我国西南植物区系的分异: 椿榆属和臭椿属化石的启示

doi:10.17520/biods.2022348

生物多样性 ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (11): 22348. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022348

所属专题：青藏高原生物多样性与生态安全

• 中国南方新生代植物多样性演化专题 • 上一篇下一篇

我国西南植物区系的分异: 椿榆属和臭椿属化石的启示

贾林波¹^,²^,^*(), 苏涛³^,^*(), 李伟成³, 李树峰³, 黄永江¹, 周浙昆³

1.中国科学院昆明植物研究所中国科学院东亚植物多样性与生物地理学重点实验室, 昆明 650201
2.现代古生物学和地层学国家重点实验室(中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所), 南京 210008
3.中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园热带森林生态学重点实验室, 云南勐腊 666303

接受日期:2022-09-05 出版日期:2022-11-20 发布日期:2022-10-13
通讯作者: 贾林波,苏涛
作者简介:sutao@xtbg.org.cn
* E-mail: jialinbo@mail.kib.ac.cn;
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(31900194);现代古生物学和地层学国家重点实验室(中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所)开放项目(183112);云南省科技厅项目(202101AT070163);云南省科技厅项目(202001AU070058);中国科学院“西部之光”计划

The floristic differentiation of Southwest China: Insights from Cedrelospermum and Ailanthus fossils

Linbo Jia¹^,²^,^*(), Tao Su³^,^*(), Weicheng Li³, Shufeng Li³, Yongjiang Huang¹, Zhekun Zhou³

1. CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201
2. State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy (Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS), Nanjing 210008
3. Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303

Accepted:2022-09-05 Online:2022-11-20 Published:2022-10-13
Contact: Linbo Jia,Tao Su

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

滇西北‒西藏和滇东南‒桂西是我国西南植物区系中两个面貌和谱系年龄差异最为鲜明的区域, 分别以区系年轻、草本植物和区系古老、木本植物为特征。其中一个饶为有趣的问题是这两个地区的区系分异现象是如何演变形成的? 古植物学研究能为回答这一问题提供重要证据。本文报道分别发现于滇西北‒西藏和滇东南‒桂西的椿榆属(Cedrelospermum)和臭椿属(Ailanthus)化石新纪录。结合已有研究, 这两个类群在我国西南的化石历史为: 椿榆属见于西藏中始新世至晚渐新世(西藏椿榆C. tibetica)及滇东南晚始新世(亚洲椿榆C. asiaticum)地层, 而臭椿属化石见于西藏中始新世至晚始新世(大果臭椿A. maximus)及滇东南晚始新世至早渐新世(古臭椿A. confucii)地层。以上古近纪滇西北‒西藏和滇东南‒桂西植物区系在属级水平上的相似性表明这两个地区之间曾经存在区系交流、类群组成相近。然而, 在种级水平上, 自晚始新世以来其椿榆属和臭椿属植物又各不相同, 暗示着以上两个区系可能在晚始新世或更早已经由于环境分异等因素而向着不同的方向发展。现在椿榆属和臭椿属都已经从西藏消失了, 取而代之的是总体上更为年轻的草本植物区系。与此不同, 臭椿属在滇东南‒桂西延续到了现在, 体现了该地区区系的古老性。本研究为滇西北‒西藏和滇东南‒桂西植物区系在地质历史时期的相似性及其分异的形成提供了化石证据。

关键词: 中国西南, 古近纪, 植物区系演化, 榆科, 苦木科

Abstract

Aims: Northwest Yunnan-Xizang and Southeast Yunnan-West Guangxi are two regions with distinct differences in pedigree age and appearance in southwestern China. The two regions are characterized by young flora dominated by herbaceous plants and ancient flora dominated by woody plants, respectively. It is unknown how the floristic differentiation of these two regions has formed.

Methods: We report new fossil records of Cedrelospermum and Ailanthus from the two study regions. We also review the fossil history of the two genera, particularly those in Southwest China.

Results: The fossil history of the two genera in Southwest China is as follows: Cedrelospermum occurred in the middle Eocene to late Oligocene of Xizang (C. tibetica) and the late Eocene of Southeast Yunnan (C. asiaticum). Ailanthus appeared in the middle Eocene to late Oligocene of Xizang (A. maximus) and the late Eocene of Southeast Yunnan (A. confucii). Our results show that both Northwest Yunnan-Xizang and Southeast Yunnan-West Guangxi floras grew Cedrelospermum and Ailanthus in the Paleogene, but the species are different since the late Eocene.

