准噶尔荒漠土壤多功能性的空间变异特征及其驱动因素

doi:10.17520/biods.2022097

生物多样性 ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (8): 22097. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022097

所属专题：土壤生物与土壤健康

• 研究报告: 生态系统多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

准噶尔荒漠土壤多功能性的空间变异特征及其驱动因素

张世航¹^,², 陶冶¹, 陈玉森²^,³, 郭浩¹^,², 陆永兴¹^,², 郭星¹^,², 刘朝红¹^,⁴, 周晓兵¹^,^*(), 张元明¹^,^*()

1.中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所荒漠与绿洲生态国家重点实验室, 乌鲁木齐 830011
2.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
3.国家荒漠-绿洲生态建设工程技术研究中心, 乌鲁木齐 830011
4.新疆农业大学资源与环境学院, 乌鲁木齐 830052

收稿日期:2022-03-02 接受日期:2022-07-14 出版日期:2022-08-20 发布日期:2022-08-31
通讯作者: 周晓兵,张元明
作者简介:zhangym@ms.xjb.ac.cn
*共同通讯作者 E-mail: zhouxb@ms.xjb.ac.cn;
基金资助:
新疆杰出青年科学基金(2021D01E03);国家自然科学基金(U2003214);国家自然科学基金(41977099)

Spatial pattern of soil multifunctionality and its correlation with environmental and vegetation factors in the Junggar Desert, China

Shihang Zhang¹^,², Ye Tao¹, Yusen Chen²^,³, Hao Guo¹^,², Yongxing Lu¹^,², Xing Guo¹^,², Chaohong Liu¹^,⁴, Xiaobing Zhou¹^,^*(), Yuanming Zhang¹^,^*()

1. State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
3. National Engineering Technology Research Center for Desert-Oasis Ecological Construction, Urumqi 830011
4. Xinjiang Agricultural University College of resources and environment, Urumqi 830052

Received:2022-03-02 Accepted:2022-07-14 Online:2022-08-20 Published:2022-08-31
Contact: Xiaobing Zhou,Yuanming Zhang

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

荒漠是重要的陆地生态系统之一, 其生态系统极其脆弱, 极易发生荒漠化。荒漠土壤的稳定和功能对于荒漠生态系统结构和功能的维持至关重要。但在荒漠地区, 大多数土壤功能的研究还主要集中在单一的土壤功能性。本研究基于准噶尔荒漠79个样点的土壤有机碳(SOC)、氮(N)、磷(P)、有效氮(AN)和有效磷(AP)等指标, 通过平均值法和因子分析法计算土壤多功能(soil multifunctionality, SMF)指数, 研究SMF空间变异特征及驱动因素。空间分析所示从整体来看, 荒漠SMF在空间分布上具有较大的异质性, 自西向东, SMF总体呈现逐渐增加的趋势, 而从南向北, SMF呈现先增加后降低的趋势。最优拟合显示, SMF与年均降雨量(MAP)和年均温(MAT)呈显著二次函数关系, 随着MAP和MAT的增加表现出先降低后升高的趋势; SMF与pH和植被增强指数(EVI)呈显著线性关系, SMF随着pH的增加表现出显著降低趋势, 而随着EVI的增加表现为显著上升的趋势; SMF与Aridity (干旱度)之间既符合二次函数关系也呈现线性关系(二者R²相同), 随Aridity增加而减少。结构方程模型结果表明, 土壤含水率(SWC)是SMF变化的最重要的驱动因素, 其次为EVI。土壤pH、SWC、MAT、Aridity和EVI对荒漠SMF具有显著的直接效应, 其中SWC和EVI为显著正效应, 其他为负效应。MAP、经度(Lon)、纬度(Lat)和海拔(Alt)可通过影响MAT等指标对SMF产生间接效应。研究结果对深入理解准噶尔荒漠SMF的空间变异特征及驱动因素具有重要意义, 将有助于预测环境变化对荒漠生态系统多功能性的影响, 为生态系统科学管理服务。

关键词: 准噶尔荒漠, 土壤多功能性, 驱动因子, 空间变异

Abstract

Aims: This study was conducted to analyze the soil multifunctionality (SMF) pattern and their driving factors of the Junggar Desert. We tested that whether climate factors (temperature, precipitation and Aridity), soil environment (soil water content, soil temperature and pH) and vegetation factors would be the main driving factors of the spatial variability of SMF in the Junggar Desert.

Methods: The data of the sampling were collected from 79 sample sites of the Junggar Desert. The SMF indices were calculated by mean method and factor analysis method. The spatial characteristics of SMF in the Junggar Desert were obtained by using Kriging interpolation method in ArcGIS. Correlation analysis between single soil function and SMF was performed in R language software, and the best-fit model was used to fit the environmental factors and SMF of the 79 sample sites. The best-fit model was selected applied on the R² and the AIC value of the model. Structural equation model (SEM) analysis was performed using the “Lavaan” package in R language. Direct and indirect effects of different variables on SMF were identified, and the driving factors of spatial variability of the SMF in the Junggar Desert were determined.

