Vegetation diversity and distribution in the Pliocene of the southern Hengduan Mountains region

doi:10.17520/biods.2022295

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: Due to complex geomorphology and diverse landscapes, the southern Hengduan Mountains region is home to highly diverse vegetation. The evolution and formation of such diversity is an interesting topic in the fields of botany and ecology, and plant fossils are an important proxy for researching this question.

Methods: In this study, we integrated published sources of nine fossil floras from the Pliocene of the southern Hengduan Mountains region. We first inferred the vegetation types of these fossil floras on the basis of their taxonomic compositions and dominant elements, and then depicted the diversity and spatial distribution of vegetation in the region during the Pliocene. We also correlated the rise of vegetation diversity and the formation of vegetation distribution to major environmental changes in the southern Hengduan Mountains region.

Results: Our synthesis indicates that the southern Hengduan Mountain region already held a variety of vegetation types during the Pliocene, including subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest, subtropical deciduous broadleaved forest, sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest, mixed coniferous broadleaved forest and shrubby meadow. The vegetation tended to have a warm affinity in the south and a cool-temperate affinity in the north, demonstrating altitudinal gradients with latitude at that time. Moreover, vegetation types are shown to be stratified at some localities, suggesting altitudinal gradients at local scales that are likely associated with the occurrence of high mountains. These are highly similar to the modern patterns of vegetation diversity and distribution in this region.

Conclusion: Our study concludes that the modern diversity and distribution of vegetation in the southern Hengduan Mountain region was established no later than the Pliocene. However, more plant fossils from deeper times are needed to verify if the current vegetation was formed at an earlier geological age.

Key words: Hengduan Mountains, Pliocene, fossil flora, palaeovegetation, palaeoelevation

Yongjiang Huang, Tao Su, Hai Zhu, Linbo Jia, Jinjin Hu, Yunheng Ji, Zhekun Zhou. Vegetation diversity and distribution in the Pliocene of the southern Hengduan Mountains region[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(11): 22295.

