Progress in marine habitat mapping: Concept, methods, and applications

doi:10.17520/biods.2020176

Abstract

Abstract:

Context: The ecological boundaries rather than the administrative boundaries are adopted in the Marine Ecosystem- Based Management (MEBM) guide to management practices. Marine habitat mapping aims to explore the distribution patterns of the marine environment, biomes, and species. This provides ecological boundaries for management actions like biodiversity conservation and marine spatial planning.

Aims: Marine habitat mapping is an effective approach in using monitoring data for decision-making, which has become popular for research focused on marine ecosystem conservation and management. However, marine habitat mapping has only just begun in China. This article aims at reviewing domestic and foreign research progress of marine habitat mapping.

Progresses: First, we explain the definition and connotation of marine habitat mapping. Then, we clarify the steps of marine habitat mapping and its applications for ecosystem-based management. The methods for marine habitat mapping were systematically summarized based on the aspects of habitat classification scheme, ecoregion delineation, and characteristics descriptions. Furthermore, we summarize the representative marine habitat mapping cases. By comparing the marine habitat mapping systems developed by different countries/regions, we proposed common characteristics across different systems. Finally, we present suggestions in interpreting the prospects of marine habitat mapping applications in China, providing scientific basis for China’s marine ecological spatial management.

Key words: habitat mapping, marine spatial planning, habitat classification, ecological regions

Wenjia Hu, Qiulin Zhou, Bin Chen, Shengyun Yang, Jiamei Xiao, Jianguo Du, Hao Huang, Weiwei Yu, Zhiyuan Ma. Progress in marine habitat mapping: Concept, methods, and applications[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(4): 531-544.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2020176

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2021/V29/I4/531

Figures/Tables 3

References 88

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产品 Product	方法 Methodology	采用的数据和信息 Utilized data and information	来源 Sources
大洋生物地理边界图 Pelagic biogeography boundaries	专家意见 Expert opinion	文献资料 Previous literature	van der Spoel, 1994
大海洋生态系内的渔业区划 Fishery regions in Large Marine Ecosystems	现有文献整合 Synthesizing previous work	大海洋生态系和出版物 Large Marine Ecosystem and publications	Watson et al, 2003
大洋表层生态分区(不包括海岸带) Surface pelagic zones, not coastal	专家意见 Expert opinion	海洋水色和理化数据 Ocean color and physio-chemical data	Longhurst, 2007
世界海洋生态区系统 Coastal marine ecoregions of the world	专家意见 Expert opinion	已有的各区域的海岸带分区的综合资料 Previous regional coastal mapping	Spalding et al, 2007
基于叶绿素a的海洋中上层生物群落分类分区 Classification of biomes based on chlorophyll-a in pelagic ocean	层次聚类分析 Hierarchical cluster analysis	月均叶绿素a Mean monthly chlorophyll-a content	Hardman-Mountford et al. 2008
全球海洋生物地理省分区 Global ocean biogeographic provinces	多元聚类分析 Multivariate cluster analysis	MODIS/Aqua衍生的海表温度和海洋水色数据 Sea surface temperature and ocean color from MODIS/Aqua reprocessing	Oliver & Irwin, 2008
全球大洋和深海海底分区 Global open oceans and deep seabed classification	专家意见 Expert opinion	现有研究的综述 Review of previous studies	UNESCO, 2009
为全球公海海洋保护区设计的海洋底栖生境图 Global benthic seascapes for high seas marine protected areas	多元分析 Multivariate analysis	水深、斜坡、初级生产力、沉积物厚度、底层温度、底层溶解氧 Depth, slope, net primary productivity, sediment thickness, bottom temperature, and bottom dissolved oxygen	Harris & Whiteway, 2009
全球深海(> 800 m)生物省分区 Biogeographic provinces for deep ocean floor (> 800 m)	专家意见 Expert opinion	指示深海生物分布的理化变量 Physical and chemical variables indicating organism distribution at the deep-sea floor	Watling et al, 2013
大洋浮游生物多样性热点区 Oceanic phytoplankton hotspot regions	Shannon熵值法 Shannon entropy	海洋水色遥感 Remote sensing of ocean color	Silvia et al. 2013
大洋生态区 Ecoregions of ocean	表层海流分带 Sea surface currents classification	海流, 包括水温、盐度和上升流 Ocean currents, including temperature, salinity, and upwellings	Bailey, 2014
海洋动植物的生物地理带分区 Biogeographic realms of marine animals and flora	物种出现数据的标准化聚类分析 Standardized cluster analysis of species occurrence data	中上层和底栖生物分布数据 Pelagic and benthic species distribution data	Costello et al, 2017
海洋水体的三维生态单元分区Three-dimensional ecological marine units	K-均值聚类分析 K-means clustering analysis	水温、盐度、溶解氧、硝酸盐、磷酸盐和硅酸盐的三维环境变量 Three-dimensional environmental variables of temperature, salinity, oxygen, nitrate, phosphate, and silicate	Sayre et al, 2017
全球大洋中层生物地球化学分区 Global mesopelagic biogeochemical provinces	多元聚类分析和边界频次 Multivariate cluster analysis and boundary frequency	世界大洋地图的中层环境数据 Mesopelagic environmental data from World Ocean Atlas	Reygondeau et al. 2018
世界海洋生态系统聚类分区 Clustered marine ecosystems of the world ocean	主成分分析和K-均值聚类分析 Principal component analysis and K-means clustering analysis	20项海洋环境变量 20 environmental variables	Zhao et al, 2020

