东北虎种群的时空动态及其原因分析

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08207

生物多样性 ›› 2009, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (3): 211-225. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08207

• 论文 • 下一篇

东北虎种群的时空动态及其原因分析

田瑜¹, 邬建国¹^,², 寇晓军¹, 李钟汶¹, 王天明¹, 牟溥¹, 葛剑平¹^,^*()

1 北京师范大学景观生态与可持续性科学研究中心, 北京 100875
2 School of Life Sciences & Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA

收稿日期:2008-08-20 接受日期:2009-03-25 出版日期:2009-05-20 发布日期:2009-05-20
通讯作者: 葛剑平
作者简介:*E-mail: gejp@bnu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家科技基础性工作专项(2006FY210100);中俄资源环境领域重大问题合作研究(2005CB724800)

Spatiotemporal pattern and major causes of the Amur tiger population dynamics

Yu Tian¹, Jianguo Wu¹^,², Xiaojun Kou¹, Zhongwen Li¹, Tianming Wang¹, Pu Mou¹, Jianping Ge¹^,^*()

1 Center for Landscape Ecology and Sustainability Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
2 School of Life Sciences & Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA

Received:2008-08-20 Accepted:2009-03-25 Online:2009-05-20 Published:2009-05-20
Contact: Jianping Ge

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

作者通过对广泛的历史资料的综合分析, 研究了东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica)种群在近一个多世纪以来的时空动态及其原因, 并从景观生态学和可持续性科学的角度对东北虎的保护提出了建议。东北虎是俄罗斯远东、中国东北、蒙古东部以及朝鲜的关键种。近百年以来的多种人为干扰因素使该种群从一个世纪前的近3,000只的历史最高纪录减少到目前约500只的低水平。现存种群主要分布在俄罗斯远东地区Sikhote山脉的一个大生境区域和两个靠近中俄边境孤立的小生境斑块, 少数个体零星分布在中国境内几个小而孤立的生境斑块中。威胁东北虎种群生存的两个最主要因素是捕猎、生境丧失和破碎化。此外, 食物匮乏、战争等因素也对东北虎的生存和繁衍有一定程度的影响。我们建议建立长期监测平台; 禁止盗猎并限制在东北虎潜在栖息地采伐、狩猎以及修筑道路等人类活动; 建立相互连通的保护区域, 特别是建立中国与俄罗斯间跨国界的生态廊道。这些保护措施应该以景观生态学和可持续性科学为指导, 实现空间资源的合理配置和土地利用格局的优化, 同时考虑东北虎种群的生存和当地经济、社会发展的需求, 从而促进实现区域可持续发展的最终目标。

关键词: 东北虎, 种群历史动态和空间格局, 生境丧失和破碎化, 东北虎保护策略与措施, 景观生态学与可持续性科学

Abstract

Based on a comprehensive literature review, we analyzed the spatiotemporal pattern of the Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) population dynamics during the past century, and proposed a set of strategies and measures for conserving this endangered species from the perspectives of landscape ecology and sustainability science. The Amur tiger is a keystone species in the region of Russia Far East, Eastern Mongolia, Northeastern China, and North Korea, and its population declined dramatically during the past century, from the historical record of 3,000 to the current low level of about 500 because of different kinds of anthropogenic disturbances. The extant tiger population is distributed mainly in the Russia Far East region, including one large habitat area along the Sikhote Mountain and two smaller habitat patches near the Russia-China border. A small number of tiger individuals are also found in several small isolated habitat patches in northeastern China. The primary causes for the decline of the tiger population were poaching, habitat loss, and habitat fragmentation. The scarcity of prey and wars were also responsible for the decrease in the tiger population. To better conserve this endangered species, we propose the following strategies and measures: to establish a long-term monitoring platform; to strictly prohibit tiger poaching and restrict forest logging, hunting, and building roads and other artificial structures within the tiger distribution areas; and to build animal movement corridors among reserves and across the China-Russia border. To achieve these goals, large-scale land use planning and habitat pattern optimization are needed, and conservation goals must be integrated with the overall goal of sustainable development in the region that simultaneously considers environmental, economic, and social factors based on the principles of landscape ecology and sustainability science.

