生物多样性 ›› 2008, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (2): 118-125. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07339
李儒海1,2, 强胜1,*(), 邱多生3, 储秋华3, 潘根兴4
收稿日期:
2007-11-05
接受日期:
2008-02-14
出版日期:
2008-03-20
发布日期:
2008-02-20
通讯作者:
强胜
作者简介:
*E-mail:wrl@njau.edu.cn基金资助:
Ruhai Li1,2, Sheng Qiang1,*(), Duosheng Qiu3, Qiuhua Chu3, Genxing Pan4
Received:
2007-11-05
Accepted:
2008-02-14
Online:
2008-03-20
Published:
2008-02-20
Contact:
Sheng Qiang
摘要:
为揭示长期不同施肥管理措施下农田生态系统生物多样性的变化规律, 作者于2006年4月在太湖地区一个长期肥料试验定位监测田, 运用群落生态学方法研究了7种长期不同施肥处理持续20年后对水稻—油菜两熟制油菜田杂草群落多样性的影响。试验区共记录到杂草17种, 隶属于11科。不同施肥处理小区中杂草种类以单施化肥区(6种)和施化肥+全年秸秆区(5种)最少, 纯氮肥区最高(12种); 以看麦娘(Alopecurus aequalis)、日本看麦娘(A. japonicus)、菵草(Beckmannia syzigachne)、牛繁缕(Malachium aquaticum)、野老鹳草(Geranium carolinianum)等5种发生密度较大, 它们分别在不同施肥小区中占据优势。长期不同施肥措施下, 田间杂草群落的物种多样性有明显差异: 纯氮肥区Shannon-Wiener指数显著大于其他小区, 但Simpson优势度指数最低; 不施肥区(对照区)和纯氮肥区Pielou均匀度指数显著高于其他施肥处理区; 施化肥+秸秆还田显著提高了田间杂草的优势度。田间杂草群落的优势种组成也发生了一定变化, Whittaker指数表明施化肥+夏季秸秆还田和单施化肥的影响最显著, 常规施肥和施化肥+秋季秸秆还田次之, 而施化肥+全年秸秆还田和单施氮肥没有显著影响。Sørenson群落相似性指数及聚类分析结果也得到同样的结论。本文研究结果表明, 单施化肥(平衡施用N、P、K肥)、常规施肥和化肥配施秸秆处理均能显著改变田间杂草群落的组成, 降低某些优势杂草在群落中的优势地位, 从而抑制其发生危害程度。
李儒海, 强胜, 邱多生, 储秋华, 潘根兴 (2008) 长期不同施肥方式对稻油两熟制油菜田杂草群落多样性的影响. 生物多样性, 16, 118-125. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07339.
Ruhai Li, Sheng Qiang, Duosheng Qiu, Qiuhua Chu, Genxing Pan (2008) Effects of long-term different fertilization regimes on the diversity of weed communities in oilseed rape fields under rice-oilseed rape cropping system. Biodiversity Science, 16, 118-125. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07339.