产品 Product	方法 Methodology	采用的数据和信息 Utilized data and information	来源 Sources
大洋生物地理边界图 Pelagic biogeography boundaries	专家意见 Expert opinion	文献资料 Previous literature	van der Spoel, 1994
大海洋生态系内的渔业区划 Fishery regions in Large Marine Ecosystems	现有文献整合 Synthesizing previous work	大海洋生态系和出版物 Large Marine Ecosystem and publications	Watson et al, 2003
大洋表层生态分区(不包括海岸带) Surface pelagic zones, not coastal	专家意见 Expert opinion	海洋水色和理化数据 Ocean color and physio-chemical data	Longhurst, 2007
世界海洋生态区系统 Coastal marine ecoregions of the world	专家意见 Expert opinion	已有的各区域的海岸带分区的综合资料 Previous regional coastal mapping	Spalding et al, 2007
基于叶绿素a的海洋中上层生物群落分类分区 Classification of biomes based on chlorophyll-a in pelagic ocean	层次聚类分析 Hierarchical cluster analysis	月均叶绿素a Mean monthly chlorophyll-a content	Hardman-Mountford et al. 2008
全球海洋生物地理省分区 Global ocean biogeographic provinces	多元聚类分析 Multivariate cluster analysis	MODIS/Aqua衍生的海表温度和海洋水色数据 Sea surface temperature and ocean color from MODIS/Aqua reprocessing	Oliver & Irwin, 2008
全球大洋和深海海底分区 Global open oceans and deep seabed classification	专家意见 Expert opinion	现有研究的综述 Review of previous studies	UNESCO, 2009
为全球公海海洋保护区设计的海洋底栖生境图 Global benthic seascapes for high seas marine protected areas	多元分析 Multivariate analysis	水深、斜坡、初级生产力、沉积物厚度、底层温度、底层溶解氧 Depth, slope, net primary productivity, sediment thickness, bottom temperature, and bottom dissolved oxygen	Harris & Whiteway, 2009
全球深海(> 800 m)生物省分区 Biogeographic provinces for deep ocean floor (> 800 m)	专家意见 Expert opinion	指示深海生物分布的理化变量 Physical and chemical variables indicating organism distribution at the deep-sea floor	Watling et al, 2013
大洋浮游生物多样性热点区 Oceanic phytoplankton hotspot regions	Shannon熵值法 Shannon entropy	海洋水色遥感 Remote sensing of ocean color	Silvia et al. 2013
大洋生态区 Ecoregions of ocean	表层海流分带 Sea surface currents classification	海流, 包括水温、盐度和上升流 Ocean currents, including temperature, salinity, and upwellings	Bailey, 2014
海洋动植物的生物地理带分区 Biogeographic realms of marine animals and flora	物种出现数据的标准化聚类分析 Standardized cluster analysis of species occurrence data	中上层和底栖生物分布数据 Pelagic and benthic species distribution data	Costello et al, 2017
海洋水体的三维生态单元分区Three-dimensional ecological marine units	K-均值聚类分析 K-means clustering analysis	水温、盐度、溶解氧、硝酸盐、磷酸盐和硅酸盐的三维环境变量 Three-dimensional environmental variables of temperature, salinity, oxygen, nitrate, phosphate, and silicate	Sayre et al, 2017
全球大洋中层生物地球化学分区 Global mesopelagic biogeochemical provinces	多元聚类分析和边界频次 Multivariate cluster analysis and boundary frequency	世界大洋地图的中层环境数据 Mesopelagic environmental data from World Ocean Atlas	Reygondeau et al. 2018
世界海洋生态系统聚类分区 Clustered marine ecosystems of the world ocean	主成分分析和K-均值聚类分析 Principal component analysis and K-means clustering analysis	20项海洋环境变量 20 environmental variables	Zhao et al, 2020

