不同扰动生境中动物对酸苔菜种子的捕食和散布

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07231

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

有效的种子散布是木本植物形成入侵种需要经历的过程之一, 但在预测入侵种时却常常被忽略。紫金牛科东方紫金牛(Ardisia elliptica)原产热带亚洲而在北美成为入侵植物, 分布在云南南部的其同属种酸苔菜(A. solanacea)与之具有相似的生物学特征。本文以酸苔菜为研究对象, 于2004年12月至次年2月分别在人为干扰轻的野象谷和人为干扰重的植物园进行酸苔菜的种子散布及捕食研究, 试图了解生境变化对其种子散布和种子捕食的影响。结果表明, 酸苔菜在两地的种子散布者均为白喉冠鹎(Alophoixus pallidus)、黑冠黄鹎(Pycnonotus melanicterus)和灰眼短脚鹎(Iole propinqua), 但3种食果实鸟类的组成比例、拜访行为、频率及种子捕食者的影响在两地均不相同。人为干扰轻的野象谷生境中白喉冠鹎、黑冠黄鹎与灰眼短脚鹎的拜访频率分别为25%、32%和26%, 取食后的第一次停栖地点有4%在10 m以外; 人为干扰重的植物园生境中3种鸟的拜访频率分别为67%、8%、5%, 取食后的第一次停栖地点有26%在10 m以外。人工摆放种子试验表明, 地面上种子捕食者主要是啮齿类;在两生境中种子捕食率均较低(2-6%), 但野象谷生境中种子捕食率仍显著高于植物园生境。野象谷生境中种子还受到象鼻虫幼虫的危害, 危害率为17.9±3.5%(n = 512); 而植物园生境中未发现种子被象鼻虫危害(n = 489)。干扰对生境中的动物组成及行为造成了明显影响, 并可能通过种子散布与捕食的改变而间接影响与其有密切关系植物的种群动态。

关键词: Ardisia solanacea, 人类扰动, 食果鸟, 种子散布, 种子捕食

Abstract

Effective dispersal is one essential course for invasive species on their process of invasion, while study on the effectiveness of seed dispersal was often neglected when predicting species’ invasion. Native to Tropical Asia,Ardisia elliptica is an invasive species in North America. A. solanacea is a tree naturally distributed in southern Yunnan with biological characteristics similar to A. elliptica. In this study, we conducted observation on seed dispersal and seed predation of A. solanacea in two habitats with different degree of disturbance: the Wild Elephant Valley (WEV) with few disturbances and the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG) with high disturbances. The aim of the study was to understand how disturbances affect seed dispersal and seed predation of A. solanacea.In both habitats, three frugivorous birds were the main seed dispersers, i.e., Alophoixus pallidus, Pycnonotus melanicterus and Iole propinqua. However, the visiting frequency and feeding behaviour differed in the two habitats. In WEV, the visiting frequency of the three birds was 25%, 32% and 26%, respectively; while in XTBG, it was 67%, 8% and 5%, respectively. Only 4% of the birds got first stop far than 10 m away from the fruiting tree after feeding in WEV, but 26% in XTBG. Seed placement experiment indicated that rodents were the major predators to the seeds on ground. The predation rate in both habitats were rather low (2-6%) while seed predation rate in WEV was significantly higher than that in XTBG. In WEV, larvae of Curculionidae were another seed predator, which caused 17.9±3.5% (n = 512) of seeds parasitized. In contrast, no seeds was found to be parasitized by the larvae (n = 489) in XTBG. Disturbance significantly affect the composition and behaviour of animals inhabited. Consequently, those changes may influence seed dispersal and seed predation of related plants, and indirectly, affect the population recruitment of plants.

Key words: Ardisia solanacea, different disturbed habitats, frugivorous birds, seed dispersal, seed predation

赵瑾, 陈进, 马绍宾 (2008) 不同扰动生境中动物对酸苔菜种子的捕食和散布. 生物多样性, 16, 34-43. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07231.

