No significant differences found in chemical traits of pollen and nectar located in different positions across Aconitum piepunense racemes

doi:10.17520/biods.2023371

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: Floral resource allocation often varies across developmental time and across locations in inflorescences. The chemical profile of a plant plays an important role in its growth, development, and interaction with its environment; however, it remains unclear whether such chemical traits vary among floral positions in a single plant. We aim to investigate the variation in chemical profiles of floral reward (pollen and nectar) at different positions of a single plant’s inflorescences.

Methods: Flowers in racemes of Aconitum piepunense (aconite) were categorized into three positions (basal, middle and distal). In each of the three positions, we observed pollinator foraging behaviors and measured nectar volume and sugar concentration. We then measured and analyzed the types and relative contents of chemical compounds within the pollen and nectar of flowers at each of the three positions.

Results: The two major pollinators (Bombus friseanus and B. religiosus) typically visited flowers from basal to distal in a sequential order in A. piepunense. Neither the bumblebee visit frequency nor the duration per flower significantly differed among the three positions. Flowers at the bottom of each position secreted more nectar by volume than the middle and upper flowers, but this volume was not significantly different in terms of the nectar sugar concentration across positions. We also found that the relative contents and types of secondary metabolites within the pollen and nectar were both significantly higher than those of primary metabolites. Further, the relative contents and classes of secondary metabolites were significantly higher in pollen than in nectar. Finally, we observed that the relative content and classes of most chemical profiles within pollen or nectar did not significantly differ at basal, middle, or distal flower positions.

Conclusion: Our results indicate that in the raceme of bumblebee-pollinated A. piepunense, floral positioning within a single plant has no clear impact on the chemical profiles of its pollen and nectar.

Key words: Aconitum piepunense, visiting behavior, pollen, nectar, chemical character, raceme, architectural effect

Xiaoqin Lü, Yang Li, Shunyu Wang, Renxiu Yao, Xiaoyue Wang. No significant differences found in chemical traits of pollen and nectar located in different positions across Aconitum piepunense racemes[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2024, 32(1): 23371.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2023371

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2024/V32/I1/23371

Figures/Tables 6

References 42

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化学性状 Chemical properties	花粉 Pollen			花蜜 Nectar
化学性状 Chemical properties	相对含量 Relative content (× 10⁴)	占比 Proportion (%)	种类数 No. of compounds	相对含量 Relative content (× 10⁴)	占比 Proportion (%)	种类数 No. of compounds
初级代谢物 Primary metabolites
蛋白质类 Protein	531.43 ± 71.40	11.801	21 ± 2	0.21± 0.07	0.091	3 ± 1
脂类 Lipid	12.35 ± 16.23	0.274	1 ± 1
核酸类 Nucleic acid	82.68 ± 11.80	1.836	12 ± 1	1.69 ± 1.72	0.721	4 ± 1
糖类 Carbohydrate	0.26 ± 0.14	0.006	2 ± 1	3.21 ± 1.36	1.373	5 ± 0
次级代谢物 Secondary metabolites
生物碱类 Alkaloid	1,629.39 ± 580.33	36.182	195 ± 11	57.74 ± 11.53	24.685	92 ± 6
酚类 Phenol	1,483.18 ± 324.16	32.935	379 ± 13	117.72 ± 8.48	50.324	183 ± 10
萜类 Terpenoid	764.00 ± 253.51	16.965	440 ± 14	53.35 ± 4.51	22.806	214 ± 15

