生物多样性 ›› 2009, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (5): 468-475. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09036 cstr: 32101.14.SP.J.1003.2009.09036
所属专题: 传粉生物学; 昆虫多样性与生态功能
收稿日期:
2009-02-12
接受日期:
2009-05-15
出版日期:
2009-09-20
发布日期:
2009-09-20
通讯作者:
谭敦炎
作者简介:
*E-mail: tandunyan@yahoo.cn基金资助:
Received:
2009-02-12
Accepted:
2009-05-15
Online:
2009-09-20
Published:
2009-09-20
Contact:
Dunyan Tan
摘要:
地下结实是植物用来防御不利环境的一种策略, 研究地下结实植物的繁殖特性, 可以揭示它们的繁殖对策多样性, 对于探讨环境选择压力对其繁育系统及后代适合度的影响具有重要意义。白番红花(Crocus alatavicus)是一种分布在天山西部亚高山带、具地下芽和地下结实特性的早春短命植物。我们采用野外观测和统计分析方法, 对该物种的繁育系统与传粉生物学及其对亚高山环境的适应进行了研究。研究结果表明: 白番红花具有先花后叶的特性, 于4月上中旬始花, 呈爆发式开花式样; 花白色, 无花蜜无气味; 开花时, 下位子房位于地下, 花蕾在地上开放并随光照变化而开闭; 单花花期为6-9 d, 花萎蔫时花粉活性仍保持在75.39±5.69%, 柱头可授期为8 d。人工授粉实验结果显示, 该物种属于兼性异交繁育系统, 且具有自主自花授粉能力。白番红花属于泛化传粉系统, 鲁熊蜂 (Bombus lucorum)、老条蜂 (Anthophora senilis)和黄腹地花蜂 (Andrena capillosa)是有效传粉昆虫, 通过采食花粉进行传粉, 访花频率分别为0.50±0.27次·花-1·h-1、0.18±0.08次·花-1·h-1和0.13±0.05次·花-1·h-1。在天山西部亚高山早春环境中, 白番红花不仅利用其开花式样、泛化传粉系统及早春空白生态位来提高传粉效率, 而且通过自交亲和及主动自花授粉等繁育系统特征来弥补传粉昆虫少及访花频率低的不足, 从而保障繁殖成功。
张洋, 谭敦炎 (2009) 地下结实植物白番红花的繁育系统与传粉生物学. 生物多样性, 17, 468-475. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09036.
Yang Zhang, Dunyan Tan (2009) Breeding system and pollination biology of Crocus alatavicus (Iridaceae), a geocarpic subalpine plant of the western Tianshan Mountains. Biodiversity Science, 17, 468-475. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09036.
处理 Treatments | 样本量 No. of samples | 结实数 No. of fruits | 结实率 Fruit set (%) | 结籽率 Seed set (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 自然传粉 Natural pollination | 60 | 38 | 63.33±6.27b | 54.49±3.24a |
2 去雄不套袋 Emasculated, unbagged | 60 | 15 | 25.00±5.64c | 25.79±3.88c |
3 自花授粉 Artificial self-pollination | 60 | 47 | 78.33±5.36a | 40.52±2.80b |
4 去雄异花授粉 Artificial cross-pollination after emasculation | 60 | 45 | 75.00±5.64a | 54.71±2.88a |
5 不去雄套袋 Bagged without emasculation | 60 | 6 | 10.00±0.04d | 19.34±0.02d |
6 去雄不授粉套袋 Bagged after emasculation | 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
表1 不同处理下白番红花的结实与结籽率(平均值±标准误)
Table 1 Fruit set and seed produced per fruit of Crocus alatavicus under different treatments (mean ± SE)
处理 Treatments | 样本量 No. of samples | 结实数 No. of fruits | 结实率 Fruit set (%) | 结籽率 Seed set (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 自然传粉 Natural pollination | 60 | 38 | 63.33±6.27b | 54.49±3.24a |
2 去雄不套袋 Emasculated, unbagged | 60 | 15 | 25.00±5.64c | 25.79±3.88c |
3 自花授粉 Artificial self-pollination | 60 | 47 | 78.33±5.36a | 40.52±2.80b |
4 去雄异花授粉 Artificial cross-pollination after emasculation | 60 | 45 | 75.00±5.64a | 54.71±2.88a |
5 不去雄套袋 Bagged without emasculation | 60 | 6 | 10.00±0.04d | 19.34±0.02d |
6 去雄不授粉套袋 Bagged after emasculation | 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
图4 白番红花传粉昆虫访花频率及观察期间温度(实线)与湿度(虚线)变化(平均值±标准误)
Fig. 4 Visitation frequency of pollinators of Crocus alatavicus, and temperature (solid line) and relative humidity (dashed line) at the observation site during observation periods (mean ± SE)
图5 每日不同间隔传粉昆虫访花频率及环境温度(实线)与湿度(虚线)日变化曲线(平均值±标准误)
Fig. 5 Visitation frequency of pollinators to flowers of Crocus alatavicus, and temperature (solid line) and relative humidity (dashed line) from 10:00 to 20:00 at the observation site in daily intervals during observation periods (mean ± SE)
[1] | Alinoglu N, Durlu N (1970) Subterranean vetch seed enhances persistence under grazing and severe climates. Journal of Range Management, 23,61-63. |
[2] | Al-Shehbaz IA, Arai K, Ohba H (2000) A revision of the genus Lignariella (Brassicaceae). Harvard Papers in Botany, 5,113-121. |
[3] | Arroyo MTK, Primack R, Armesto J (1982) Community studies in pollination ecology in the high temperate Andes of central Chile. I. Pollination mechanisms and altitudinal variation. American Journal of Botany, 69,82-97. |
[4] | Barker NP (2005) A review and survey of basicarpy, geocarpy, and amphicarpy in the African and Madagascan flora. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 92,445-462. |
[5] | Burtt BL (1970) The evolution and taxonomic significance of a subterranean ovary in certain monocotyledons. Israel Journal of Botany, 19,77-90. |
[6] |
Bynum MR, Smith WK (2001) Floral movements in response to thunderstorms improve reproductive effort in the alpine species Gentiana algida (Gentianaceae). American Journal of Botany, 88,1088-1095.