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2022295

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2022/V30/I11/22295

Figures/Tables 7

References 77

[1]	Boufford DE (2014) Biodiversity hotspot: China’s Hengduan Mountains. Arnoldia, 72, 24-35.
[2]	Clark MK, House MA, Royden LH, Whipple KX, Burchfiel BC, Zhang X, Tang W (2005) Late Cenozoic uplift of southeastern Tibet. Geology, 33, 525-528.
[3]	Clark MK, Royden LH (2000) Topographic ooze: Building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow. Geology, 28, 703-706.
[4]	Ding WN, Ree RH, Spicer RA, Xing YW (2020) Ancient orogenic and monsoon-driven assembly of the world’s richest temperate alpine flora. Science, 369, 578-581.
[5]	Feng L, Zheng QJ, Qian ZQ, Yang J, Zhang YP, Li ZH, Zhao GF (2016) Genetic structure and evolutionary history of three alpine sclerophyllous oaks in East Himalaya- Hengduan Mountains and adjacent regions. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, 1688. PMID
[6]	Ge HR, Li DY (1999) Cenozoic Coal-Bearing Basins and Coal-Forming Regularity in West Yunnan. Yunnan Science and Technology Press, Kunming. (in Chinese)
	[戈宏儒, 李代芸 (1999) 云南西部新生代含煤盆地及聚煤规律. 云南科技出版社, 昆明.]
[7]	Harrison T, Ji XP, Su D (2002) On the systematic status of the late Neogene hominoids from Yunnan Province, China. Journal of Human Evolution, 43, 207-227. PMID
[8]	He YL, Li N, Wang ZX, Wang HF, Yang GL, Xiao L, Wu JY, Sun BN (2014) Quercus yangyiensis sp. nov. from the late Pliocene of Baoshan, Yunnan and its paleoclimatic significance. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 88, 738-747.
[9]	Hoke GD, Jing LZ, Hren MT, Wissink GK, Garzione CN (2014) Stable isotopes reveal high southeast Tibetan Plateau margin since the Paleogene. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 394, 270-278.
[10]	Hu JJ, Xing YW, Turkington R, Jacques FMB, Su T, Huang YJ, Zhou ZK (2015) A new positive relationship between pCO₂ and stomatal frequency in Quercus guyavifolia (Fagaceae): A potential proxy for palaeo-CO₂ levels. Annals of Botany, 115, 777-788.
[11]	Huang HS, Hu JJ, Su T, Zhou ZK (2016) The occurrence of Quercus heqingensis n. sp. and its application to palaeo-CO₂ estimates. Chinese Science Bulletin, 61, 1354-1364. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[黄华生, 胡瑾瑾, 苏涛, 周浙昆 (2016) 鹤庆栎(Quercus heqingensis n. sp.)的发现及其在古大气CO₂浓度重建中的应用. 科学通报, 61, 1354-1364.]
[12]	Huang HS, Su T, Zhou ZK (2018) Fossil leaves of Buxus (Buxaceae) from the upper Pliocene of Yunnan, SW China. Palaeoworld, 27, 271-281.
[13]	Huang YJ (2012) Late Pliocene Fudong Flora in Lanping, Yunnan and Neogene Paleoclimate in Hengduan Mountains. PhD Thesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[黄永江 (2012) 云南兰坪晚上新世福东植物群及横断山新近纪的古气候. 博士学位论文, 中国科学院大学, 北京.]
[14]	Huang YJ, Chen WY, Jacques FMB, Liu YS, Utescher T, Su T, Ferguson DK, Zhou ZK (2015) Late Pliocene temperatures and their spatial variation at the southeastern border of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 111, 44-53.
[15]	Huang YJ, Jacques FMB, Liu YS, Su T, Xing YW, Xiao XH, Zhou ZK (2012) New fossil endocarps of Sambucus (Adoxaceae) from the upper Pliocene in SW China. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 171, 152-163.
[16]	Huang YJ, Jia LB, Su T, Zhu H, Momohara A, Gu ZJ, Zhou ZK (2020) A warm-temperate forest of mixed coniferous type from the upper Pliocene Sanying Formation (southeastern edge of Tibetan Plateau) and its implications for palaeoecology and palaeoaltimetry. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 538, 109486.
[17]	Huang YJ, Jia LB, Wang Q, Mosbrugger V, Utescher T, Su T, Zhou ZK (2016a) Cenozoic plant diversity of Yunnan: A review. Plant Diversity, 38, 271-282.
[18]	Huang YJ, Shen H, Jia LB, Li SF, Su T, Nam GS, Zhu H, Zhou ZK (2021) Macroscopic fossil charcoals as proxy of a local fire linked to conifer-rich forest from the late Pliocene of northwestern Yunnan, Southwest China. Palaeoworld, 30, 551-561.
[19]	Huang YJ, Su T, Zhou ZK (2016b) Late Pliocene diversity and distribution of Drynaria (Polypodiaceae) in western Yunnan explained by forest vegetation and humid climates. Plant Diversity, 38, 194-200.
[20]	Huang YJ, Zhu H, Momohara A, Jia LB, Zhou ZK (2019) Fruit fossils of Rosoideae (Rosaceae) from the late Pliocene of northwestern Yunnan, Southwest China. Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 57, 180-189. DOI
[21]	Huang YJ, Zhu H, Su T, Spicer RA, Hu JJ, Jia LB, Zhou ZK (2022) Rise of herbaceous diversity at the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau: First insight from fossils. Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 60, 1109-1123. DOI
[22]	Jacques FMB, Su T, Spicer RA, Xing YW, Huang YJ, Zhou ZK (2014) Late Miocene southwestern Chinese floristic diversity shaped by the southeastern uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 411, 208-215.
[23]	Ji XP, Harrison T, Su D, Xue SR (2004) On the taxonomy of late Neogene hominids from Yunnan Province, China. Yunnan Geology, 23, 17-29. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[吉学平, Harrison T, Su D, 薛顺荣 (2004) 云南古猿系统分类研究新进展. 云南地质, 23, 17-29.]
[24]	Jiang NR, Xiao YF, Yang ZC (1983) The discovery of Stegolophodon yangyiensis sp. nov. Collected Works of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Geology, 11, 146-156. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[江能人, 肖永福, 杨正纯 (1983) 云南保山羊邑脊棱齿象的发现. 青藏高原地质文集, 11, 146-156.]
[25]	Kou XY, Ferguson DK, Xu JX, Wang YF, Li CS (2006) The reconstruction of paleovegetation and paleoclimate in the late Pliocene of west Yunnan, China. Climatic Change, 77, 431-448.
[26]	Li BY (1989) Geomorphologic regionalization of the Hengduan Mountainous region. Mountain Research, 7, 13-20. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[李炳元 (1989) 横断山区地貌区划. 山地研究, 7, 13-20.]
[27]	Li DM, Li Q, Chen WJ (2000) Volcanic activities in the Tengchong volcano area since Pliocene. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 16, 362-370. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[李大明, 李齐, 陈文寄 (2000) 腾冲火山区上新世以来的火山活动. 岩石学报, 16, 362-370.]
