Similarity comparison of chondrichthyan fishes in China and surrounding waters and technical support for CITES compliance

doi:10.17520/biods.2026007

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: Chondrichthyan fishes are among the oldest and most widely distributed vertebrate groups, playing a vital role in marine ecosystems. Although China provides critical habitats for chondrichthyan fishes, domestic research on this group has historically been limited. With the global decline of fishery resources, these species have attracted increasing international attention. Consequently, regional fisheries organizations and international conventions have imposed mandatory restrictions on the resource utilization and trade of chondrichthyans. Specifically, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) requires Contracting Parties to issue “Non-detriment Findings” (NDFs) for the international trade of Appendix II species and non-commercial trade of Appendix I species. As a key Contracting Party to CITES, China is still in the early stages of developing NDFs. For its future NDF development, it is essential to reference the diversity data and life history parameters of chondrichthyans from neighboring countries and regions.

Methods: This study primarily relied on a comprehensive literature review to compile separate checklists of chondrichthyan species in the waters of Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and Southeast Asia region. The Jaccard similarity coefficient was then employed to compare their species composition with that of chondrichthyan fishes in Chinese waters. Furthermore, relevant compliance techniques for chondrichthyan fishes listed in the CITES Appendices were discussed.

Results: Waters of Japan, Southeast Asia region, Australia, and New Zealand harbor 225, 284, 338, and 120 species of chondrichthyan fishes, respectively. The Jaccard similarity coefficients between these regions and China (259 species) were 0.6080, 0.4403, 0.2159, and 0.1416, respectively. A review of the CITES Appendices and the submission status of NDFs revealed that, by March 2026, CITES had listed 216 species belonging to 35 genera, 14 families, and 5 orders, with 15 Contracting Parties having submitted 127 NDFs for 56 appendix-listed species. Given that China’s development of NDFs is in its infancy, this study selected the silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis) to establish a six-step NDF framework for the introduction from the sea (IFS) of CITES Appendix II chondrichthyan species. Our preliminary assessment indicates that the overall risk level for the introduction of the silky shark from the sea is medium. This framework can provide methodological and data support for CITES authorities when formulating formal NDFs for specific silky shark cases, while also identifying the steps that require further data supplementation and expert consultation.

Significance: This study further clarifies the diversity patterns of chondrichthyan fishes in China and its surrounding waters. It provides baseline information and technical support for China’s CITES compliance, offering a valuable reference for the conservation of chondrichthyan diversity and the sustainable utilization of resources in China and adjacent marine regions.

Key words: chondrichthyan fishes, CITES compliance, Jaccard similarity coefficient, NDF, silky shark

Haoming Lu, Hao Xu, Lifeng Zhang, Yan Li, Junxi Hu, Baowei Zhang, Jie Zhang. Similarity comparison of chondrichthyan fishes in China and surrounding waters and technical support for CITES compliance[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2026, 34(6): 26007.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2026007

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2026/V34/I6/26007

Figures/Tables 7

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	鲨类 Sharks	鳐类 Batoids	银鲛类 Chimaeras	总体 Total
中国-日本 China-Japan	0.6667	0.5378	0.5000	0.6080
中国-东南亚 China-Southeast Asia	0.5220	0.3540	0.1818	0.4403
中国-澳大利亚 China-Australia	0.2772	0.1359	0.2222	0.2159
中国-新西兰 China-New Zealand	0.2051	0.0424	0.1053	0.1416

	鲨类 Sharks	鳐类 Batoids	银鲛类 Chimaeras	总体 Total
中国-日本 China-Japan	0.6667	0.5378	0.5000	0.6080
中国-东南亚 China-Southeast Asia	0.5220	0.3540	0.1818	0.4403
中国-澳大利亚 China-Australia	0.2772	0.1359	0.2222	0.2159
中国-新西兰 China-New Zealand	0.2051	0.0424	0.1053	0.1416

国家 Country	NDF提交年份 Year of NDF submission
斯里兰卡 Sri Lanka	2017
印度尼西亚 Indonesia	2018
新西兰 New Zealand	2018
印度 India	2019
哥斯达黎加 Costa Rica	2020, 2022, 2023
危地马拉 Guatemala	2021, 2023
孟加拉 Bangladesh	2022
萨尔瓦多 El Salvador	2024

国家 Country	NDF提交年份 Year of NDF submission
斯里兰卡 Sri Lanka	2017
印度尼西亚 Indonesia	2018
新西兰 New Zealand	2018
印度 India	2019
哥斯达黎加 Costa Rica	2020, 2022, 2023
危地马拉 Guatemala	2021, 2023
孟加拉 Bangladesh	2022
萨尔瓦多 El Salvador	2024

