地下结实植物白番红花的繁育系统与传粉生物学

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09036

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地下结实是植物用来防御不利环境的一种策略, 研究地下结实植物的繁殖特性, 可以揭示它们的繁殖对策多样性, 对于探讨环境选择压力对其繁育系统及后代适合度的影响具有重要意义。白番红花(Crocus alatavicus)是一种分布在天山西部亚高山带、具地下芽和地下结实特性的早春短命植物。我们采用野外观测和统计分析方法, 对该物种的繁育系统与传粉生物学及其对亚高山环境的适应进行了研究。研究结果表明: 白番红花具有先花后叶的特性, 于4月上中旬始花, 呈爆发式开花式样; 花白色, 无花蜜无气味; 开花时, 下位子房位于地下, 花蕾在地上开放并随光照变化而开闭; 单花花期为6-9 d, 花萎蔫时花粉活性仍保持在75.39±5.69%, 柱头可授期为8 d。人工授粉实验结果显示, 该物种属于兼性异交繁育系统, 且具有自主自花授粉能力。白番红花属于泛化传粉系统, 鲁熊蜂 (Bombus lucorum)、老条蜂 (Anthophora senilis)和黄腹地花蜂 (Andrena capillosa)是有效传粉昆虫, 通过采食花粉进行传粉, 访花频率分别为0.50±0.27次·花^-1·h^-1、0.18±0.08次·花^-1·h^-1和0.13±0.05次·花^-1·h^-1。在天山西部亚高山早春环境中, 白番红花不仅利用其开花式样、泛化传粉系统及早春空白生态位来提高传粉效率, 而且通过自交亲和及主动自花授粉等繁育系统特征来弥补传粉昆虫少及访花频率低的不足, 从而保障繁殖成功。

关键词: Crocus alatavicus, 地下芽地下结实, 泛化传粉系统, 早春短命植物, 天山西部亚高山带, 生态适应

Abstract

Crocus alatavicus, a geophytic-geocarpic plant, is an early spring ephemeral species that grows in subalpine areas of the western Tianshan Mountains. To understand the ecological significance of geocarpy in plants, we studied the breeding system and pollination biology of C. alatavicus, with special reference to its adaptive strategies for a subalpine existence. We found that C. alatavicus is hysteranthous and its flowering pattern was explosive at the population level. It began to flower in early- to mid-April, and the white flowers had neither nectar nor scent. The inferior ovary was below ground at anthesis, while the other floral parts were aboveground. The flowers were open during the day and closed at night, and individual flower duration was 6-9 days. Pollen viability was 75.39±5.69% at the end of anthesis, and stigma receptivity lasted eight days. Results of artificial pollination experiments suggested that the breeding system ofC. alatavicusis facultative xenogamy with the ability to self-pollinate spontaneously. Crocus alatavicushas a generalist pollination system, with Bombus lucorum, Anthophora senilis and Andrena capillosa being effective pollinators. These insects initiated pollination while foraging for pollen, and their visitation frequencies were 0.50±0.27, 0.18±0.08 and 0.13±0.05 per flower per hour, respectively. Thus,C. alatavicusnot only has evolved unique flowering pattern and generalist pollination system, but also utilizes an otherwise vacant niche in the early spring to improve the effectiveness of pollination. Furthermore, characteristics of its breeding system, such as self-compatibility and spontaneous self-pollination, ensure reproductive success even when pollinators are scarce and pollinator visitation frequencies are low in early spring.

Key words: Crocus alatavicus, geophytic-geocarpy, generalist pollination system, spring ephemeral plant, subalpine of western Tianshan Mountain, ecological adaptation

张洋, 谭敦炎 (2009) 地下结实植物白番红花的繁育系统与传粉生物学. 生物多样性, 17, 468-475. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09036.

Yang Zhang, Dunyan Tan (2009) Breeding system and pollination biology of Crocus alatavicus (Iridaceae), a geocarpic subalpine plant of the western Tianshan Mountains. Biodiversity Science, 17, 468-475. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09036.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09036

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2009/V17/I5/468

图/表 6

图1 白番红花群体开花特性(平均值±标准误)

Fig. 1 Flowering features of Crocus alataviscus population (mean ± SE)

图2 白番红花花粉活性变化曲线(平均值±标准误, 样本量 = 10)

Fig. 2 Survivorship curves for pollens of Crocus alatavicus (mean ± SE, n = 10)

表1 不同处理下白番红花的结实与结籽率(平均值±标准误)

Table 1 Fruit set and seed produced per fruit of Crocus alatavicus under different treatments (mean ± SE)

处理 Treatments	样本量 No. of samples	结实数 No. of fruits	结实率 Fruit set (%)	结籽率 Seed set (%)
1 自然传粉 Natural pollination	60	38	63.33±6.27^b	54.49±3.24^a
2 去雄不套袋 Emasculated, unbagged	60	15	25.00±5.64^c	25.79±3.88^c
3 自花授粉 Artificial self-pollination	60	47	78.33±5.36^a	40.52±2.80^b
4 去雄异花授粉 Artificial cross-pollination after emasculation	60	45	75.00±5.64^a	54.71±2.88^a
5 不去雄套袋 Bagged without emasculation	60	6	10.00±0.04^d	19.34±0.02^d
6 去雄不授粉套袋 Bagged after emasculation	60	0	0	0

图3 白番红花的传粉昆虫。(A) 鲁熊蜂; (B) 黄腹地花蜂; (C) 老条蜂。

Fig. 3 Pollinators of Crocus alatavicus. (A) Bombus lucorum; (B) Andrena capillosa; (C) Anthophora senilis.

图4 白番红花传粉昆虫访花频率及观察期间温度(实线)与湿度(虚线)变化(平均值±标准误)

Fig. 4 Visitation frequency of pollinators of Crocus alatavicus, and temperature (solid line) and relative humidity (dashed line) at the observation site during observation periods (mean ± SE)

图5 每日不同间隔传粉昆虫访花频率及环境温度(实线)与湿度(虚线)日变化曲线(平均值±标准误)

Fig. 5 Visitation frequency of pollinators to flowers of Crocus alatavicus, and temperature (solid line) and relative humidity (dashed line) from 10:00 to 20:00 at the observation site in daily intervals during observation periods (mean ± SE)

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