[28]	Li N, Sun BN, Wu JY, Yan DF, Xiao L, Dai J (2009) Cuticular structure of Quercus presenescens from the Pliocene in Baoshan, Yunnan, and its palaeoclimatic implications. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 48, 654-661. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[李娜, 孙柏年, 吴靖宇, 闫德飞, 肖良, 戴静 (2009) 云南保山上新统前灰背栎Quercus presenescens角质层特征及古气候意义. 古生物学报, 48, 654-661.]
[29]	Li SH, Deng CL, Yao HT, Huang S, Liu CY, He HY, Pan YX, Zhu RX (2013) Magnetostratigraphy of the Dali Basin in Yunnan and implications for late Neogene rotation of the southeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 118, 791-807.
[30]	Li SH, Ji XP, Harrison T, Deng CL, Wang SQ, Wang LR, Zhu RX (2020) Uplift of the Hengduan Mountains on the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau in the late Miocene and its paleoenvironmental impact on hominoid diversity. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 553, 109794.
[31]	Li SY, Currie BS, Rowley DB, Ingalls M (2015) Cenozoic paleoaltimetry of the SE margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Constraints on the tectonic evolution of the region. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 432, 415-424.
[32]	Liu LH, Yu YD, Zhang JH (1984) The division of vertical vegetation zone in Hengduanshan. Acta Botanica Yunnanica, 6, 205-216. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[刘伦辉, 余有德, 张建华 (1984) 横断山自然植被垂直带的划分. 云南植物研究, 6, 205-216.]
[33]	Liu LH, Yu YD, Zhang JH (1985) Discussion upon the regularities of vegetational distribution in the Hengduan Mountains. Acta Botanica Yunnanica, 7, 323-335. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[刘伦辉, 余有德, 张建华 (1985) 横断山地区植被分布规律的探讨. 云南植物研究, 7, 323-335.]
[34]	Ma HJ (2013) Study on Cenozoic Stratigraphy and Paleoenvironmental Changes in the Hengduan Mountains, Southwest China. PhD Thesis, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[马宏杰 (2013) 中国西南横断山地区新生代地层学及古环境变化研究. 博士学位论文, 昆明理工大学, 昆明.]
[35]	Meng HH, Su T, Gao XY, Li J, Jiang XL, Sun H, Zhou ZK (2017) Warm-cold colonization: Response of oaks to uplift of the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains. Molecular Ecology, 26, 3276-3294.
[36]	Momohara A, Zhou Z, Li X, Setoguchi H (2006) Cenozoic flora with Quercus sect. Heterobalanus in the western Yunnan Province, southwestern China. Japanese Journal of Historical Botany, 14, 43-44. (in Japanese)
[37]	Schoenbohm LM, Burchfiel BC, Chen LZ (2006) Propagation of surface uplift, lower crustal flow, and Cenozoic tectonics of the southeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Geology, 34, 813-816.
[38]	Sherman R, Mullen R, Li HM, Fang ZD, Wang Y (2008) Spatial patterns of plant diversity and communities in Alpine ecosystems of the Hengduan Mountains, northwest Yunnan, China. Journal of Plant Ecology, 1, 117-136.
[39]	Spicer RA (2017) Tibet, the Himalaya, Asian monsoons and biodiversity—In what ways are they related? Plant Diversity, 39, 233-244.
[40]	Su T (2010) On the Establishment of the Leaf Physiognomy- Chinese Model and a Study of the Late Pliocene Yangjie Flora, Southwest China. PhD Thesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[苏涛 (2010) 叶相-气候中国模型的建立及上新世羊街植物群的研究. 博士学位论文, 中国科学院大学, 北京.]
[41]	Su T, Adams JM, Wappler T, Huang YJ, Jacques FMB, Liu YS, Zhou ZK (2015) Resilience of plant-insect interactions in an oak lineage through Quaternary climate change. Paleobiology, 41, 174-186.
[42]	Su T, Jacques FMB, Liu YS, Xiang JY, Xing YW, Huang YJ, Zhou ZK (2011) A new Drynaria (Polypodiaceae) from the upper Pliocene of Southwest China. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 164, 132-142.
[43]	Su T, Spicer RA, Li SH, Xu H, Huang J, Sherlock S, Huang YJ, Li SF, Wang L, Jia LB, Deng WYD, Liu J, Deng CL, Zhang ST, Valdes PJ, Zhou ZK (2019) Uplift, climate and biotic changes at the Eocene-Oligocene transition in south-eastern Tibet. National Science Review, 6, 495-504.
[44]	Sun BN, Cong PY, Yan DF, Xie SP (2003) Cuticular structure of two angiosperm fossils in Neogene from Tengchong, Yunnan Province and its palaeoenvironmental significance. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 42, 216-222. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[孙柏年, 丛培允, 阎德飞, 解三平 (2003) 云南腾冲新近纪两种被子植物化石的角质层构造及其古环境意义. 古生物学报, 42, 216-222.]
[45]	Sun BN, Wu JY, Liu YS, Ding ST, Li XC, Xie SP, Yan DF, Lin ZC (2011) Reconstructing Neogene vegetation and climates to infer tectonic uplift in western Yunnan, China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 304, 328-336.
[46]	Sun H, Zhang JW, Deng T, Boufford DE (2017) Origins and evolution of plant diversity in the Hengduan Mountains, China. Plant Diversity, 39, 161-166. DOI
[47]	Tang MY, Jing LZ, Hoke GD, Xu Q, Wang WT, Li ZF, Zhang JY, Wang W (2017) Paleoelevation reconstruction of the Paleocene-Eocene Gonjo basin, SE-central Tibet. Tectonophysics, 712/713, 170-181.
[48]	Tong YB, Yang ZY, Mao CP, Pei JL, Pu ZW, Xu YC (2017) Paleomagnetism of Eocene red-beds in the eastern part of the Qiangtang Terrane and its implications for uplift and southward crustal extrusion in the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 475, 1-14.
[49]	Tao JR (1986) Neogene flora of Lanping and its significance in middle watershed of Selween-Mekong-Yangtze Rivers. In: Studies in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau—Special Issue of Hengduan Mountains Scientific Expedition (II) (eds Team of Comprehensive Scientific Expedition to the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, Chinese Academy of Sciences), pp. 58-65. Science and Technology Publishing House, Beijing. (in Chinese)
	[陶君容 (1986) 横断山区中段-兰坪新第三纪植物化石群及其意义. 见: 青藏高原研究-横断山科学考察专辑(中国科学院青藏高原综合科学考察队主编), 第58-65页科技出版社: 北京.]
[50]	Tao JR (2000) The Evolution of the Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic Floras in China. Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese with English catalogue)
	[陶君容 (2000) 中国晚白垩至新生代植物区系发展演变. 科学出版社, 北京.]
[51]	Tao JR, Kong ZC (1973) The fossil florule and sporo-pollen assemblage of the Shang-In coal series of Erhyuan, Yunnan. Acta Botanica Sinica, 15, 120-126. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[陶君容, 孔昭宸 (1973) 云南洱源三营煤系的植物化石群和孢粉组合. 植物学报, 15, 120-126.]