衡量指标 Measurement indicators	判定结果 Result	风险等级 Risk level
(一)初步考虑及信息收集 Preliminary consideration
物种是否需要提交NDF Is NDF necessary	CITES附录II, 需要进行NDF CITES appendix II and NDF needed
(二)生物学脆弱性与保护 Intrinsic biological vulnerability and conservation
性成熟年龄 Age at maturity	5-15年 5-15 years	中风险 Medium risk
性成熟体长 Size at maturity	超过200 cm Over 200 cm	高风险 High risk
最大年龄 Maximum age	10-25年 10-25 years	中风险 Medium risk
最大体长 Maximum size	超过300 cm Over 300 cm	高风险 High risk
自然死亡率 Natural mortality rate	约0.17-0.4 Approximately 0.17-0.4	中风险 Medium risk
成熟雌性产仔量 Pup production per mature female	2-15胎仔 2-15 pups	中风险 Medium risk
种群内禀增长率 Intrinsic rate of population increase	低于0.15 Lower than 0.15	高风险 High risk
渔业资源的地理分布 Geographic distribution of stock	世界三大洋 All three oceans	低风险 Low risk
现存资源量剩余 Current stock size relative to historic abundance	约30%-50% About 30%-50%	中风险 Medium risk
行为因素 Behavioural factors	幼体部分行为增加脆弱性 Behavior of juveniles adding vulnerability	中风险 Medium risk
营养级 Trophic level	4.6 ± 0.4	高风险 High risk
总体生物学脆弱性 Overall intrinsic biological vulnerability	中等风险 Medium risk
保护问题的地理范围 Geographic extent of conservation concern
该物种是否进行过渔业资源评估 Stock assessment status	是 Yes	高风险 High risk
国家物种红色名录评估 National redlist assessment	否 No	高风险 High risk
地区性IUCN红色名录评估等级 Regional IUCN Redlist status	数据缺乏(DD) (欧洲) Data Deficient (DD) (Europe)	中风险 Medium risk
全球性IUCN红色名录评估等级 Global IUCN Redlist status	易危 Vulnerable (VU)	中风险 Medium risk
种群变化趋势 Population trend	正在减少, 约为历史水平的47%-50% Declining, 47%-50% of historical records	中风险 Medium risk
总体保护问题的地理范围 Overall geographic extent of conservation concern	高风险 High risk
(三)物种所受压力评估 Pressure on species
物种所受合法贸易压力 Legal trade	在香港和广东鱼翅市场约占12%-19% Accounts for 12%-19% in Hongkong and Guangdong sharkfin markets	中风险 Medium risk
物种所受非法贸易压力 Illegal trade	海关调查显示少量针对此物种的非法鱼翅贸易存在 Illegal trade exist in customs	中风险 Medium risk
整体贸易压力 Overall trade pressure	中等风险 Medium risk
物种捕捞死亡率 Fishing mortality	中国远洋船队围网兼捕镰状真鲨死亡率约为20%-70% Mortality in Chinese purse seine fisheries 20%-70%	中风险 Medium risk
丢弃死亡率 Discard mortality	不明 Uncertain	高风险 High risk
捕捞是否具有年龄/性别/体型选择性 Age/Sex/Size selectiveness	中国兼捕的个体最大可达200 cm以上 Largest individual over 200 cm	中风险 Medium risk
IUU渔业(非法、未上报、不受管理)规模 IUU fishery	不明, 中国不存在以鲨鱼为目标物种的捕捞活动 Uncertain, no fisheries targeting sharks exist in China	高风险 High risk
整体捕捞压力 Overall fishing pressure	中等风险 Medium risk
(四)现有的保护和管理措施 Current conservation and management measures
(1)渔业许可证制度 Fishery licensing system
(2)渔业投入及产出控制制度 Fishery input and output control system
(3)完善数据收集与报送体系 Improve the data collection and reporting system
(4)远洋渔业国家观察员制度 National observer system for distant water fisheries
衡量指标 Measurement indicators	判定结果 Result	风险等级 Risk level
(5)远洋渔业渔捞日志制度 Fishery logbook system
(6)伏季休渔制度 Summer fishing moratorium
(7)关于进一步做好鲨鱼和蝠鲼物种履约管理工作的通知 Notice on further improving the management of convention compliance for shark and manta ray
(8)加强远洋水产品进出口监管 Strengthening the supervision of import and export of highsea aquatic products
(9)严厉打击非法渔业活动 Severe crackdown on illegal fishing activities
(10)海关严厉打击走私野生动物制品活动 Customs cracks down on smuggling of wildlife products
(11)公务接待不再提供鱼翅 Stop offering sharkfin soup
措施的制定情况和实施效果未知, 需要专家进一步讨论, 高风险 Unkown effects requring further discussion of experts, high risk
(五)整体风险等级: 中等风险 Overall risk level: Medium risk
(六)进一步建议 Further suggestions
(1)科研和管理部门的通力合作 Foster close cooperation between scientific research and regulatory agencies
(2)开展系统全面的资源调查和科学研究 Conduct systematic, comprehensive resource surveys and scientific research
(3)建立完善的软骨鱼类监测管理机制 Establish a well-developed monitoring and management mechanism for chondrichthyans
(4)组织相关专家对保护和管理措施的制定和实施效果进行研判 Organize relevant experts to evaluate the formulation and implementation effectiveness of conservation and management measures
(5)建立软骨鱼类保护的区域合作机制 Establish regional cooperation mechanisms for chondrichthyan conservation
(6)关注国际和国内软骨鱼类保护的不对称性 Address the asymmetries between domestic and international chondrichthyan conservation efforts