施肥处理 Fertilization treatment | pH | 有机碳 Organic C (g/kg) | 全氮 Total N (g/kg) | 全磷 Total P (g/kg) | 速效钾 Available K (mg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
不施肥 NoF | 6.14 | 16.10 | 1.66 | 0.24 | 81 |
纯施氮肥 NF | 6.05 | 16.38 | 1.86 | 0.25 | 82 |
单施化肥 CF | 5.94 | 16.65 | 1.87 | 0.38 | 106 |
化肥配施猪粪 CFM | 5.73 | 17.21 | 2.05 | 0.72 | 99 |
化肥配施油菜秸秆 CFO | 5.89 | 16.78 | 1.94 | 0.38 | 86 |
化肥配施水稻秸秆 CFR | 5.90 | 16.80 | 1.96 | 0.39 | 87 |
化肥配施油菜水稻秸秆 CFOR | 5.87 | 17.15 | 2.06 | 0.41 | 89 |
表1 不同施肥处理持续20年后各施肥处理区表层(0-5 cm)土壤基本性状
Table 1 Basic properties of surface layer (0-5 cm) soil in plots after 20 years of different fertilization treatments
施肥处理 Fertilization treatment | pH | 有机碳 Organic C (g/kg) | 全氮 Total N (g/kg) | 全磷 Total P (g/kg) | 速效钾 Available K (mg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
不施肥 NoF | 6.14 | 16.10 | 1.66 | 0.24 | 81 |
纯施氮肥 NF | 6.05 | 16.38 | 1.86 | 0.25 | 82 |
单施化肥 CF | 5.94 | 16.65 | 1.87 | 0.38 | 106 |
化肥配施猪粪 CFM | 5.73 | 17.21 | 2.05 | 0.72 | 99 |
化肥配施油菜秸秆 CFO | 5.89 | 16.78 | 1.94 | 0.38 | 86 |
化肥配施水稻秸秆 CFR | 5.90 | 16.80 | 1.96 | 0.39 | 87 |
化肥配施油菜水稻秸秆 CFOR | 5.87 | 17.15 | 2.06 | 0.41 | 89 |
杂草种类 Weed species | 杂草密度 Weed density (ind./m2) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NoF | NF | CF | CFM | CFO | CFR | CFOR | |
看麦娘 Alopecurus aequalis | 77.9e | 192.1d | 205.0d | 801.9c | 1,572.0a | 1,362.0b | 76.3e |
日本看麦娘 A. japonicus | 145.2a | 36.6b | - | - | 0.5d | 28.8c | - |
菵草 Beckmannia syzigachne | 59.0cd | 193.1b | 15.7e | 244.9a | 33.4de | 78.7c | 25.8e |
牛繁缕 Malachium aquaticum | - | 41.5d | 403.3a | 63.5d | 53.0d | 115.9c | 361.3b |
小飞蓬 Conyza canadensis | 6.3a | 3.1b | 1.1c | 0.3cd | 0.7cd | 0.8cd | - |
窄叶紫菀 Aster subulatus | - | - | 0.5a | - | - | - | - |
稻槎菜 Lapsana apogonoides | 5.5a | - | - | - | 1.6bc | - | - |
泥胡菜 Hemistepta lyrata | 5.7a | - | - | 0.3c | 2.3b | - | - |
鼠麴草 Gnaphalium affine | 13.7b | 21.3a | - | 0.6d | 2.7c | - | 0.4d |
野老鹳草 Geranium carolinianum | 239.9a | 122.9b | - | 28.5c | - | 5.8d | - |
朝天委陵菜 Potentilla supina | - | - | 0.3b | 0.7a | - | - | - |
荔枝草 Salvia plebeia | 0.3a | - | - | - | - | - | - |
蛇床 Cnidium monnieri | 2.9bc | 24.0a | - | 1.9cde | 0.3de | 4.9b | 2.3cd |
附地菜 Trigonotis peduncularis | - | 4.9a | - | - | - | 0.6b | - |
茴茴蒜 Ranunculus chinensis | - | 1.1a | - | - | - | 0.8a | - |
酸模叶蓼 Polygonum lapathifolium | - | 0.7a | - | - | 0.5ab | - | - |
鸭跖草 Commelina communis | - | 0.2a | - | - | - | - | - |
禾本科杂草 Grass weeds | 282.1e | 421.9d | 220.7e | 1,046.8c | 1,605.9a | 1,469.5b | 102.1f |
阔叶杂草 Broadleaf weeds | 274.5c | 219.7d | 405.2a | 95.9f | 61.1g | 128.8e | 363.9b |