[52]	Tao YL, Zhang HP, Ge YK, Pang JZ, Yu JX, Zhang JW, Zhao XD, Ma ZF (2020) Cenozoic exhumation and fault activities across the eastern Tibet: Constraints from low-temperature thermochronological data. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 63, 4154-4167. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[陶亚玲, 张会平, 葛玉魁, 庞建章, 俞晶星, 张佳伟, 赵旭东, 马字发 (2020) 青藏高原东缘新生代隆升剥露与断裂活动的低温热年代学约束. 地球物理学报, 63, 4154-4167.]
[53]	Wang SY, Zhang W (2002) Yunnan Geography. Yunnan Nationalities Publishing House, Kunming. (in Chinese with English catalogue)
	[王声跃, 张文 (2002) 云南地理. 云南民族出版社, 昆明.]
[54]	Wang Y (2006) Yunnan Mountain Climate. Yunnan Science and Technology Press, Kunming. (in Chinese)
	[王宇 (2006) 云南山地气候. 云南科技出版社, 昆明.]
[55]	Westaway R (2009) Active crustal deformation beyond the SE margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Constraints from the evolution of fluvial systems. Global and Planetary Change, 68, 395-417.
[56]	Wu FL, Gao SJ, Tang FJ, Meng QQ, An CR (2019) A late Miocene-early Pleistocene palynological record and its climatic and tectonic implications for the Yunnan Plateau, China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 530, 190-199.
[57]	Wu JY (2009) The Pliocene Tuantian Flora of Tengchong, Yunnan Province and Its Paleoenvironmental Analysis. PhD Thesis, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[吴靖宇 (2009) 云南腾冲上新世团田植物群及其古环境分析. 博士学位论文, 兰州大学, 兰州.]
[58]	Wu JY, Liu YS, Ding ST, Li J, An PC (2017) Late Pliocene Smilax (Smilacaceae) leaves from Southwest China: Phytogeographical and paleoecological implications. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 241, 26-38.
[59]	Wu JY, Sun BN, Liu YS, Xie SP, Lin ZC (2009) A new species of Exbucklandia (Hamamelidaceae) from the Pliocene of China and its paleoclimatic significance. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 155, 32-41.
[60]	Wu JY, Sun BN, Xie SP, Ding ST, Wen WW (2012) Dimorphic fronds and in situ spores of Drynaria (Polypodiaceae) from the upper Pliocene of Southwest China. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 172, 1-9.
[61]	Xiao L, Sun BN, Yan DF, Xie SP, Wei LJ (2006) Cuticular structure of Quercus pannosa Hand.-Mazz. from the Pliocene in Baoshan, Yunnan Province and its palaeoenvironmental significance. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 23, 23-30. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[肖良, 孙柏年, 阎德飞, 解三平, 韦利杰 (2006) 云南保山上新统黄背栎Quercus pannosa Hand.-Mazz.角质层特征及古环境意义. 微体古生物学报, 23, 23-30.]
[62]	Xing YW, Ree RH (2017) Uplift-driven diversification in the Hengduan Mountains, a temperate biodiversity hotspot. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 114, E3444-E3451.
[63]	Xiong ZY, Ding L, Spicer RA, Farnsworth A, Wang X, Valdes PJ, Su T, Zhang QH, Zhang LY, Cai FL, Wang HQ, Li ZY, Song PP, Guo XD, Yue YH (2020) The early Eocene rise of the Gonjo Basin, SE Tibet: From low desert to high forest. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 543, 116312.
[64]	Xu JX, Blackmore S, Wang YF, Li CS (2004a) Late Pliocene vegetation and climate of Yangyi region, Yunnan of China, based on palynological data. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 269, 131-148.
[65]	Xu JX, Ferguson DK, Li CS, Wang YF, Du NQ (2004b) Climatic and ecological implications of Late Pliocene palynoflora from Longling, Yunnan, China. Quaternary International, 117, 91-103.
[66]	Xu JX, Wang YF, Du NQ (2003) Late Pliocene vegetation and palaeoclimate of Yangyi and Longling of western Yunnan Province. Journal of Palaeogeography, 5, 217-223. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[徐景先, 王宇飞, 杜乃秋 (2003) 云南西部羊邑和龙陵地区晚上新世植被和古气候. 古地理学报, 5, 217-223.]
[67]	Yang QY, Zheng D (1989) An outline of physic-geographic regionalization of the Hengduan Mountains region. Mountain Research, 7, 56-64. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[杨勤业, 郑度 (1989) 横断山区综合自然区划纲要. 山地研究, 7, 56-64.]
[68]	Yu HB, Miao SY, Xie GW, Guo XY, Chen Z, Favre A (2020) Contrasting floristic diversity of the Hengduan Mountains, the Himalayas and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau sensu stricto in China. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 8, 136.
[69]	Yu YD, Liu LH, Zhang JH (1989) Vegetation regionalization of the Hengduan mountainous region. Mountain Research, 7, 47-55. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[余有德, 刘伦辉, 张建华 (1989) 横断山区植被分区. 山地研究, 7, 47-55.]
[70]	Yunnan Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources (1990) Regional Geology of Yunnan Province. Geology Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
	[云南省地质矿产局 (1990) 云南省区域地质志. 地质出版社, 北京.]
[71]	Zhang QQ, Ferguson DK, Mosbrugger V, Wang YF, Li CS (2012) Vegetation and climatic changes of SW China in response to the uplift of Tibetan Plateau. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 363/364, 23-36.
[72]	Zhang Y, Yin DC, Sun M, Wang H, Tian K, Xiao DR, Zhang WG (2017) Variations of climate-growth response of major conifers at upper distributional limits in Shika Snow Mountain, northwestern Yunnan Plateau, China. Forests, 8, 377.
[73]	Zheng Y, Jia J, Nie XK, Kong P (2014) Cosmogenic nuclide burial age of the Sanying Formation and its implications. Science China: Earth Sciences, 57, 1141-1149.
[74]	Zhou ZK, Pu CX, Chen WY (2003) Relationships between the distributions of Quercus sect. Heterobalanus (Fagaceae) and uplift of Himalayas. Advance in Earth Sciences, 18, 884-890. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[周浙昆, 普春霞, 陈文允 (2003) 青藏高原隆起和高山栎组(壳斗科)分布的关系. 地球科学进展, 18, 884-890.] DOI
[75]	Zhu H (2016) The Late Pliocene Nanbanbang Carpoflora from Heqing, Yunnan, and Its Paleoenvironment. PhD thesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[朱海 (2016) 云南鹤庆晚上新世南班榜古果实群及古环境. 博士学位论文, 中国科学院大学, 北京.]
[76]	Zhu H, Huang YJ, Su T, Zhou ZK (2016) New fossil seeds of Eurya (Theaceae) from East Asia and their paleobiogeographic implications. Plant Diversity, 38, 125-132.
[77]	Zhu H, Jacques FMB, Wang L, Xiao XH, Huang YJ, Zhou ZK (2015) Fossil endocarps of Aralia (Araliaceae) from the upper Pliocene of Yunnan in southwest China, and their biogeographical implications. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 223, 94-103.