URL PMID |
[7] | Chichiriccò G (1990) Self-incompatibility in Crocus vernus subsp. vernus (Iridaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 172,77-82. |
[8] | Chichiriccò G (1993) Pregamic and postgamic self -incompati- bility systems in Crocus (Iridaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 185,219-227. |
[9] | Dafni A, Kevan PG, Husband BC (2005) Practical Pollination Biology. Enviroquest Ltd., Cambridge. |
[10] | Dafni A, Werker E (1982) Pollination ecology of Sternbergia clusiana (Ker-Gawler) Spreng. (Amaryllidaceae). New Phytologist, 91,571-577. |
[11] |
Ellner S, Shmida A (1981) Why are adaptations for long-range seed dispersal rare in desert plants? Oecologia, 51,133-144.
DOI URL PMID |
[12] | Ferguson ME, Jarvis A, Stalker HT, Williams DE, Guarino L, Valls JFM, Pittman RN, Simpson CE, Bramel PJ (2005) Biogeography of wild Arachis (Leguminosae): distribution and environmental characterisation. Biodiversity and Conservation, 14,1777-1798. |
[13] | Gao JY (高江云), Yang ZH (杨自辉), Li QJ (李庆军) (2009) Effects of floral longevity on male and female fitness in Hedychium villosum var. villosum. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报), 33,89-96. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[14] | Goldblatt P, Bernhardt P, Manning JC (2000) Adaptive radiation of pollination mechanisms in Ixia (Iridaceae: Crocoideae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 87,564-577. |
[15] | Goldblatt P, Bernhardt P, Manning JC (2002) Floral biology of Romulea (Iridaceae: Crocoideae): a progression from a generalist to a specialist pollination system. Adansonia, 24,243-262. |
[16] | Goldblatt P, Manning JC (1993) Ixia acaulis, a new acaulescent species of Iridaceae: Ixioideae from the Knersvlakte, Namaqualand, South Africa. Novon, 3,148-153. |
[17] |
Goldblatt P, Manning JC (2006) Radiation of pollination systems in the Iridaceae of sub-Saharan African. Annals of Botany, 97,317-344.
DOI URL PMID |
[18] | Goldblatt P, Nanni I, Bernhardt P, Manning JC (2004) Floral biology of Hesperantha (Iridaceae: Crocoideae): shifts in flower colour and timing of floral opening and closing radically change the pollination system. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 91,186-206. |
[19] | He YP (何亚平), Liu JQ (刘建全) (2004) Pollination ecology of Gentiana straminea Maxim. (Gentianaceae), an alpine perennial in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 24,215-220. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[20] | Hollmann J, Myburgh S, van Wyk B (1995) Aardvark and cucumber—a remarkable relationship. Veld and Flora, 95,108-109. |
[21] |
Hou QZ (侯勤正), Meng LH (孟丽华), Yang HL (杨慧玲) (2008) Pollination ecology of Gentiana siphonantha (Gentianaceae) and a further comparison with its sympatric congener species. Journal of Systematics and Evolution (植物分类学报), 46,554-562. (in Chinese with English abstract)
DOI URL |
[22] |
Huang SQ, Takahashi Y, Dafni A (2002) Why does the flower stalk of Pulsatilla cernua (Ranunculaceae) bend during anthesis? American Journal of Botany, 89,1599-1603.
DOI URL PMID |
[23] |
Johnson SD, Steiner KE (2000) Generalization versus specialization in plant pollination systems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 15,140-143.