所有杂草 Overall weeds | 556.5cd | 641.6c | 625.9c | 1,142.7b | 1,667.1a | 1,598.3a | 466.0d |
表2 长期不同施肥方式的油菜田间杂草物种组成和密度
Table 2 Species composition and density of weeds in oilseed rape fields under long-term different fertilization treatments
杂草种类 Weed species | 杂草密度 Weed density (ind./m2) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NoF | NF | CF | CFM | CFO | CFR | CFOR | |
看麦娘 Alopecurus aequalis | 77.9e | 192.1d | 205.0d | 801.9c | 1,572.0a | 1,362.0b | 76.3e |
日本看麦娘 A. japonicus | 145.2a | 36.6b | - | - | 0.5d | 28.8c | - |
菵草 Beckmannia syzigachne | 59.0cd | 193.1b | 15.7e | 244.9a | 33.4de | 78.7c | 25.8e |
牛繁缕 Malachium aquaticum | - | 41.5d | 403.3a | 63.5d | 53.0d | 115.9c | 361.3b |
小飞蓬 Conyza canadensis | 6.3a | 3.1b | 1.1c | 0.3cd | 0.7cd | 0.8cd | - |
窄叶紫菀 Aster subulatus | - | - | 0.5a | - | - | - | - |
稻槎菜 Lapsana apogonoides | 5.5a | - | - | - | 1.6bc | - | - |
泥胡菜 Hemistepta lyrata | 5.7a | - | - | 0.3c | 2.3b | - | - |
鼠麴草 Gnaphalium affine | 13.7b | 21.3a | - | 0.6d | 2.7c | - | 0.4d |
野老鹳草 Geranium carolinianum | 239.9a | 122.9b | - | 28.5c | - | 5.8d | - |
朝天委陵菜 Potentilla supina | - | - | 0.3b | 0.7a | - | - | - |
荔枝草 Salvia plebeia | 0.3a | - | - | - | - | - | - |
蛇床 Cnidium monnieri | 2.9bc | 24.0a | - | 1.9cde | 0.3de | 4.9b | 2.3cd |
附地菜 Trigonotis peduncularis | - | 4.9a | - | - | - | 0.6b | - |
茴茴蒜 Ranunculus chinensis | - | 1.1a | - | - | - | 0.8a | - |
酸模叶蓼 Polygonum lapathifolium | - | 0.7a | - | - | 0.5ab | - | - |
鸭跖草 Commelina communis | - | 0.2a | - | - | - | - | - |
禾本科杂草 Grass weeds | 282.1e | 421.9d | 220.7e | 1,046.8c | 1,605.9a | 1,469.5b | 102.1f |
阔叶杂草 Broadleaf weeds | 274.5c | 219.7d | 405.2a | 95.9f | 61.1g | 128.8e | 363.9b |
所有杂草 Overall weeds | 556.5cd | 641.6c | 625.9c | 1,142.7b | 1,667.1a | 1,598.3a | 466.0d |
施肥处理 Fertilization treatment | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NoF | NF | CF | CFM | CFO | CFR | CFOR | |
物种丰富度 Species richness | 9.0b | 11.0a | 5.0e | 7.3d | 8.3bc | 8.0cd | 4.3e |
Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index | 1.49b | 1.68a | 0.76d | 0.87c | 0.28g | 0.59f | 0.68e |
Simpson指数 Simpson index | 0.29e | 0.23f | 0.52d | 0.53d | 0.89a | 0.74b | 0.63c |
Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index | 0.68a | 0.70a | 0.48b | 0.44b | 0.13d | 0.29c | 0.47b |
表3 长期不同施肥方式对油菜田杂草群落物种多样性的影响
Table 3 Effect of long-term different fertilization treatments on the species diversity of weed communities in oilseed rape fields
施肥处理 Fertilization treatment | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NoF | NF | CF | CFM | CFO | CFR | CFOR | |