植物群名称 Flora	地理位置 Location	经纬度 Geographical coordinate	海拔 Altitude	地层 Stratigraphic horizon	化石类型 Fossil types
庆福植物群 Qingfu Flora	维西县永春乡 Yongchun, Weixi County	99°21′ E, 27°05′ N	2,476 m	三营组 Sanying Formation	叶片 Leaf
红园植物群 Hongyuan Flora	鹤庆县鹤庆盆地西南 Southwestern Heqing Basin, Heqing County	100°08′ E, 26°34′ N	2,291 m	三营组 Sanying Formation	叶片 Leaf
南班榜植物 Nanbanbang Flora	鹤庆县鹤庆盆地西南 Southwestern Heqing Basin, Heqing County	100°10′ E, 26°31′ N	2,200 m	三营组 Sanying Formation	果实、种子 Fruit and seed
福东植物群 Fudong Flora	兰坪县金顶镇 Jinding, Lanping County	99°26′ E, 26°28′ N	2,740 m	三营组 Sanying Formation	叶片、果实、种子、炭屑 Leaf, fruit, seed, and charcoal
三营植物群 Sanying Flora	洱源县三营镇 Sanying, Eryuan County	99°49′ E, 26°00′ N	2,100 m	三营组 Sanying Formation	叶片、孢粉 Leaf and spore/pollen
羊街植物群 Yangjie Flora	永平县永平盆地北 Northern Yongping Basin, Yongping County	99°31′ E, 25°31′ N	1,715 m	三营组 Sanying Formation	叶片 Leaf
羊邑植物群 Yangyi Flora	保山市保山盆地东南 Southeastern Baoshan Basin, Baoshan City	99°15′ E, 24°57′ N	1,650 m	羊邑组 Yangyi Formation	叶片、孢粉 Leaf and spore/pollen
龙陵植物群 Longling Flora	龙陵县龙陵煤矿 Longling Coal Mine, Longling County	98°50′ E, 24°41′ N	1,840 m	羊邑组 Yangyi Formation	孢粉 Spore/pollen
团田植物群 Tuantian Flora	腾冲县团田盆地 Tuantian Basin, Tengchong County	98°38′ E, 24°41′ N	1,250 m	芒棒组 Mangbang Formation	叶片 Leaf

