Deterministic processes dominate the geographic distribution pattern and community assembly of phytoplankton in typical plateau rivers

doi:10.17520/biods.2023092

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: Phytoplankton play a crucial role in biogeochemical cycling of river ecosystems. The ecological environment of the Yarlung Zangbo River, a major representative of high-altitude plateau rivers, is highly complex and more fragile than typical rivers of a lower altitude. Therefore, it features unique geographical characteristics which define the regions biology and ecology. This study aims to elucidate the spatial and temporal distribution patterns and the assembly mechanisms of the phytoplankton community in the middle and upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River and to provide important data reference for the follow-up study of phytoplankton and water environment protection in the Yarlung Zangbo River in Tibetan Plateau.

Methods: In this study, phytoplankton in the middle and upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River were investigated in summer (August 2019), autumn (November 2019) and spring (May 2020). Phytoplankton samples were collected and identified with strict qualitative and quantitative measures, while the physicochemical water features were measured on site. Simpson diversity index, Pielou evenness index and richness index were used to analyze α-diversity. The spatial and temporal differences of the phytoplankton community structure were analyzed by principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and analysis of similarities (ANOSIM). Neutral models and standardized random rates were used to determine the relative proportions of deterministic and stochastic processes in phytoplankton community assembly. The effects of environmental heterogeneity (environmental distance) and diffusion limitation (geographical distance) on the process of phytoplankton community assembly were investigated through distance-decay patterns. Mantel test (Spearman correlation coefficient) was used to calculate the correlation between phytoplankton abundance and environmental factor distance in each season. Furthermore, network co-occurrence was used to analyze phytoplankton community interactions.

Results: We identified a total of 452 distinct phytoplankton species in the middle and upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River, encompassing 8 phyla, 11 classes, 24 orders, 44 families, and 121 genera. The assembly of phytoplankton communities was found to be influenced by the combined effects of environmental heterogeneity, dispersal limitation, and species interactions. Interestingly, in season (from spring to autumn), we observed a transformation from stochastic to deterministic process, whereas at altitudes (from YJA gradient to YJC gradient), we observed a transition from deterministic to stochastic and then to deterministic. Geographical features along with water quality parameters were identified as pivotal drivers shaping the assembly of phytoplankton communities in the upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River and exhibited pronounced distance-decay patterns, both spatially and temporally.

Conclusion: The middle and upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River were vastly different in both spatial and temporal features, leading to a significant change in phytoplankton ecology between the two regions. Species interactions, environmental heterogeneity and dispersal limitation all play a role in the assembly of phytoplankton communities. Among them, deterministic process (environmental heterogeneity) dominates its assembly process.

Key words: middle and upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River, phytoplankton, community assembly, geographical distribution pattern

Shengxian Yang, Qing Yang, Xiaodong Li, Xin Chao, Huiqiu Liu, Lanruoxue Wei, Sang Ba. Deterministic processes dominate the geographic distribution pattern and community assembly of phytoplankton in typical plateau rivers[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2023, 31(7): 23092.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2023092

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2023/V31/I7/23092

Figures/Tables 9

Fig. 1 Distribution of sample sites in the middle and upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. The sample names are called N1-N32. YJA, YJB, YJC are three altitude gradients with 3,497-3,945 m, 4,008-4,508 m and 4,546-4,846 m, respectively.

Fig. 2 Phytoplankton community structure in the upper and middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. (a) Variation of phytoplankton abundance in different seasons; (b) Variation of phytoplankton abundance at different elevations; (c) Spatial distribution of the relative proportion of abundance and species number of different groups of phytoplankton communities in three seasons. YJA, YJB, YJC see Fig. 1.

Fig. 3 Phytoplankton community α-diversity in the upper and middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. S, Spring; SU, Summer; A, Autumn; TOTAL, The total watershed. YJA, YJB, YJC see Fig. 1.

Fig. 4 Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of phytoplankton community based on Bray-Curtis similarity in the upper and middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. (a) PCoA of the phytoplankton community in different seasons; (b) PCoA of the phytoplankton community at different altitudes. YJA, YJB, YJC see Fig. 1.

Fig. 5 Distance decay analysis of phytoplankton community in the upper and middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. a-c, g-i, The geographic distance attenuation of phytoplankton in spring, summer, autumn, YJA, YJB, and YJC, respectively; d-f, j-l, The environmental distance decay change of phytoplankton community in spring, summer, autumn, YJA, YJB, and YJC, respectively. YJA, YJB, YJC see Fig. 1.

Fig. 6 Phytoplankton community co-occurrence network in the upper and middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. a-c, Spring, summer, and autumn phytoplankton communities, respectively; d-f, YJA, YJB, YJC phytoplankton communities, respectively. YJA, YJB, YJC see Fig. 1.

Table 1 The topological characteristics of co-occurrence networks of phytoplankton communities. YJA, YJB, YJC see Fig. 1.

网络拓扑指标 Network topological indicators	春季 Spring	夏季 Summer	秋季 Autumn	YJA	YJB	YJC
节点数 Number of nodes	188	181	204	224	246	246
边数 Edges	642	686	687	2,050	2,365	2,558
连接部件 Connected component	45	40	43	1	3	1
网络直径 Network diameter	15	18	12	9	8	11
平均度 Average degree	6.830	7.580	6.735	18.304	19.228	20.797
模块化系数 Modularity coefficient	0.820	0.829	0.806	0.850	0.765	0.853
图密度 Density of figure	0.037	0.042	0.033	0.082	0.078	0.085
平均聚类系数 Mean clustering coefficient	0.854	0.847	0.792	0.841	0.750	0.841
平均路径长度 Mean path length	6.147	6.981	5.332	3.953	3.302	3.851
正相关比例 Positive correlation (%)	100	100	100	99.375	99.493	97.757
负相关比例 Negative correlation (%)	0	0	0	0.625	0.507	2.243

Fig. 7 Neutral model of phytoplankton community (a-f) and modified stochasticity ratio (MST) (g-j). Species whose frequency is higher than predicted by the model are shown in yellow; Less frequent species are shown in red; Species within the predicted range are shown in green; The blue dashed line represents the 95% confidence interval for the model's prediction. R2 is the overall goodness of fit of the neutral community model, and Nm is the product of meta-community size (N) and mobility (m), quantifying the estimate of diffusion between community assembly. a-c, Spring, summer, and autumn phytoplankton communities, respectively; d-f, YJA, YJB, YJC phytoplankton communities, respectively; (g) Three seasonal phytoplankton communities MST; (h) Three altitudinal gradient phytoplankton communities MST; (i) Modified stochasticity ratio in different seasons and altitude gradients. S, Spring; SU, Summer; A, Autumn. YJA, YJB, YJC see Fig. 1.

Fig. 8 Correlation analysis between phytoplankton communities and environmental factors. TDS, Total dissolved solid, WT, Water temperature; DO, Dissolved oxygen; TUR: Turbidity; WS, Waterflow speed; ALT, Altitude; Salt, Salinity. YJA, YJB, YJC see Fig. 1.

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