物种丰富度 Species richness | 9.0b | 11.0a | 5.0e | 7.3d | 8.3bc | 8.0cd | 4.3e |
Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index | 1.49b | 1.68a | 0.76d | 0.87c | 0.28g | 0.59f | 0.68e |
Simpson指数 Simpson index | 0.29e | 0.23f | 0.52d | 0.53d | 0.89a | 0.74b | 0.63c |
Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index | 0.68a | 0.70a | 0.48b | 0.44b | 0.13d | 0.29c | 0.47b |
杂草种类 Weed species | 综合优势度比 Summed dominance ratio | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
不施肥 NoF | 纯施氮肥 NF | 单施化肥 CF | 化肥配施猪粪 CFM | 化肥配施油菜秸秆CFO | 化肥配施水稻秸秆CFR | 化肥配施油菜水稻秸秆 CFOR | |
野老鹳草 Geranium carolinianum | 0.498a | 0.363b | - | 0.101c | - | 0.029d | - |
日本看麦娘 Alopecurus japonicus | 0.121a | 0.047c | - | - | 0.011d | 0.053b | - |
看麦娘 Alopecurus aequalis | 0.109f | 0.155e | 0.400d | 0.480c | 0.760a | 0.690b | 0.160e |
菵草 Beckmannia syzigachne | 0.107c | 0.228b | 0.057f | 0.287a | 0.073e | 0.094d | 0.092d |
鼠麴草 Gnaphalium affine | 0.060a | 0.033b | - | 0.008c | 0.024b | - | 0.006c |
泥胡菜 Hemistepta lyrata | 0.033a | - | - | 0.004c | 0.027b | - | - |
小飞蓬 Conyza canadensis | 0.029a | 0.016bc | 0.020b | 0.004ef | 0.012cd | 0.007de | - |
稻槎菜 Lapsana apogonoides | 0.026a | - | - | - | 0.012b | - | - |
蛇床 Cnidium monnieri | 0.012c | 0.061a | - | 0.023b | 0.011c | 0.020bc | 0.029b |
荔枝草 Salvia plebeia | 0.004a | - | - | - | - | - | - |
朝天委陵菜 Potentilla supina | - | - | 0.006a | 0.011ab | - | - | - |
牛繁缕 Malachium aquaticum | - | 0.060d | 0.504b | 0.082c | 0.059d | 0.091c | 0.714a |
窄叶紫菀 Aster subulatus | - | - | 0.013a | - | - | - | - |
附地菜 Trigonotis peduncularis | - | 0.014a | - | - | - | 0.007b | - |
茴茴蒜 Ranunculus chinensis | - | 0.012a | - | - | - | 0.007a | - |
酸模叶蓼 Polygonum lapathifolium | - | 0.007b | - | - | 0.011a | - | - |
鸭跖草 Commelina communis | - | 0.004a | - | - | - | - | - |
表4 长期不同施肥方式对油菜田杂草综合优势度比的影响
Table 4 Effect of long-term different fertilization treatments on the summed dominance ratio of weed species in oilseed rape fields
杂草种类 Weed species | 综合优势度比 Summed dominance ratio | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
不施肥 NoF | 纯施氮肥 NF | 单施化肥 CF | 化肥配施猪粪 CFM | 化肥配施油菜秸秆CFO | 化肥配施水稻秸秆CFR | 化肥配施油菜水稻秸秆 CFOR | |
野老鹳草 Geranium carolinianum | 0.498a | 0.363b | - | 0.101c | - | 0.029d | - |
日本看麦娘 Alopecurus japonicus | 0.121a | 0.047c | - | - | 0.011d | 0.053b | - |
看麦娘 Alopecurus aequalis | 0.109f | 0.155e | 0.400d | 0.480c | 0.760a | 0.690b | 0.160e |
菵草 Beckmannia syzigachne | 0.107c | 0.228b | 0.057f | 0.287a | 0.073e | 0.094d | 0.092d |
鼠麴草 Gnaphalium affine | 0.060a | 0.033b | - | 0.008c | 0.024b | - | 0.006c |