植物群名称 Flora	地理位置 Location	经纬度 Geographical coordinate	海拔 Altitude	地层 Stratigraphic horizon	化石类型 Fossil types
庆福植物群 Qingfu Flora	维西县永春乡 Yongchun, Weixi County	99°21′ E, 27°05′ N	2,476 m	三营组 Sanying Formation	叶片 Leaf
红园植物群 Hongyuan Flora	鹤庆县鹤庆盆地西南 Southwestern Heqing Basin, Heqing County	100°08′ E, 26°34′ N	2,291 m	三营组 Sanying Formation	叶片 Leaf
南班榜植物 Nanbanbang Flora	鹤庆县鹤庆盆地西南 Southwestern Heqing Basin, Heqing County	100°10′ E, 26°31′ N	2,200 m	三营组 Sanying Formation	果实、种子 Fruit and seed
福东植物群 Fudong Flora	兰坪县金顶镇 Jinding, Lanping County	99°26′ E, 26°28′ N	2,740 m	三营组 Sanying Formation	叶片、果实、种子、炭屑 Leaf, fruit, seed, and charcoal
三营植物群 Sanying Flora	洱源县三营镇 Sanying, Eryuan County	99°49′ E, 26°00′ N	2,100 m	三营组 Sanying Formation	叶片、孢粉 Leaf and spore/pollen
羊街植物群 Yangjie Flora	永平县永平盆地北 Northern Yongping Basin, Yongping County	99°31′ E, 25°31′ N	1,715 m	三营组 Sanying Formation	叶片 Leaf
羊邑植物群 Yangyi Flora	保山市保山盆地东南 Southeastern Baoshan Basin, Baoshan City	99°15′ E, 24°57′ N	1,650 m	羊邑组 Yangyi Formation	叶片、孢粉 Leaf and spore/pollen
龙陵植物群 Longling Flora	龙陵县龙陵煤矿 Longling Coal Mine, Longling County	98°50′ E, 24°41′ N	1,840 m	羊邑组 Yangyi Formation	孢粉 Spore/pollen
团田植物群 Tuantian Flora	腾冲县团田盆地 Tuantian Basin, Tengchong County	98°38′ E, 24°41′ N	1,250 m	芒棒组 Mangbang Formation	叶片 Leaf