化学性状 Chemical properties	花粉 Pollen			花蜜 Nectar
化学性状 Chemical properties	相对含量 Relative content (× 10⁴)	占比 Proportion (%)	种类数 No. of compounds	相对含量 Relative content (× 10⁴)	占比 Proportion (%)	种类数 No. of compounds
初级代谢物 Primary metabolites
蛋白质类 Protein	531.43 ± 71.40	11.801	21 ± 2	0.21± 0.07	0.091	3 ± 1
脂类 Lipid	12.35 ± 16.23	0.274	1 ± 1
核酸类 Nucleic acid	82.68 ± 11.80	1.836	12 ± 1	1.69 ± 1.72	0.721	4 ± 1
糖类 Carbohydrate	0.26 ± 0.14	0.006	2 ± 1	3.21 ± 1.36	1.373	5 ± 0
次级代谢物 Secondary metabolites
生物碱类 Alkaloid	1,629.39 ± 580.33	36.182	195 ± 11	57.74 ± 11.53	24.685	92 ± 6
酚类 Phenol	1,483.18 ± 324.16	32.935	379 ± 13	117.72 ± 8.48	50.324	183 ± 10
萜类 Terpenoid	764.00 ± 253.51	16.965	440 ± 14	53.35 ± 4.51	22.806	214 ± 15

化学性状 Chemical properties		基部花 Basal flower	中部花 Middle flower	顶部花 Distal flower	Wald χ²	df	P
相对含量 Relative content (× 10⁴)
初级代谢物 Primary metabolites
	蛋白质类 Protein	511.49 ± 42.34^a	552.74 ± 124.82^a	530.06 ± 41.72^a	0.402	2	0.818
	脂类 Lipid	18.26 ± 12.97^a	15.03 ± 26.00^a	3.77± 6.00^a	1.183	2	0.553
	核酸类 Nucleic acid	82.42 ± 7.98^a	78.04 ± 20.35^a	87.58 ± 3.25^a	0.840	2	0.657
	糖类 Carbohydrate	0.24 ± 0.13^a	0.24 ± 0.22^a	0.29 ± 0.11^a	0.176	2	0.916
次级代谢物 Secondary metabolites
生物碱类 Alkaloid	生物碱 Alkaloid	1,511.92 ± 382.731^a	1,955.34 ± 722.05^a	1,420.90 ± 658.81^a	1.336	2	0.513
酚类 Phenol	黄酮类 Flavonoid	764.42 ± 69.01^a	891.47 ± 316.12^a	1,015.04 ± 230.25^a	1.792	2	0.408
	醌类 Quinone	364.93 ± 23.91^a	386.44 ± 128.43^a	390.26 ± 61.44^a	0.161	2	0.923
	苯丙烷类 Phenylpropanoid	128.98 ± 6.70^a	186.97 ± 51.13^a	220.84 ± 78.17^a	4.430	2	0.109
	酚类 Phenol	24.72 ± 0.29^b	28.96 ± 0.74^a	28.57 ± 2.49^a	14.461	2	< 0.001
	鞣质类 Tannin	4.45 ± 1.30^a	7.01 ± 0.68^a	6.46 ± 3.46^a	2.317	2	0.314
萜类Terpenoid	萜类 Terpenoid	580.16 ± 75.67^a	619.22 ± 321.59^a	586.63 ± 289.76^a	0.041	2	0.980
	甾体类 Steroid	148.13 ± 41.41^a	171.98 ± 61.02^a	185.87 ± 25.71^a	1.075	2	0.584
种类数 No. of compounds
初级代谢物 Primary metabolites
	蛋白质类 Protein	21 ± 2^a	21 ± 4^a	20 ± 1^a	0.039	2	0.981
	脂类 Lipid	1 ± 0^a	1 ± 1^a	1 ± 1^a	3.000	2	0.223
	核酸类 Nucleic acid	11 ± 1^a	12 ± 0^a	11 ± 1^a	1.200	2	0.549
	糖类 Carbohydrate	2 ± 1^a	2 ± 1^a	2 ± 1^a	0.286	2	0.867
次级代谢物 Secondary metabolites
生物碱类 Alkaloid	生物碱 Alkaloid	202 ± 2^a	188 ± 12^a	194 ± 13^a	2.501	2	0.286
酚类 Phenol	黄酮类 Flavonoid	158 ± 9^a	151 ± 11^a	156 ± 6^a	0.757	2	0.685
	醌类 Quinone	33 ± 0^a	33 ± 5^a	35 ± 3^a	0.686	2	0.710
	苯丙烷类 Phenylpropanoid	147 ± 3^a	148 ± 4^a	139 ± 4^b	8.807	2	0.012
	酚类 Phenol	39 ± 1^a	37 ± 2^a	39 ± 2^a	1.313	2	0.519
	鞣质类 Tannin	6 ± 1^a	7 ± 3^a	7 ± 1^a	1.282	2	0.527
萜类 Terpenoid	萜类 Terpenoid	284 ± 5^a	288 ± 12^a	292 ± 9^a	1.043	2	0.593
	甾体类 Steroid	158 ± 6^a	148 ± 11^a	150 ± 1^a	3.202	2	0.202