泥胡菜 Hemistepta lyrata | 0.033a | - | - | 0.004c | 0.027b | - | - |
小飞蓬 Conyza canadensis | 0.029a | 0.016bc | 0.020b | 0.004ef | 0.012cd | 0.007de | - |
稻槎菜 Lapsana apogonoides | 0.026a | - | - | - | 0.012b | - | - |
蛇床 Cnidium monnieri | 0.012c | 0.061a | - | 0.023b | 0.011c | 0.020bc | 0.029b |
荔枝草 Salvia plebeia | 0.004a | - | - | - | - | - | - |
朝天委陵菜 Potentilla supina | - | - | 0.006a | 0.011ab | - | - | - |
牛繁缕 Malachium aquaticum | - | 0.060d | 0.504b | 0.082c | 0.059d | 0.091c | 0.714a |
窄叶紫菀 Aster subulatus | - | - | 0.013a | - | - | - | - |
附地菜 Trigonotis peduncularis | - | 0.014a | - | - | - | 0.007b | - |
茴茴蒜 Ranunculus chinensis | - | 0.012a | - | - | - | 0.007a | - |
酸模叶蓼 Polygonum lapathifolium | - | 0.007b | - | - | 0.011a | - | - |
鸭跖草 Commelina communis | - | 0.004a | - | - | - | - | - |
施肥处理 Fertilization treatment | S?renson相似性指数 S?renson similarity index | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NoF | NF | CF | CFM | CFO | CFR | CFOR | |
不施肥 NoF | 0.528 | 0.160 | 0.199 | 0.107 | 0.163 | 0.204 | |
纯施氮肥 NF | 0.668 | 0.395 | 0.517 | 0.235 | 0.316 | 0.264 | |
单施化肥 CF | 0.435 | 0.571 | 0.323 | 0.239 | 0.303 | 0.830 | |
化肥配施猪粪 CFM | 0.597 | 0.625 | 0.600 | 0.631 | 0.692 | 0.209 | |
化肥配施油菜秸秆 CFO | 0.763 | 0.471 | 0.545 | 0.462 | 0.888 | 0.146 | |
化肥配施水稻秸秆 CFR | 0.629 | 0.824 | 0.727 | 0.769 | 0.429 | 0.213 | |
化肥配施油菜水稻秸秆 CFOR | 0.443 | 0.571 | 0.750 | 0.800 | 0.545 | 0.727 |
表5 长期不同施肥方式间油菜田杂草群落的相似性指数
Table 5 S?renson similarity index of weed communities among long-term different fertilization treatments in oilseed rape fields (above diagonal: quantitative measure; below diagonal: qualitative measure)
施肥处理 Fertilization treatment | S?renson相似性指数 S?renson similarity index | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NoF | NF | CF | CFM | CFO | CFR | CFOR | |
不施肥 NoF | 0.528 | 0.160 | 0.199 | 0.107 | 0.163 | 0.204 | |
纯施氮肥 NF | 0.668 | 0.395 | 0.517 | 0.235 | 0.316 | 0.264 | |
单施化肥 CF | 0.435 | 0.571 | 0.323 | 0.239 | 0.303 | 0.830 | |
化肥配施猪粪 CFM | 0.597 | 0.625 | 0.600 | 0.631 | 0.692 | 0.209 | |
化肥配施油菜秸秆 CFO | 0.763 | 0.471 | 0.545 | 0.462 | 0.888 | 0.146 | |
化肥配施水稻秸秆 CFR | 0.629 | 0.824 | 0.727 | 0.769 | 0.429 | 0.213 | |
化肥配施油菜水稻秸秆 CFOR | 0.443 | 0.571 | 0.750 | 0.800 | 0.545 | 0.727 |
图1 长期不同施肥方式作用下油菜田杂草群落的聚类分析。 NoF、NF、CF、CFM、CFO、CFR、CFOR的含义同表1。
Fig. 1 The dendrogram of the weed communities in oilseed rape fields under long-term different fertilization treatments from clustering analysis based on Bray Curtis index. NoF, NF, CF, CFM, CFO, CFR and CFOR correspond to the fertilization treatments in Table 1.
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