Key words: the Amur tiger, historical dynamics and spatial pattern, habitat loss and fragmentation, conservation strategies and measures, landscape ecology and sustainability science

田瑜, 邬建国, 寇晓军, 李钟汶, 王天明, 牟溥, 葛剑平 (2009) 东北虎种群的时空动态及其原因分析. 生物多样性, 17, 211-225. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08207.

Yu Tian, Jianguo Wu, Xiaojun Kou, Zhongwen Li, Tianming Wang, Pu Mou, Jianping Ge (2009) Spatiotemporal pattern and major causes of the Amur tiger population dynamics. Biodiversity Science, 17, 211-225. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08207.

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时间(年) Time (year)	东北虎种群数量(只) Amur tiger population size				资料来源 Data sources
时间(年) Time (year)	吉林 Jilin	黑龙江 Heilongjiang	中国 China	平均值 Average	资料来源 Data sources
1890	-	-	1,200-2,400	1,800	Xu (徐学良), 1999
30年代 1930s	-	-	500	500	He et al. (赫俊峰等), 1997
50年代中期 mid-1950s	-	-	200	200	He et al. (赫俊峰等), 1997
1974-1976	70	81	151	151	Wu et al. (吴宪忠等), 1994; He et al. (赫俊峰等), 1997; Yu et al. (于孝臣等), 2000; Wang (王炳坤), 2004
1975	48	-	-	-	Li et al. (李彤等), 2001
1979	-	-	180-190	185	Ma (马逸清), 1983
1981-1984	12	18	30	30	He et al. (赫俊峰等), 1997; Li et al. (李彤等), 2001
1988-1991	6-8	10-14	16-22	19	Wu et al. (吴宪忠等), 1994; He et al. (赫俊峰等), 1997; Yu et al. (于孝臣等), 2000
1984-1985	-	-	20-30	25	Wang (王炳坤), 2004
1992	4-5	-	-	-	Li et al. (李彤等), 2001
1993	-	-	20-22	21	Wu et al. (吴宪忠等),1994; Xu (徐学良), 1999
1998-1999	7-9	5-7	12-16	14	Li et al. (李彤等), 2001; Sun et al. (孙海义等), 2005; Jiang (蒋劲松), 2005; Yu (于孝臣), 2005
2001	-	8-12	-	-	Ma (马建章) & Jin (金崑), 2003
2003-2004	-	9-11	16-20	18	Sun et al. (孙海义等), 2005
2005-2006	-	12-14	-	-	Zhou et al. (周绍春等), 2008

时间(年) Time (year)	东北虎种群数量(只) Amur tiger population size				资料来源 Data sources
时间(年) Time (year)	吉林 Jilin	黑龙江 Heilongjiang	中国 China	平均值 Average	资料来源 Data sources
1890	-	-	1,200-2,400	1,800	Xu (徐学良), 1999
30年代 1930s	-	-	500	500	He et al. (赫俊峰等), 1997
50年代中期 mid-1950s	-	-	200	200	He et al. (赫俊峰等), 1997
1974-1976	70	81	151	151	Wu et al. (吴宪忠等), 1994; He et al. (赫俊峰等), 1997; Yu et al. (于孝臣等), 2000; Wang (王炳坤), 2004
1975	48	-	-	-	Li et al. (李彤等), 2001
1979	-	-	180-190	185	Ma (马逸清), 1983
1981-1984	12	18	30	30	He et al. (赫俊峰等), 1997; Li et al. (李彤等), 2001
1988-1991	6-8	10-14	16-22	19	Wu et al. (吴宪忠等), 1994; He et al. (赫俊峰等), 1997; Yu et al. (于孝臣等), 2000
1984-1985	-	-	20-30	25	Wang (王炳坤), 2004
1992	4-5	-	-	-	Li et al. (李彤等), 2001
1993	-	-	20-22	21	Wu et al. (吴宪忠等),1994; Xu (徐学良), 1999
1998-1999	7-9	5-7	12-16	14	Li et al. (李彤等), 2001; Sun et al. (孙海义等), 2005; Jiang (蒋劲松), 2005; Yu (于孝臣), 2005
2001	-	8-12	-	-	Ma (马建章) & Jin (金崑), 2003
2003-2004	-	9-11	16-20	18	Sun et al. (孙海义等), 2005
2005-2006	-	12-14	-	-	Zhou et al. (周绍春等), 2008

