Biodiv Sci ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (11): 22295. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022295
• Special Feature: Cenozoic Plant Diversity Evolution in South China • Previous Articles Next Articles
Yongjiang Huang1,*(), Tao Su2, Hai Zhu3,4, Linbo Jia1, Jinjin Hu1, Yunheng Ji1, Zhekun Zhou1,2
Received:
2022-06-01
Accepted:
2022-08-12
Online:
2022-11-20
Published:
2022-08-19
Contact:
Yongjiang Huang
Yongjiang Huang, Tao Su, Hai Zhu, Linbo Jia, Jinjin Hu, Yunheng Ji, Zhekun Zhou. Vegetation diversity and distribution in the Pliocene of the southern Hengduan Mountains region[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(11): 22295.
Fig. 1 Maps showing the distribution of Pliocene fossil floras in the southern Hengduan Mountains region. a, Geographic position and range of the Hengduan Mountains region; b, Spatial distribution of Pliocene fossil floras in the southern Hengduan Mountains region. The maps were created using GeoMapApp 3.6.10 (Ryan et al, 2009).
植物群名称 Flora | 地理位置 Location | 经纬度 Geographical coordinate | 海拔 Altitude | 地层 Stratigraphic horizon | 化石类型 Fossil types |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
庆福植物群 Qingfu Flora | 维西县永春乡 Yongchun, Weixi County | 99°21′ E, 27°05′ N | 2,476 m | 三营组 Sanying Formation | 叶片 Leaf |
红园植物群 Hongyuan Flora | 鹤庆县鹤庆盆地西南 Southwestern Heqing Basin, Heqing County | 100°08′ E, 26°34′ N | 2,291 m | 三营组 Sanying Formation | 叶片 Leaf |
南班榜植物 Nanbanbang Flora | 鹤庆县鹤庆盆地西南 Southwestern Heqing Basin, Heqing County | 100°10′ E, 26°31′ N | 2,200 m | 三营组 Sanying Formation | 果实、种子 Fruit and seed |
福东植物群 Fudong Flora | 兰坪县金顶镇 Jinding, Lanping County | 99°26′ E, 26°28′ N | 2,740 m | 三营组 Sanying Formation | 叶片、果实、种子、炭屑 Leaf, fruit, seed, and charcoal |
三营植物群 Sanying Flora | 洱源县三营镇 Sanying, Eryuan County | 99°49′ E, 26°00′ N | 2,100 m | 三营组 Sanying Formation | 叶片、孢粉 Leaf and spore/pollen |
羊街植物群 Yangjie Flora | 永平县永平盆地北 Northern Yongping Basin, Yongping County | 99°31′ E, 25°31′ N | 1,715 m | 三营组 Sanying Formation | 叶片 Leaf |
羊邑植物群 Yangyi Flora | 保山市保山盆地东南 Southeastern Baoshan Basin, Baoshan City | 99°15′ E, 24°57′ N | 1,650 m | 羊邑组 Yangyi Formation | 叶片、孢粉 Leaf and spore/pollen |
龙陵植物群 Longling Flora | 龙陵县龙陵煤矿 Longling Coal Mine, Longling County | 98°50′ E, 24°41′ N | 1,840 m | 羊邑组 Yangyi Formation | 孢粉 Spore/pollen |
团田植物群 Tuantian Flora | 腾冲县团田盆地 Tuantian Basin, Tengchong County | 98°38′ E, 24°41′ N | 1,250 m | 芒棒组 Mangbang Formation | 叶片 Leaf |
Table 1 Pliocene fossil floras in the southern Hengduan Mountains region and their geographic location, stratigraphic horizon and fossil types
植物群名称 Flora | 地理位置 Location | 经纬度 Geographical coordinate | 海拔 Altitude | 地层 Stratigraphic horizon | 化石类型 Fossil types |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
庆福植物群 Qingfu Flora | 维西县永春乡 Yongchun, Weixi County | 99°21′ E, 27°05′ N | 2,476 m | 三营组 Sanying Formation | 叶片 Leaf |
红园植物群 Hongyuan Flora | 鹤庆县鹤庆盆地西南 Southwestern Heqing Basin, Heqing County | 100°08′ E, 26°34′ N | 2,291 m | 三营组 Sanying Formation | 叶片 Leaf |
南班榜植物 Nanbanbang Flora | 鹤庆县鹤庆盆地西南 Southwestern Heqing Basin, Heqing County | 100°10′ E, 26°31′ N | 2,200 m | 三营组 Sanying Formation | 果实、种子 Fruit and seed |
福东植物群 Fudong Flora | 兰坪县金顶镇 Jinding, Lanping County | 99°26′ E, 26°28′ N | 2,740 m | 三营组 Sanying Formation | 叶片、果实、种子、炭屑 Leaf, fruit, seed, and charcoal |