序号 Number	特征名称 Name	特征描述 Description
1	分级化 Hierarchical	分类系统应该是分级的, 以避免定义的重叠以及在系统不同层次上出现类别重复, 并确保在生态上相似的类型彼此接近并处于恰当的级别。The classification system should be hierarchical to avoid overlap of definitions and duplication of categories at different levels of the system, and ensure that ecologically similar types are placed near to each other and at an appropriate level.
2	互斥性 Exclusive	分类方案应互斥且详尽, 每个要分类的要素都应仅属于一个类。A classification scheme should be mutually exclusive and exhaustive so that every feature to be classified should fall within one class only.
3	全面性 Comprehensive	全面考虑制图区域内的所有海洋生境类型。Be comprehensive, accounting for all the marine habitats within the mapping region.
4	可识别性和重复性 Identifiable and repeatable	生境应该是可识别的、有重复性的环境单元类型。Habitats should be identifiable, repeatable environmental units.
5	可描述性 Descriptive	可提供通用且易于理解的语言来描述海洋生境。Provide a common and easily understood language for the description of marine habitats.
6	易用性 Practical	形式实用, 表述清晰。Be practical in format and clear in its presentation.
7	通用性 Versatility	保证各种生境采样技术都能产生相同的生境类别或群落定义, 尽管生境分类分区的等级可能取决于采样技术的分辨率。All types of sampling techniques should result in the same habitat classes or community definitions, although the level to which a habitat can be classified in a hierarchy will be dependent on the resolution of the sampling technique.
8	动态性 Dynamic	分类体系应能识别动态的时间尺度。与在较长时间范围内变化的生境因子(例如礁岩)相比, 在较短时间范围内变化的生境因子(例如生物群落)应纳入在层次分类体系中的较低级别。The classification should recognize time scales over which variables may change. Habitat variables that change over shorter time scales (e.g. biota) should be incorporated at a lower level in the hierarchy than variables that change over longer time scales (e.g. reef substratum).
9	普遍性 Universality	它应包括足够的细节, 以供自然资源管理人员和监测人员应用; 但也应足够宽泛(通过层次结构), 以使宏观的生境信息能够在国家和全球层面上呈现或供非专业人员使用。It should include sufficient detail to be of practical use for resource managers and field surveyors, but be sufficiently broad (through hierarchical structuring) to enable summary habitat information to be presented at national and international levels or be used by nonspecialists.
10	可扩展性 Scalable	它应该足够灵活, 能够通过添加新信息进行修改, 但又要足够稳定以支持正在进行的应用。修改的内容可以被清晰地记录, 有可能的话可将新定义的类型重新关联到之前的分类体系中。It should be sufficiently flexible to enable modification resulting from the addition of new information, but stable enough to support ongoing uses. Changes should be clearly documented and where possible, newly defined types need to be related back to types in earlier versions of the classification.

序号 Number	特征名称 Name	特征描述 Description
1	分级化 Hierarchical	分类系统应该是分级的, 以避免定义的重叠以及在系统不同层次上出现类别重复, 并确保在生态上相似的类型彼此接近并处于恰当的级别。The classification system should be hierarchical to avoid overlap of definitions and duplication of categories at different levels of the system, and ensure that ecologically similar types are placed near to each other and at an appropriate level.
2	互斥性 Exclusive	分类方案应互斥且详尽, 每个要分类的要素都应仅属于一个类。A classification scheme should be mutually exclusive and exhaustive so that every feature to be classified should fall within one class only.
3	全面性 Comprehensive	全面考虑制图区域内的所有海洋生境类型。Be comprehensive, accounting for all the marine habitats within the mapping region.
4	可识别性和重复性 Identifiable and repeatable	生境应该是可识别的、有重复性的环境单元类型。Habitats should be identifiable, repeatable environmental units.
5	可描述性 Descriptive	可提供通用且易于理解的语言来描述海洋生境。Provide a common and easily understood language for the description of marine habitats.
6	易用性 Practical	形式实用, 表述清晰。Be practical in format and clear in its presentation.
7	通用性 Versatility	保证各种生境采样技术都能产生相同的生境类别或群落定义, 尽管生境分类分区的等级可能取决于采样技术的分辨率。All types of sampling techniques should result in the same habitat classes or community definitions, although the level to which a habitat can be classified in a hierarchy will be dependent on the resolution of the sampling technique.
8	动态性 Dynamic	分类体系应能识别动态的时间尺度。与在较长时间范围内变化的生境因子(例如礁岩)相比, 在较短时间范围内变化的生境因子(例如生物群落)应纳入在层次分类体系中的较低级别。The classification should recognize time scales over which variables may change. Habitat variables that change over shorter time scales (e.g. biota) should be incorporated at a lower level in the hierarchy than variables that change over longer time scales (e.g. reef substratum).
9	普遍性 Universality	它应包括足够的细节, 以供自然资源管理人员和监测人员应用; 但也应足够宽泛(通过层次结构), 以使宏观的生境信息能够在国家和全球层面上呈现或供非专业人员使用。It should include sufficient detail to be of practical use for resource managers and field surveyors, but be sufficiently broad (through hierarchical structuring) to enable summary habitat information to be presented at national and international levels or be used by nonspecialists.
10	可扩展性 Scalable	它应该足够灵活, 能够通过添加新信息进行修改, 但又要足够稳定以支持正在进行的应用。修改的内容可以被清晰地记录, 有可能的话可将新定义的类型重新关联到之前的分类体系中。It should be sufficiently flexible to enable modification resulting from the addition of new information, but stable enough to support ongoing uses. Changes should be clearly documented and where possible, newly defined types need to be related back to types in earlier versions of the classification.