时间(年) Time (year)	东北虎种群数量 Amur tiger population size
时间(年) Time (year)	Darman et al. (2006)	Miquelle et al. (2006)	*WWF专家估计	Matyushkin (1998)	中值或平均值 Median or average
1890	700	-	800	-	750
1900	-	-	-	600-800	700
1924	350	-	400	-	375
1927	100	-	110	-	105
1930	55	-	80	50-60	55
1935	50	-	60	-	55
1940	30	20-30	50	34-46	40
1945	50	-	60	-	55
1950	60	-	70	50-60	60
1952	-	-	-	40-45	43
1955	80	-	85	-	83
1957	-	58	-	-	58
1959	-	90-100	-	-	95
1960	105	-	100	90-100	100
1965	120	-	160	110	120
1968	-	-	-	128-156, 122-148	139
1970	150	149-151	180	130-132	150
1973	-	-	-	180-230, 150-180	185
1974	-	-	-	130-150	140
1975	250	-	260	200-250, 170	236
1976	-	160-170	-	-	165
1978	-	-	-	200	200
1979	-	206-229	-	-	218
1980	360	-	370	360-380	370
1985	460	240-250	465	460-480, 250-480	340
1987	450	-	380	-	415
1988	-	-	-	240-250	245
1990	430	349	430	408-430, 338-350	430
1993	450	-	350	250-300	350
1995	472	-	402	150-200	402
1996	-	415-476	-	-	445
1998	460	-	450	-	455
2000	435	-	450	-	443
2005	-	428-502	-	-	480

时间(年) Time (year)	东北虎种群数量 Amur tiger population size
时间(年) Time (year)	Darman et al. (2006)	Miquelle et al. (2006)	*WWF专家估计	Matyushkin (1998)	中值或平均值 Median or average
1890	700	-	800	-	750
1900	-	-	-	600-800	700
1924	350	-	400	-	375
1927	100	-	110	-	105
1930	55	-	80	50-60	55
1935	50	-	60	-	55
1940	30	20-30	50	34-46	40
1945	50	-	60	-	55
1950	60	-	70	50-60	60
1952	-	-	-	40-45	43
1955	80	-	85	-	83
1957	-	58	-	-	58
1959	-	90-100	-	-	95
1960	105	-	100	90-100	100
1965	120	-	160	110	120
1968	-	-	-	128-156, 122-148	139
1970	150	149-151	180	130-132	150
1973	-	-	-	180-230, 150-180	185
1974	-	-	-	130-150	140
1975	250	-	260	200-250, 170	236
1976	-	160-170	-	-	165
1978	-	-	-	200	200
1979	-	206-229	-	-	218
1980	360	-	370	360-380	370
1985	460	240-250	465	460-480, 250-480	340
1987	450	-	380	-	415
1988	-	-	-	240-250	245
1990	430	349	430	408-430, 338-350	430
1993	450	-	350	250-300	350
1995	472	-	402	150-200	402
1996	-	415-476	-	-	445
1998	460	-	450	-	455
2000	435	-	450	-	443
2005	-	428-502	-	-	480