三营植物群 Sanying Flora | 洱源县三营镇 Sanying, Eryuan County | 99°49′ E, 26°00′ N | 2,100 m | 三营组 Sanying Formation | 叶片、孢粉 Leaf and spore/pollen |
羊街植物群 Yangjie Flora | 永平县永平盆地北 Northern Yongping Basin, Yongping County | 99°31′ E, 25°31′ N | 1,715 m | 三营组 Sanying Formation | 叶片 Leaf |
羊邑植物群 Yangyi Flora | 保山市保山盆地东南 Southeastern Baoshan Basin, Baoshan City | 99°15′ E, 24°57′ N | 1,650 m | 羊邑组 Yangyi Formation | 叶片、孢粉 Leaf and spore/pollen |
龙陵植物群 Longling Flora | 龙陵县龙陵煤矿 Longling Coal Mine, Longling County | 98°50′ E, 24°41′ N | 1,840 m | 羊邑组 Yangyi Formation | 孢粉 Spore/pollen |
团田植物群 Tuantian Flora | 腾冲县团田盆地 Tuantian Basin, Tengchong County | 98°38′ E, 24°41′ N | 1,250 m | 芒棒组 Mangbang Formation | 叶片 Leaf |
Fig. 2 Extant and fossil leaves of Quercus sect. Heterobalanus (scale bars = 1 cm). a, Leafy twigs (picture taken in Linzhi, Xizang); b, c, An extant leaf, showing the upper and lower surfaces, respectively, with the secondary veins bifurcating near the leaf margin (arrows); d-f, Fossil leaves from the Pliocene Fudong flora, with the secondary veins bifurcating near the leaf margin (arrows).
植物群名称 Flora | 优势成分 Dominant element | 植被类型 Vegetation type | 主要相关文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|
庆福植物群 Qingfu Flora | 高山栎组 Quercus sect. Heterobalanus | 硬叶常绿阔叶林 Sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest | 2015 |
红园植物群 Hongyuan Flora | 高山栎组 Quercus sect. Heterobalanus | 硬叶常绿阔叶林 Sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest | 2016; |
南班榜植物群 Nanbanbang Flora | 松科、蓼属、悬钩子属、黄芪属、苔草属等 Pinaceae, Polygonum, Rubus, Astragalus, Carex etc. | 灌丛草地、针阔叶混交林 Shrubby meadow, mixed coniferous-broadleaved forest | 2022 |
福东植物群 Fudong Flora | 高山栎组(叶片); 松科(炭屑) Quercus sect. Heterobalanus (leaves); Pinaceae (charcoals) | 硬叶常绿阔叶林(叶片); 针阔叶混交林(炭屑) Sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest (leaves); mixed coniferous-broadleaved forest (charcoals) | 2021 |
三营植物群 Sanying Flora | 高山栎组(叶片); 松科、栎属、桦木科等(孢粉) Quercus sect. Heterobalanus (leaves); Pinaceae, Quercus, Betulaceae (spore/pollen) | 硬叶常绿阔叶林(叶片); 针阔叶混交林(孢粉) Sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest (leaves); mixed coniferous-broadleaved forest (spore/pollen) | 2019 |
羊街植物群 Yangjie Flora | 高山栎组 Quercus sect. Heterobalanus | 硬叶常绿阔叶林 Sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest | 2015 |
羊邑植物群 Yangyi Flora | 高山栎组(叶片); 桦木科、壳斗科、金缕梅科等(孢粉) Quercus sect. Heterobalanus (leaves); Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Hamamelidaceae etc. (spore/pollen) | 硬叶常绿阔叶林(叶片); 亚热带常绿阔叶林、亚热带落叶阔叶林(孢粉) Sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest (leaves); subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest, subtropical deciduous broadleaved forest (spore/pollen) | 2004a |
龙陵植物群 Longling Flora | 壳斗科、杜鹃花科、冬青科等 Fagaceae, Ericaceae, Aquifoliaceae etc. | 亚热带常绿阔叶林 Subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest | 2004b |
团田植物群 Tuantian Flora | 樟科、壳斗科、金缕梅科等 Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Hamamelidaceae etc. | 亚热带常绿阔叶林 Subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest | 2009 |
Table 2 Dominant elements and vegetation types of the Pliocene fossil floras in the southern Hengduan Mountains region
植物群名称 Flora | 优势成分 Dominant element | 植被类型 Vegetation type | 主要相关文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|