植物群名称 Flora	优势成分 Dominant element	植被类型 Vegetation type	主要相关文献 Reference
庆福植物群 Qingfu Flora	高山栎组 Quercus sect. Heterobalanus	硬叶常绿阔叶林 Sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest	2015
红园植物群 Hongyuan Flora	高山栎组 Quercus sect. Heterobalanus	硬叶常绿阔叶林 Sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest	2016;
南班榜植物群 Nanbanbang Flora	松科、蓼属、悬钩子属、黄芪属、苔草属等 Pinaceae, Polygonum, Rubus, Astragalus, Carex etc.	灌丛草地、针阔叶混交林 Shrubby meadow, mixed coniferous-broadleaved forest	2022
福东植物群 Fudong Flora	高山栎组(叶片); 松科(炭屑) Quercus sect. Heterobalanus (leaves); Pinaceae (charcoals)	硬叶常绿阔叶林(叶片); 针阔叶混交林(炭屑) Sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest (leaves); mixed coniferous-broadleaved forest (charcoals)	2021
三营植物群 Sanying Flora	高山栎组(叶片); 松科、栎属、桦木科等(孢粉) Quercus sect. Heterobalanus (leaves); Pinaceae, Quercus, Betulaceae (spore/pollen)	硬叶常绿阔叶林(叶片); 针阔叶混交林(孢粉) Sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest (leaves); mixed coniferous-broadleaved forest (spore/pollen)	2019
羊街植物群 Yangjie Flora	高山栎组 Quercus sect. Heterobalanus	硬叶常绿阔叶林 Sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest	2015
羊邑植物群 Yangyi Flora	高山栎组(叶片); 桦木科、壳斗科、金缕梅科等(孢粉) Quercus sect. Heterobalanus (leaves); Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Hamamelidaceae etc. (spore/pollen)	硬叶常绿阔叶林(叶片); 亚热带常绿阔叶林、亚热带落叶阔叶林(孢粉) Sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest (leaves); subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest, subtropical deciduous broadleaved forest (spore/pollen)	2004a
龙陵植物群 Longling Flora	壳斗科、杜鹃花科、冬青科等 Fagaceae, Ericaceae, Aquifoliaceae etc.	亚热带常绿阔叶林 Subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest	2004b
团田植物群 Tuantian Flora	樟科、壳斗科、金缕梅科等 Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Hamamelidaceae etc.	亚热带常绿阔叶林 Subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest	2009