Jin Zhao, Jin Chen, Shaobin Ma (2008) Seed predation and dispersal of Ardisia solanacea in habitats with different degree of disturbance. Biodiversity Science, 16, 34-43. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07231.

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https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2008/V16/I1/34

图/表 5

图1 西双版纳植物园(XTBG)和勐养自然保护区野象谷(WEV)生境中白喉冠鹎、黑冠黄鹎和灰眼短脚鹎3种食果鸟拜访酸苔菜结果植株的频率。数据为15 d的累计数; 连续5 min计为1次拜访。

Fig. 1 Comparison of visiting frequency of three frugivorous birds to the fruiting trees of Ardisia solanacea in Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG) and Wild Elephant Valley (WEV). Data is an accumulation of 15-day observation. The time for continuous five minutes was recorded as one visit.

表1 酸苔菜的3种主要种子散布者在不同生境中的拜访频率(%)

Table 1 Visiting frequency (%) of the three major seed dispersers of Ardisia solanacea in two different habitats

种名 Species	生境 Habitats
种名 Species	植物园 XTBG	野象谷 WEV
白喉冠鹎 Alophoixus pallidus	67	25
黑冠黄鹎 Pycnonotus melanicterus	8	32
灰眼短脚鹎 Iole propinqua	5	26
其他 Others	20	17

表2 植物园和野象谷两生境中拜访酸苔菜的食果鸟离开母树后的第一次落点位置的差异(以次数表示, 括号内为百分比)

Table 2 Distance between the fruiting tree and the first stop of visitors (indicated by times and percentage)

种名 Species	植物园 XTBG				野象谷 WEV
种名 Species	<5 m	5-10 m	>10 m	合计 Total	<5 m	5-10 m	>10 m	合计 Total
白喉冠鹎 Alophoixus pallidus	7 (11)	35 (58)	19 (31)	61	2 (6)	30 (91)	1 (3)	33
黑冠黄鹎 Pycnonotus melanicterus	0 (0)	8 (100)	0 (0)	8	10 (24)	31 (73)	1 (3)	42
灰眼短脚鹎 Iole propinqua	0 (0)	3 (100)	0 (0)	3	8 (24)	24 (70)	2 (6)	34
合计 Total	7 (10)	46 (64)	19 (26)	72	20 (18)	85 (78)	4 (4)	109

表3 酸苔菜种子在3种食果实鸟消化道内的滞留时间

Table 3 Retention time of Ardisia solanacea seeds in the digestive systems of the three frugivorous birds

种名 Species	滞留时间 Retention time
种名 Species	均值 ± 1标准误 Mean± 1SE	样本数 n	变幅 Range
白喉冠鹎 Alophoixus pallidus	23.6 ± 0.51	5	22.9-23.9
黑冠黄鹎 Pycnonotus melanicterus	22.7 ± 0.53	5	21.7-23.6
灰眼短脚鹎 Iole propinqua	22.4 ± 0.37	5	21.7-23.0

图2 不同处理、不同生境和不同种子摆放密度对种子捕食强度的影响(以丢失种子百分数表示, 平均值±1标准误)。A: 不同处理(N=360)。开放: 种子直接摆放地面上; 除鸟: 排除鸟的拜访; 除蚁: 去除蚂蚁拜访; 除鸟和啮齿类: 排除鸟和啮齿类的拜访。B: 不同生境(N=720)。C: 不同密度(N=720)。不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

Fig. 2 Degree of seed predation influenced by different treatments, habitats and seed density (Seed predation is indicated by percentage of seed removed. Data are means±1SE. A, Treatments (N = 360): OP, seeds were directly placed on the ground; BE, birds’ visit was excluded, AE, ants’ visit was excluded; BR, both birds and rodents were excluded. B, Different habitats. C, Different seed density: LD, 2 seeds; HD, 10 seeds. Different letters indicate that the mean values are significantly different (P<0.05).

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