DOI URL PMID |
[24] | Kaul V, Koul AK, Sharma MC (2000) The underground flower. Current Science, 78,39-44. |
[25] | Keighery GJ (1982) Geocarpy in Tribulopis R. Br. (Zygophyllaceae). Flora, 172,329-333. |
[26] | Kudo G, Nishikawa Y, Kasagi T, Kosuge S (2004) Does seed production of spring ephemerals decrease when spring comes early? Ecological Research, 19,255-259. |
[27] | Lev-Yadun S (2000) Why are underground flowering and fruiting much more common in Israel than anywhere else in the world? Current Science, 79,289. |
[28] | Lloyd DG, Schoen DJ (1992) Self- and cross-fertilization in plants. I. Functional dimensions. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 153,358-369. |
[29] | Ma DD (马道典), Zhang LP (张莉萍), Wang QJ (王前进), Zeng QJ (曾庆江), Jiang FQ (姜逢清), Wang YJ (王亚俊), Hu RJ (胡汝骥) (2003) Influence of the warm-wet climate on Sailimu lake. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology (冰川冻土), 25,219-223. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[30] | Mao ZM (毛祖美), Zhang DM (张佃民) (1994) The conspectus of ephemeral flora in northern Xinjiang. Arid Zone Research (干旱区研究), 11,1-26. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[31] | Mckee J, Richards AJ (1998) Effect of flower structure and flower colour on intrafloral warming and pollen germination and pollen-tube growth in winter flowering Crocus L. (Iridaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 128,369-384. |
[32] | Moctezuma E (2003) The peanut gynophore: a developmental and physiological perspective. Canadian Journal of Botany, 81,183-190. |
[33] | Motten AF (1986) Pollination ecology of the spring wildflower community of a temperate deciduous forest. Ecological Monographs, 56,21-42. |
[34] | Rathcke B (1988) Flowering phenologies in a shrub community: competition and constraints. Journal of Ecology, 76,975-994. |
[35] | Schemske DW, Willson MF, Melampy MN, Miller LJ, Verner L, Schemske KM, Best LB (1978) Flowering ecology of some spring woodland herbs. Ecology, 59,351-366. |
[36] | Schwartz-Tzachor R, Eisikowitch D, Dafni A (2008) Flower characteristics and breeding system of two phenological ecotypes of Cyclamen persicum Mill. (Myrsinaceae) in Israel. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 274,127-134. |
[37] | Smith BW (1950) Arachis hypogaea, aerial flower and subterranean fruit. American Journal of Botany, 37,802-815. |
[38] | Suzuki K, Dohzono I, Hiei K (2007) Evolution of pollinator generalization in bumblebee-pollinated plants. Plant Species Biology, 22,141-159. |
[39] | Totland Ø, Matthews I (1998) Determinants on pollinator activity and flower preference to the early spring blooming Crocus vernus. Acta Oecologica, 19,155-166. |
[40] | Wu ZY, Raven PH (2000) Iridaceae. In: Flora of China, Vol. 24, 313. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. |
[1] | 王林, 尹梓杨, 黄慧芳, 王静. 基于Carter-Morley Jones蛋形模型的参数估计新方法[J]. 生物多样性, 2025, 33(1): 24203-. |
[2] | 王爱霞, 马婧婧, 龚会蝶, 范国安, 王茂, 赵红梅, 程军回. 北疆一年生早春短命植物物种丰富度分布格局及其影响因素[J]. 生物多样性, 2021, 29(6): 735-745. |
[3] | 魏雪苹, 张宪春. 蕨类植物不同孢子裂缝类型在中国的分布格局[J]. 生物多样性, 2016, 24(10): 1129-1134. |
[4] | 钟云芳, 张哲, 宋希强, 周兆德. 海南凤仙花不同海拔种群的传粉生物学[J]. 生物多样性, 2014, 22(4): 467-475. |
[5] | 付子燕, 谭敦炎. 地下结实植物白番红花地下果实的生产与种子扩散特性[J]. 生物多样性, 2013, 21(5): 582-589. |
[6] | 徐兆礼. 中国近海浮游动物多样性研究的过去和未来[J]. 生物多样性, 2011, 19(6): 635-645. |
[7] | 田中平, 庄丽, 李建贵, 程模香. 伊犁河谷北坡野果林木本植物种间关系 及环境解释[J]. 生物多样性, 2011, 19(3): 335-342. |
[8] | 严岳鸿, 何祖霞, 苑虎, 邢福武. 坡向差异对广东古兜山自然保护区蕨类植物多样性的生态影响[J]. 生物多样性, 2011, 19(1): 41-47. |
[9] | 孙华之, 谭敦炎, 曲荣明. 短命植物小疮菊异形瘦果特性及其对荒漠环境的适应[J]. 生物多样性, 2008, 16(4): 353-361. |
阅读次数 | ||||||
全文 |
|
|||||
摘要 |
|
|||||
备案号:京ICP备16067583号-7
Copyright © 2022 版权所有 《生物多样性》编辑部
地址: 北京香山南辛村20号, 邮编:100093
电话: 010-62836137, 62836665 E-mail: biodiversity@ibcas.ac.cn