庆福植物群 Qingfu Flora | 高山栎组 Quercus sect. Heterobalanus | 硬叶常绿阔叶林 Sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest | 2015 |
红园植物群 Hongyuan Flora | 高山栎组 Quercus sect. Heterobalanus | 硬叶常绿阔叶林 Sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest | 2016; |
南班榜植物群 Nanbanbang Flora | 松科、蓼属、悬钩子属、黄芪属、苔草属等 Pinaceae, Polygonum, Rubus, Astragalus, Carex etc. | 灌丛草地、针阔叶混交林 Shrubby meadow, mixed coniferous-broadleaved forest | 2022 |
福东植物群 Fudong Flora | 高山栎组(叶片); 松科(炭屑) Quercus sect. Heterobalanus (leaves); Pinaceae (charcoals) | 硬叶常绿阔叶林(叶片); 针阔叶混交林(炭屑) Sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest (leaves); mixed coniferous-broadleaved forest (charcoals) | 2021 |
三营植物群 Sanying Flora | 高山栎组(叶片); 松科、栎属、桦木科等(孢粉) Quercus sect. Heterobalanus (leaves); Pinaceae, Quercus, Betulaceae (spore/pollen) | 硬叶常绿阔叶林(叶片); 针阔叶混交林(孢粉) Sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest (leaves); mixed coniferous-broadleaved forest (spore/pollen) | 2019 |
羊街植物群 Yangjie Flora | 高山栎组 Quercus sect. Heterobalanus | 硬叶常绿阔叶林 Sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest | 2015 |
羊邑植物群 Yangyi Flora | 高山栎组(叶片); 桦木科、壳斗科、金缕梅科等(孢粉) Quercus sect. Heterobalanus (leaves); Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Hamamelidaceae etc. (spore/pollen) | 硬叶常绿阔叶林(叶片); 亚热带常绿阔叶林、亚热带落叶阔叶林(孢粉) Sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest (leaves); subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest, subtropical deciduous broadleaved forest (spore/pollen) | 2004a |
龙陵植物群 Longling Flora | 壳斗科、杜鹃花科、冬青科等 Fagaceae, Ericaceae, Aquifoliaceae etc. | 亚热带常绿阔叶林 Subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest | 2004b |
团田植物群 Tuantian Flora | 樟科、壳斗科、金缕梅科等 Lauraceae, Fagaceae, Hamamelidaceae etc. | 亚热带常绿阔叶林 Subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest | 2009 |
Fig. 3 Fossil fruits and seeds of herbs from the Pliocene Nanbanbang flora (scale bars = 0.5 mm). a, Ranunculus; b, Corydalis; c, Rumex; d, e, Polygonum; f, Chenopodium; g, Stellaria; h, Fragaria; i, Astragalus; j, Aster; k, Carex; l, Schoenoplectus. Images b-d, h, j and l are based on Huang et al (2022) with the formal permission of the publisher.
Fig. 4 Fossil charcoals from the Pliocene Fudong flora (scale bars = 50 μm (a-c, e-g); 10 μm (d, h)). a-d, Conifers; a, Transverse section, showing the homogenous, regular lumina (xylem cells; transverse view) and xylem rays (longitudinal view) (arrows); b, Amplified view of the transverse section, showing the regular xylem cells and homogenized adjacent cell walls; c, Longitudinal section, showing the xylem cells (longitudinal view), tracheid cells (longitudinal view) and uniseriate xylem rays (transverse view); d, Amplified view of the longitudinal section, showing the uniseriate, circular pits (arrows) on the tracheid wall; e-h, Non-conifers; e, Transverse section, showing the heterogenous, irregular lumina (vessel, xylem and parenchyma); f, Amplified view of the transverse section, showing the transverse view of a vessel (arrow); g, Longitudinal section, showing the longitudinal view of a vessel; h, Amplified view of the longitudinal section, showing alternative pits on the vessel cell wall.
Fig. 5 Vegetation distribution in the Pliocene of the southern Hengduan Mountains region. The map was created using GeoMapApp 3.6.10 (Ryan et al, 2009).
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