化学性状 Chemical properties		基部花 Basal flower	中部花 Middle flower	顶部花 Distal flower	Wald χ²	df	P
相对含量 Relative content (× 10⁴)
初级代谢物 Primary metabolites
	蛋白质类 Protein	511.49 ± 42.34^a	552.74 ± 124.82^a	530.06 ± 41.72^a	0.402	2	0.818
	脂类 Lipid	18.26 ± 12.97^a	15.03 ± 26.00^a	3.77± 6.00^a	1.183	2	0.553
	核酸类 Nucleic acid	82.42 ± 7.98^a	78.04 ± 20.35^a	87.58 ± 3.25^a	0.840	2	0.657
	糖类 Carbohydrate	0.24 ± 0.13^a	0.24 ± 0.22^a	0.29 ± 0.11^a	0.176	2	0.916
次级代谢物 Secondary metabolites
生物碱类 Alkaloid	生物碱 Alkaloid	1,511.92 ± 382.731^a	1,955.34 ± 722.05^a	1,420.90 ± 658.81^a	1.336	2	0.513
酚类 Phenol	黄酮类 Flavonoid	764.42 ± 69.01^a	891.47 ± 316.12^a	1,015.04 ± 230.25^a	1.792	2	0.408
	醌类 Quinone	364.93 ± 23.91^a	386.44 ± 128.43^a	390.26 ± 61.44^a	0.161	2	0.923
	苯丙烷类 Phenylpropanoid	128.98 ± 6.70^a	186.97 ± 51.13^a	220.84 ± 78.17^a	4.430	2	0.109
	酚类 Phenol	24.72 ± 0.29^b	28.96 ± 0.74^a	28.57 ± 2.49^a	14.461	2	< 0.001
	鞣质类 Tannin	4.45 ± 1.30^a	7.01 ± 0.68^a	6.46 ± 3.46^a	2.317	2	0.314
萜类Terpenoid	萜类 Terpenoid	580.16 ± 75.67^a	619.22 ± 321.59^a	586.63 ± 289.76^a	0.041	2	0.980
	甾体类 Steroid	148.13 ± 41.41^a	171.98 ± 61.02^a	185.87 ± 25.71^a	1.075	2	0.584
种类数 No. of compounds
初级代谢物 Primary metabolites
	蛋白质类 Protein	21 ± 2^a	21 ± 4^a	20 ± 1^a	0.039	2	0.981
	脂类 Lipid	1 ± 0^a	1 ± 1^a	1 ± 1^a	3.000	2	0.223
	核酸类 Nucleic acid	11 ± 1^a	12 ± 0^a	11 ± 1^a	1.200	2	0.549
	糖类 Carbohydrate	2 ± 1^a	2 ± 1^a	2 ± 1^a	0.286	2	0.867
次级代谢物 Secondary metabolites
生物碱类 Alkaloid	生物碱 Alkaloid	202 ± 2^a	188 ± 12^a	194 ± 13^a	2.501	2	0.286
酚类 Phenol	黄酮类 Flavonoid	158 ± 9^a	151 ± 11^a	156 ± 6^a	0.757	2	0.685
	醌类 Quinone	33 ± 0^a	33 ± 5^a	35 ± 3^a	0.686	2	0.710
	苯丙烷类 Phenylpropanoid	147 ± 3^a	148 ± 4^a	139 ± 4^b	8.807	2	0.012
	酚类 Phenol	39 ± 1^a	37 ± 2^a	39 ± 2^a	1.313	2	0.519
	鞣质类 Tannin	6 ± 1^a	7 ± 3^a	7 ± 1^a	1.282	2	0.527
萜类 Terpenoid	萜类 Terpenoid	284 ± 5^a	288 ± 12^a	292 ± 9^a	1.043	2	0.593
	甾体类 Steroid	158 ± 6^a	148 ± 11^a	150 ± 1^a	3.202	2	0.202