Results: Overall, the SMF in the Junggar Desert showed large heterogeneity in spatial distribution, with an increasing trend of SMF from west to east, and trend of increasing first and then decreasing from south to north of the desert. The best-fit model showed that SMF had a significant quadratic function with MAP (mean annual precipitation) and MAT (mean annual temperature), and showed a decreasing first and then increasing trend of with the increase in MAP and MAT. The SMF had a significant primary function with pH and EVI (enhanced vegetation index). Specially, SMF had a trend of significant decreasing along with the increase in pH, and a significant increasing trend along with the increase in EVI. The SMF and Aridity (drought) showed both quadratic and linear (R² was the same for both) relationship, with SMF decreasing with the increase in Aridity. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that, SWC was the most important driver of SMF change, followed by EVI. Soil pH, SWC (soil water content), MAT, Aridity and EVI had significant direct effects on SMF in the desert area, with SWC and EVI having significant positive effects and the others having negative effects. MAP, Lon (longitude), Lat (latitude) and Alt (altitude) had indirect effects on SMF by affecting factors such as MAT.

Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the changes in SMF are caused by the combined effect of multiple environmental conditions. The results are important for the in-depth understanding of the spatial pattern and driving factors of the SMF in the Junggar Desert, which will be beneficial for the assessment of the effects of environmental changes on the multifunctionality and for the ecosystem managements of the desert ecosystems.

Key words: Junggar Desert, soil multifunctionality, driving factors, spatial variation

张世航, 陶冶, 陈玉森, 郭浩, 陆永兴, 郭星, 刘朝红, 周晓兵, 张元明 (2022) 准噶尔荒漠土壤多功能性的空间变异特征及其驱动因素. 生物多样性, 30, 22097. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022097.

Shihang Zhang, Ye Tao, Yusen Chen, Hao Guo, Yongxing Lu, Xing Guo, Chaohong Liu, Xiaobing Zhou, Yuanming Zhang (2022) Spatial pattern of soil multifunctionality and its correlation with environmental and vegetation factors in the Junggar Desert, China. Biodiversity Science, 30, 22097. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022097.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2022097

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2022/V30/I8/22097

图/表 7

图1 准噶尔荒漠土壤采样图

Fig. 1 Soil sampling sites in the Junggar Desert

图2 基于因子分析法(MF1)和平均值法(MF2)得到的土壤多功能指数之间的线性关系

Fig. 2 Linear relationship of the soil multifunctional index obtained determined by factor analysis (MF1) and mean method (MF2)

表1 单一土壤功能与土壤多功能性的相关性

Table 1 Correlation between single soil function and soil multifunctionality

	有机碳 SOC	氮 N	磷 P	碳氮比 C∶N	碳磷比 C∶P	氮磷比 N∶P	速效氮 AN	速效磷 AP	MF1	MF2
MF1	0.940**	0.519**	0.637**	0.609**	0.924**	0.344**	0.644**	0.812**	1	0.963**
MF2	0.845**	0.723**	0.569**	0.396**	0.828**	0.572**	0.511**	0.786**	0.963**	1

表2 准噶尔荒漠土壤、植被和气候参数的描述统计表。ST: 土壤温度; SWC: 土壤含水率; EVI: 植被增强指数。CV: 变异系数。

Table 2 Descriptive statistics of desert soil, vegetation and climate parameters in the Junggar Desert. ST, soil temperature; SWC, Soil water content; EVI, Vegetation enhancement index. CV, Coefficient of variation.

参数 Parameter	有机碳 SOC (g/kg)	全氮 N (g/kg)	全磷 P (g/kg)	速效氮 AN (mg/kg)	速效磷 AP (mg/kg)		年降水 MAP (mm)		年均温 MAT (℃)	干旱程度 Aridity	土壤温度 ST (℃)	土壤含水率 SWC (%)	pH	植被增强指数 EVI
平均值 Mean	5.73	0.21	0.35	32.09	9.03		140.06		7.70	0.91	2.54	2.20	8.30	0.09
最大值 Max	24.10	0.54	0.42	155.59	35.00		192.64		22.17	0.95	14.46	2.60	8.80	0.22
最小值 Min	0.90	0.07	0.26	8.46	2.26		80.27		?4.76	0.84	?3.83	1.90	7.80	0.04
标准误差 SE	4.33	0.08	0.03	26.91	7.90		20.09		6.11	0.02	2.20	0.01	0.20	0.03
变异系数 CV	0.75	0.37	0.10	0.84	0.87	0.14		0.79		0.02	0.86	0.07	0.02	0.37

图3 准噶尔荒漠土壤多功能性(SMF)空间变异特征

Fig. 3 Spatial variation characteristics of soil multifunctionality (SMF) in the Junggar Desert

图4 环境因子与土壤多功能性之间的线性或非线性关系

Fig. 4 Linear or nonlinear relationship between environmental factors and soil multifunctionality

图5 环境因子对土壤多功能性的直接和间接影响的SEM分析结果。不同粗细与箭头旁载重系数成正比。RMSEA, 近似误差均方根。空间地理位置、气候、土壤(环境)的组成部分作为独立的可观测变量包含在模型中, 但为了图解的简单性, 我们将它们放在同一个方框。环境因子的缩写全程详见图4。

Fig. 5 SEM analysis results about direct and indirect effects of environmental factors on soil multifunctionality. Different thickness is directly proportional to the load coefficient beside the arrow. RMSEA, Root mean square of approximate error. The components of spatial location, climate and soil (environment) are included in the model as independent observable variables, but for the simplicity of illustration, we put them in the same box. See Figure 4 for abbreviations of environmental factors. χ2 = 0.127, P = 0.881, GFI = 0.999, AGFI = 0.977, RMSEA = 0.018. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001.

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准噶尔荒漠土壤多功能性的空间变异特征及其驱动因素

Spatial pattern of soil multifunctionality and its correlation with environmental and vegetation factors in the Junggar Desert, China

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