家养动物驯化起源的研究方法与进展

doi:10.17520/biods.2021457

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

驯化动物伴随了人类上万年的进化历程。在驯化过程中, 家养动物表型和行为特征发生巨大改变, 并与人类生产生活的进步相适应。研究动物驯化问题对于了解遗传多样性及适应性进化, 解析复杂性状的遗传机制等具有重要的意义, 成为生物学领域的重点研究内容之一。本文专注于动物驯化的初始阶段, 首先介绍了驯化起源的时间与地点、驯化途径和驱动因、驯化后的扩散和品种选育; 其次从驯化对象的角度着重介绍了考古学、分子和群体遗传学两方面的家养动物驯化起源的研究策略、优势与不足, 以及未来的发展方向; 最后, 我们综合多方面的证据, 介绍了在中国驯化的家猪(Sus domesticus)和家鸡(Gallus gallus domesticus)以及其他主要家养动物考古和分子水平上驯化起源的研究进展。本文整合多种证据为家养动物驯化起源的研究提供了相对完整的视角和新的思路。

关键词: 驯化起源, 动物考古学, 分子和群体遗传学, 遗传相似性, 遗传多态性

Abstract

Background & Aim: Domesticated animal coevolved with human for thousands of years. During the process of domestication, significant changes on phenotype and behavior traits have been taken place on animals, and changes are accompanied with human civilization. As one of the important topics in biological research, studying on animal domestication will not only extend our understanding on genetic diversity and adaptation, but also help to dissect the underlying molecular mechanisms on complex traits. This article focuses on the initiation of animal domestication.

Progress: Firstly, we summarized the timing and locations where domestication happens, as well as domestication pathways and driving factors, spreading and breed formation after domestication. Secondly, we introduced classical and latest advancements, pros and cons, and future directions of the analysis strategies of animal domestication in both archaeology and molecular and population genetics areas. Finally, by integrating various evidences we introduced the research progress on the origin of domestication of pigs (Sus scrofa f. domestica) and chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) which were domesticated in China, as well as other major livestocks.

Conclusion: This article provides a comprehensive perspective and new ideas for the study on the origin of animal domestication.

Key words: origin of domestication, zooarchaeology, molecular and population genetics, genetic similarity, genetic diversity

蔡新宇, 毛晓伟, 赵毅强 (2022) 家养动物驯化起源的研究方法与进展. 生物多样性, 30, 21457. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021457.

Xinyu Cai, Xiaowei Mao, Yiqiang Zhao (2022) Methods and research progress on the origin of animal domestication. Biodiversity Science, 30, 21457. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021457.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2021457

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2022/V30/I4/21457

图/表 3

表1 主要家养动物的驯化起源信息。根据Larson和Fuller (2014)、Larson等(2014)和Teletchea (2019)整理。内容包括地理起源、野生祖先、时间起源(前驯化时期和形态学改变时期)和驯化途径。其中前驯化时期是在发生骨骼形态学和性状变化之前出现的特殊集约化管理现象, 是迈向驯化时必不可少的探索阶段。“×”表示此处目前尚未取得可靠证据或者存在较大争议。

Table1 The summary of the origin of domestication of major domestic animals, collected from Larson & Fuller (2014), Larson (2014), and Teletchea (2019). This table includes geographic origin, wild ancestor, domestication time (pre-domestication and the period of morphological changes), and domestication pathways. Among them, the pre-domestication period is a specific intensive management that occurs before the changes in bone morphology and other traits, and it is an indispensable preparation before domestication. “×” means there is no reliable evidence or it is still under debate.

学名 Scientific names	地理起源 Geographic origin	野生祖先 Wild ancestor	前驯化时间(距今年限) Pre-domestication time (BP)		形态学转变(距今年限) Time of morphological changes (BP)		驯化途径 Pathway to domestication
学名 Scientific names	地理起源 Geographic origin	野生祖先 Wild ancestor	起始 Start	完成 Finish	起始 Start	完成 Finish	驯化途径 Pathway to domestication
山羊 Capra hircus	西南亚 Southwest Asia	野山羊 C. aegagrus	10,500	9,750	9,750	8,000	猎食 Prey
绵羊 Ovis aries	西南亚 Southwest Asia	亚洲盘羊 O. orientalis	10,500	9,750	9,750	8,000	猎食 Prey
普通牛 Bos taurus	西南亚 Southwest Asia	原牛欧亚亚种 B. p. primigenius	10,500	10,250	10,250	8,000	猎食 Prey
瘤牛 Bos indicus	南亚 South Asia	原牛印度亚种 B. p. mauretanicus	×	×	8,000	6,500	猎食 Prey
猪 Sus domesticus	西南亚 Southwest Asia	欧亚野猪 S. scrofa	11,500	9,750	10,250	9,000	共生 Commensal
猪 Sus domesticus	东亚 East Asia	欧亚野猪 S. scrofa	×	×	8,500	6,000	共生 Commensal
美洲驼 Lama glama	南美洲 South America	原驼 L. guanicoe	×	×	6,000	4,000	猎食 Prey
羊驼 Vicugna pacos	南美洲 South America	原驼 L. guanicoe	×	×	5,000	3,000	猎食 Prey
马 Equus caballus	中亚 Central Asia	野马 E. ferus	6,750	5,500	5,500	4,000	定向 Directed
驴 Equus asinus	北非 North Africa	非洲野驴 E. africanus	×	×	5,500	3,500	定向 Directed
水牛 Bubalus bubalis	南亚 South Asia	野水牛 B. arnee	×	×	4,500	×	猎食 Prey
双峰驼 Camelus bactrianus	中亚 Central Asia	×	×	×	4,500	×	定向 Directed
单峰驼 Camelus dromedarius	阿拉伯半岛 Arabia	×	×	×	3,000	×	定向 Directed
鸡 Gallus gallus domesticus	东亚/东南亚 East Asia/Southeast Asia	红原鸡 G. gallus	×	×	4,000	×	共生 Commensal
家鸭 Anas platyrhynchos domesticus	东亚/东南亚 East Asia/Southeast Asia	绿头鸭 A. platyrhynchos	×	×	1,000	×	共生 Commensal