化学性状 Chemical properties		基部花 Basal flower	中部花 Middle flower	顶部花 Distal flower	Wald χ²	df	P
相对含量 Relative content (× 10⁴)
初级代谢物 Primary metabolites
	蛋白质类 Protein	0.22 ± 0.11^a	0.18 ± 0.01^a	0.22 ± 0.04^a	0.365	2	0.833
	核酸类 Nucleic acid	2.15 ± 2.93^a	0.66 ± 0.05^a	1.91 ± 0.51^a	0.823	2	0.663
	糖类 Carbohydrate	4.59 ± 1.38^a	2.31 ± 0.14^b	2.43 ± 0.07^b	11.914	2	0.003
次级代谢物 Secondary metabolites
生物碱 Alkaloids	生物碱 Alkaloid	64.41 ± 6.54^a	52.49 ± 14.55^a	54.57 ± 14.39^a	1.539	2	0.463
酚类 Phenol	黄酮类 Flavonoid	72.34 ± 12.70^a	65.80 ± 1.58^a	62.16 ± 1.887^a	2.391	2	0.303
	醌类 Quinone	16.74 ± 1.61^a	20.33 ± 2.13^a	19.53 ± 1.92^a	5.500	2	0.064
	苯丙烷类 Phenylpropanoid	25.25 ± 0.29^a	22.90 ± 0.00^b	21.96 ± 0.73^b	69.09	2	< 0.001
	酚类 Phenol	9.13 ± 1.43^a	7.45 ± 0.67^a	8.43 ± 1.22^a	2.227	2	0.328
	鞣质类 Tannin	0.31 ± 0.06^a	0.29 ± 0.08^a	0.21 ± 0.05^a	4.454	2	0.108
萜类 Terpenoid	萜类 Terpenoid	40.84 ± 3.63^a	36.45 ± 1.94^a	38.23 ± 0.75^a	3.909	2	0.142
	甾体类 Steroid	16.64 ± 0.13^a	12.55 ± 1.07^b	13.89 ± 1.93^b	12.992	2	0.002
种类数 No. of compounds
初级代谢物 Primary metabolites
	蛋白质类 Protein	3 ± 1^a	3 ± 1^a	4 ± 0^a	6.000	2	0.050
	核酸类 Nucleic acid	3 ± 1^b	5 ± 0^a	5 ± 1^a	9.375	2	0.009
	糖类 Carbohydrate	5 ± 0^a	5 ± 1^a	5 ± 1^a	1.429	2	0.490
次级代谢物 Secondary metabolites
生物碱类 Alkaloid	生物碱 Alkaloid	94 ± 9^a	94 ± 2^a	89 ± 5^a	1.200	2	0.549
酚类 Phenol	黄酮类 Flavonoid	61 ± 2^a	55 ± 0^a	60 ± 7^a	1.994	2	0.369
	醌类 Quinone	14 ± 4^a	16 ± 1^a	14 ± 1^a	0.798	2	0.671
	苯丙烷类 Phenylpropanoid	87 ± 5^a	81 ± 1^a	78 ± 8^a	3.861	2	0.145
	酚类 Phenol	26 ± 2^a	24 ± 4^a	25 ± 1^a	2.095	2	0.351
	鞣质类 Tannin	3 ± 1^a	2 ± 1^a	2 ± 1^a	0.813	2	0.666
萜类 Terpenoid	萜类 Terpenoid	160 ± 6^a	142 ± 4^b	145 ± 4^b	20.518	2	< 0.001
	甾体类 Steroid	72 ± 3^a	63 ± 4^b	60 ± 6^b	12.868	2	0.002