调查时间 Time	地区 Regions	捕获和死亡的数量及原因 Tigers killed (causes of death)		原始数据来源 Original data source
调查时间 Time	地区 Regions	幼虎 Cub	成年虎 Adult	原始数据来源 Original data source
1911-1914	Primorsky Krai	-	80 (poached)	Tselischev, 1925
1920-1970	Bolshaya Ussurka river	97	-	Yudakov & Nikolayev, 1972
1920-1970	Primorsky Krai	130	-	Yudakov & Nikolayev, 1972
1940-1960	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)	-	60 (poached)	Rukovskii, 1968
1955-1956	USSR	15 (captured); 13 (poached)	-	Abramov, 1958
1951-1970	Chuguevskiy	-	25 (poached)	Gorokhov, 1977
1951-1973	South of USSR	-	45 (poached)	Gorokhov, 1983
1960-1970	USSR	-	184 (poached)	Abramov, 1974
1961-1966	Primorsky Krai	11 (poached)	-	Kudzin, 1966
1961-1969	USSR	16-18 (captured); 10-12 (poached)	-	Kucherenko, 1970
1962-1981	Primorsky Krai	-	>100 (poached)	Pikunov et al., 1984
1963-1964	B.U. river	14 (poached)	-	Matyushkin, 1966
1965-1970	Primorsky Krai	-	70(poached)	Yudakov & Nikolayev, 1973
1965-1970	Primorsky Krai	-	10 (poached each year)	Kucherenko, 1972
1965-1970	Primorsky Krai	10 (captured); 53 (poached)	-	Yudakov & Nikolayev, 1972
1966-1970	Chuguevskiy	-	14 (poached)	Gorokhov, 1977
1967-1986	USSR	53 (poached)	-	Spitsin et al., 1987
1970-1992	Primorsky Krai	-	53 (poached)	Nikolayev & Yudin, 1993
early 80s	USSR	-	20 (poached each year)	Pikunov, 1988
1983-1985	Primorsky Krai	8 (poached)	15 (poached)	Nikolayev, 1985
1984-1985	USSR	-	30-40 (poached each year)	Pikunov, 1990
1986	Primorsky Krai	-	32 (poached)	Bragin & Gaponov, 1989
1991	Lazo	-	7 (poached)	Khramtsov, 1993
-1991	USSR	-	50-70 (poached)	Pikunov, 1992
1991-1992	USSR	-	100 (poached)	Kucherenko, 1993
1985-1990	USSR	-	82 (poached)	Matyushkin, 1992
1991-1996	Russia Far East	-	160 (poached)	Matyushkin, 1992
1992	Russia Far East	-	60 (poached)	赫俊峰等, 1997; Darman et al., 2006

东北虎种群的时空动态及其原因分析

Spatiotemporal pattern and major causes of the Amur tiger population dynamics

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调查时间(年) Time (year)	虎捕食的猎物的比例 Prey percent for the Amur tiger			调查方法 Methods	原始数据来源 Original data source
调查时间(年) Time (year)	野猪 Wild boar	鹿 Red deer	狍子 Roe deer	调查方法 Methods	原始数据来源 Original data source
1946-1947	主要 Primary	次要 Secondary	次要 Secondary	野外调查 Field survey	Rakov, 1970
1958-1963	主要 Primary	次要 Secondary	次要 Secondary	野外调查 Field survey	Rakov, 1970
1969-1971	56%	27%	6%	野外调查 Field survey	Kucherenko, 1972
1969-1973	54%	25%	-	野外调查 Field survey	Yudakov, 1974
1977-1978	次要 Secondary	主要 Primary	次要 Secondary	野外跟踪调查4只虎 Tracing 4 tigers in the field	Pikunov, 1983
1993	35%	50%	-	无线电项圈 Radiotracking	Miquelle et al., 1993
1962-1977	-	72.6%	-	野外调查 Field survey	Matyushkin, 1992
1992-1994	29.5%	54.3%	-	无线电项圈 Radiotracking	Miquelle et al., 1996
1993-1994	36%	57%	-	航空调查 Aerial survey	Myslenkov & Miquelle, 1997

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