学名 Scientific names	地理起源 Geographic origin	野生祖先 Wild ancestor	前驯化时间(距今年限) Pre-domestication time (BP)		形态学转变(距今年限) Time of morphological changes (BP)		驯化途径 Pathway to domestication
学名 Scientific names	地理起源 Geographic origin	野生祖先 Wild ancestor	起始 Start	完成 Finish	起始 Start	完成 Finish	驯化途径 Pathway to domestication
山羊 Capra hircus	西南亚 Southwest Asia	野山羊 C. aegagrus	10,500	9,750	9,750	8,000	猎食 Prey
绵羊 Ovis aries	西南亚 Southwest Asia	亚洲盘羊 O. orientalis	10,500	9,750	9,750	8,000	猎食 Prey
普通牛 Bos taurus	西南亚 Southwest Asia	原牛欧亚亚种 B. p. primigenius	10,500	10,250	10,250	8,000	猎食 Prey
瘤牛 Bos indicus	南亚 South Asia	原牛印度亚种 B. p. mauretanicus	×	×	8,000	6,500	猎食 Prey
猪 Sus domesticus	西南亚 Southwest Asia	欧亚野猪 S. scrofa	11,500	9,750	10,250	9,000	共生 Commensal
猪 Sus domesticus	东亚 East Asia	欧亚野猪 S. scrofa	×	×	8,500	6,000	共生 Commensal
美洲驼 Lama glama	南美洲 South America	原驼 L. guanicoe	×	×	6,000	4,000	猎食 Prey
羊驼 Vicugna pacos	南美洲 South America	原驼 L. guanicoe	×	×	5,000	3,000	猎食 Prey
马 Equus caballus	中亚 Central Asia	野马 E. ferus	6,750	5,500	5,500	4,000	定向 Directed
驴 Equus asinus	北非 North Africa	非洲野驴 E. africanus	×	×	5,500	3,500	定向 Directed
水牛 Bubalus bubalis	南亚 South Asia	野水牛 B. arnee	×	×	4,500	×	猎食 Prey
双峰驼 Camelus bactrianus	中亚 Central Asia	×	×	×	4,500	×	定向 Directed
单峰驼 Camelus dromedarius	阿拉伯半岛 Arabia	×	×	×	3,000	×	定向 Directed
鸡 Gallus gallus domesticus	东亚/东南亚 East Asia/Southeast Asia	红原鸡 G. gallus	×	×	4,000	×	共生 Commensal
家鸭 Anas platyrhynchos domesticus	东亚/东南亚 East Asia/Southeast Asia	绿头鸭 A. platyrhynchos	×	×	1,000	×	共生 Commensal

图1 基于分子手段判断驯化起源的策略示意图。不同颜色的圆圈代表不同的基因型。纵向为基因座, 指示位点多态性; 横向将基因座连成序列, 指示序列相似性。伴随驯化的过程, 动物从驯化初始地迁移到各地, 同源序列的相似性降低, 迁移样本在同源位点上的多态性降低。

Fig. 1 Strategies for inferring the origin of domestication based on molecular evidences. Circles with different colors represent different genotypes. The vertical direction represents allelic polymorphism of each genetic locus; the horizontal sequence represents the nucleotide sequence. During the process of domestication, animals migrate from domestication site to other places, with decreased similarity in nucleotide sequences and decreased polymorphism of genetic loci.

图2 家猪与家鸡早期考古遗址及周边河流、农作物驯化情况。(A)中国长江黄河孕育的中华文明。(B)印度河孕育的印度河文明。(C)新月沃土孕育的美索不达米亚文明。

Fig. 2 Early archaeological sites of domesticated pigs and chickens, with surrounding rivers and crops. (A) Chinese civilization nurtured by the Yangtze River and Yellow River. (B) The Indus civilization nurtured by the Indus. (C) Mesopotamian civilization nurtured by the Fertile Crescent.

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