芥菜(Heliotropium ellipticum)、白茎绢蒿(Seriphidium terrae-albae)等
砾石荒漠 Gravel desert	昌吉市硫磺沟镇养路段附近 Vicinity of the platelayer station, Liuhuanggou Town of Changji City, Xinjiang	43°45′ N, 87°13′ E	1,010	300	0.9	灰棕荒漠土 Grey brown desert soil	萹蓄(Polygonum aviculare)、香藜(Chenopodium botrys)、叉毛蓬(Petrosimonia sibirica)、地肤(Kochia scoparia)、腋花苋(Amaranthus roxburghianus)、中亚天仙子(Hyoscyamus pusillus)、狗尾草(Setaria viridis)
绿洲 Oasis	昌吉市三工镇春光大队 Chunguang village, Sangong town of Changji City, Xinjiang	43°88′ N, 87°24′ E	770	300	3.6	灰漠土 Gray desert soil	大翅蓟(Onopordon acanthium)、萹蓄(Polygonum aviculare)、香藜(Chenopodium botrys)、骆驼蓬(Peganum harmala)、凹头苋(Amaranthus lividus)、中亚天仙子(Hyoscyamus pusillus)

生境 Habitat	观测地点 Observation sites	地理坐标 Coordinate	海拔 Elevation (m)	居群面积 Population area (m²)	居群密度 Population density (ind./m²)	土壤类型 Soil type	主要植被 Main vegetation
荒漠草原 Desert grassland	乌鲁木齐县萨尔达坂乡白土窑煤矿附近 Vicinity of Baituyao colliery, Saerdaban countryside of Urumqi County, Xinjiang	43°43′ N, 87°17′ E	1,140	210	2.8	棕钙土 Brown calcic soil	木地肤(Kochia prostrate)、灰藜(Chenopodium glaucum)、椭圆叶天芥菜(Heliotropium ellipticum)、白茎绢蒿(Seriphidium terrae-albae)等
砾石荒漠 Gravel desert	昌吉市硫磺沟镇养路段附近 Vicinity of the platelayer station, Liuhuanggou Town of Changji City, Xinjiang	43°45′ N, 87°13′ E	1,010	300	0.9	灰棕荒漠土 Grey brown desert soil	萹蓄(Polygonum aviculare)、香藜(Chenopodium botrys)、叉毛蓬(Petrosimonia sibirica)、地肤(Kochia scoparia)、腋花苋(Amaranthus roxburghianus)、中亚天仙子(Hyoscyamus pusillus)、狗尾草(Setaria viridis)
绿洲 Oasis	昌吉市三工镇春光大队 Chunguang village, Sangong town of Changji City, Xinjiang	43°88′ N, 87°24′ E	770	300	3.6	灰漠土 Gray desert soil	大翅蓟(Onopordon acanthium)、萹蓄(Polygonum aviculare)、香藜(Chenopodium botrys)、骆驼蓬(Peganum harmala)、凹头苋(Amaranthus lividus)、中亚天仙子(Hyoscyamus pusillus)

年份 Year	生境 Habitat	结实数/株 No. of fruits per individual (n =20)	结籽数/果实 No. of seeds per fruit (n =50)	结籽数/株 No. of seeds per individual (n =20)	千粒重 Mass (g) of 1,000 seeds (n =10)
2009	绿洲 Oasis	96 ± 38.62	60 ± 8	4,354 ± 1750	3.29 ± 0.05
	荒漠草原 Desert grassland	62 ± 5.91	56 ± 10	3,911 ± 250	3.22 ± 0.06
	砾石荒漠 Gravel desert	44 ± 5.31	55 ± 11	1,837 ± 218	3.10 ± 0.07
2010	绿洲 Oasis	97 ± 13.02	63 ± 11	4,694 ± 62	3.34 ± 0.02
	荒漠草原 Desert grassland	63 ± 8.55	62 ± 9	2,927 ± 393	3.26 ± 0.47
	砾石荒漠 Gravel desert	25 ± 5.74	55 ± 8	1,053 ± 235	3.01 ± 0.28
	F¹	16.586^**	2.595	13.352^**	14.340^**
	F²	23.987^**	0.489	88.596^**	29.992^**
	F³	116.283^**	0.081	118.989^**	83.398^**
	F⁴	3.970^*	3.970^*	34.136^**	3.970^**
	F⁵	7.729^*	9.439^**	330.969^**	454.534^**

年份 Year	生境 Habitat	结实数/株 No. of fruits per individual (n =20)	结籽数/果实 No. of seeds per fruit (n =50)	结籽数/株 No. of seeds per individual (n =20)	千粒重 Mass (g) of 1,000 seeds (n =10)
2009	绿洲 Oasis	96 ± 38.62	60 ± 8	4,354 ± 1750	3.29 ± 0.05
	荒漠草原 Desert grassland	62 ± 5.91	56 ± 10	3,911 ± 250	3.22 ± 0.06
	砾石荒漠 Gravel desert	44 ± 5.31	55 ± 11	1,837 ± 218	3.10 ± 0.07
2010	绿洲 Oasis	97 ± 13.02	63 ± 11	4,694 ± 62	3.34 ± 0.02
	荒漠草原 Desert grassland	63 ± 8.55	62 ± 9	2,927 ± 393	3.26 ± 0.47
	砾石荒漠 Gravel desert	25 ± 5.74	55 ± 8	1,053 ± 235	3.01 ± 0.28
	F¹	16.586^**	2.595	13.352^**	14.340^**
	F²	23.987^**	0.489	88.596^**	29.992^**
	F³	116.283^**	0.081	118.989^**	83.398^**
	F⁴	3.970^*	3.970^*	34.136^**	3.970^**
	F⁵	7.729^*	9.439^**	330.969^**	454.534^**

年份 Year	生境 Habitat	结实数/株 No. of fruits per individual	结籽数/果实 No. of seeds per fruit	结籽数/株 No. of seeds per individual
2009	绿洲 Oasis	0.460^**	0.368^*	0.374^*
	荒漠草原 Desert grassland	0.527^**	0.354^*	0.382^*
	砾石荒漠 Gravel desert	0.488^**	0.380^*	0.362^*
2010	绿洲 Oasis	0.497^**	0.339^*	0.334^*
	荒漠草原 Desert grassland	0.486^**	0.328^*	0.365^*
	砾石荒漠 Gravel desert	0.462^**	0.332^*	0.357^*