植物群名称 Flora	优势成分 Dominant element	植被类型 Vegetation type	主要相关文献 Reference
庆福植物群 Qingfu Flora	高山栎组 Quercus sect. Heterobalanus	硬叶常绿阔叶林 Sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest	2015
红园植物群 Hongyuan Flora	高山栎组 Quercus sect. Heterobalanus	硬叶常绿阔叶林 Sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest	2016;
南班榜植物群 Nanbanbang Flora	松科、蓼属、悬钩子属、黄芪属、苔草属等 Pinaceae, Polygonum, Rubus, Astragalus, Carex etc.	灌丛草地、针阔叶混交林 Shrubby meadow, mixed coniferous-broadleaved forest	2022
福东植物群 Fudong Flora	高山栎组(叶片); 松科(炭屑) Quercus sect. Heterobalanus (leaves); Pinaceae (charcoals)	硬叶常绿阔叶林(叶片); 针阔叶混交林(炭屑) Sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest (leaves); mixed coniferous-broadleaved forest (charcoals)	2021
三营植物群 Sanying Flora	高山栎组(叶片); 松科、栎属、桦木科等(孢粉) Quercus sect. Heterobalanus (leaves); Pinaceae, Quercus, Betulaceae (spore/pollen)	硬叶常绿阔叶林(叶片); 针阔叶混交林(孢粉) Sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest (leaves); mixed coniferous-broadleaved forest (spore/pollen)	2019
羊街植物群 Yangjie Flora	高山栎组 Quercus sect. Heterobalanus	硬叶常绿阔叶林 Sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest	2015
羊邑植物群 Yangyi Flora	高山栎组(叶片); 桦木科、壳斗科、金缕梅科等(孢粉) Quercus sect. Heterobalanus (leaves); Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Hamamelidaceae etc. (spore/pollen)	硬叶常绿阔叶林(叶片); 亚热带常绿阔叶林、亚热带落叶阔叶林(孢粉) Sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest (leaves); subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest, subtropical deciduous broadleaved forest (spore/pollen)	2004a
龙陵植物群 Longling Flora	壳斗科、杜鹃花科、冬青科等 Fagaceae, Ericaceae, Aquifoliaceae etc.	亚热带常绿阔叶林 Subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest	2004b
团田植物群 Tuantian Flora	樟科、壳斗科、金缕梅科等 Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Hamamelidaceae etc.	亚热带常绿阔叶林 Subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest	2009