Conclusion: The genus level similarity of Northwest Yunnan-Xizang and Southeast Yunnan-West Guangxi floras support the hypothesis that floristic exchanges have occurred between the two regions. However, the difference in species indicates that the two floras have separated from each other since or before the late Eocene due to environmental differentiation. The woody Cedrelospermum and Ailanthus have disappeared from Xizang, and have been replaced by a generally younger herbaceous flora. In contrast, Ailanthus occurs presently in Southeast Yunnan, providing evidence for the archaic nature of the flora. Our study provides fossil evidence for the similarity and differentiation of the floras of Northwest Yunnan-Xizang and Southeast Yunnan-West Guangxi in the geological past.

Key words: Southwest China, Paleogene, floristic evolution, Ulmaceae, Simaroubacea

贾林波, 苏涛, 李伟成, 李树峰, 黄永江, 周浙昆 (2022) 我国西南植物区系的分异: 椿榆属和臭椿属化石的启示. 生物多样性, 30, 22348. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022348.

Linbo Jia, Tao Su, Weicheng Li, Shufeng Li, Yongjiang Huang, Zhekun Zhou (2022) The floristic differentiation of Southwest China: Insights from Cedrelospermum and Ailanthus fossils. Biodiversity Science, 30, 22348. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022348.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2022348

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2022/V30/I11/22348

图/表 8

图1 本研究中西藏椿榆属及滇东南臭椿属化石采集位置

Fig. 1 The fossil localities in Xizang and Yunnan that yielded fossils of Cedrelospermum and Ailanthus, respectively

图2 西藏申扎西藏椿榆果实化石。fb: 果实主体部分; v: 翅上的脉; w: 主翅; g: 主翅与副翅之间的间隙。

Fig. 2 Fossil fruits of Cedrelospermum tibeticum from Shenzha, Xizang. fb, Fruit body; v, Veins on the wing; w, Primary wing; g, Gap between the wings.

图3 滇东南马关古臭椿果实化石。ss: 花柱痕; m: 翅果边缘; vv: 腹脉。

Fig. 3 Fossil fruit of Ailanthus confucii from Maguan, Southeast Yunnan. ss, Stylar scar; m, Margin of the winged fruit; vv, Ventral vein.

图4 滇东南及西藏椿榆属果实化石线描图。A: 西藏双湖晚渐新世地层西藏椿榆; B: 西藏申扎晚始新世地层西藏椿榆; C: 云南马关晚始新世地层亚洲椿榆。

Fig. 4 The line drawings of Cedrelospermum fruit fossils from Southeast Yunnan and Xizang. A, C. tibeticum from the late Oligocene of Shuanghu, Xizang; B, C. tibeticum from the late Eocene of Shenzha, Xizang; C, C. asiaticum from the late Eocene of Maguan, Yunnan.

图5 滇东南及西藏臭椿属果实化石线描图。A: 西藏双湖晚渐新世地层大果臭椿; B: 云南马关晚始新世地层古臭椿。

Fig. 5 The line drawings of Ailanthus fruit fossils from Southeast Yunnan and Xizang. A, A. maximus from the late Oligocene of Shuanghu, Xizang; B, A. confucii from the late Eocene of Maguan, Yunnan.

图6 我国西南植物区系分异示意图。A: 西藏双湖晚渐新地层西藏椿榆; B: 西藏申扎晚始新世地层西藏椿榆; C: 西藏双湖晚渐新世地层大果臭椿; D: 西藏班戈中始新世卡瓦奇栾树; E: 西藏双湖晚渐新世地层西藏似沙巴棕; F: 云南马关晚始新世地层亚洲椿榆; G, H: 云南马关晚始新世地层古臭椿; I: 云南马关晚始新世地层栾树属(未定种); J: 云南马关晚始新世地层滇桐属(未定种); K: 云南马关晚始新世地层似沙巴棕属(未定种); L: 横断山绿绒蒿; M: 藏波罗花; N: 苞叶大黄; O, P: 臭椿; Q: 复羽叶栾树; R: 滇桐; S: 美丽蒲葵。比例尺为5 mm。

Fig. 6 The hypothesized floristic differentiation of Southwest China. A, Cedrelospermum tibeticum from the late Oligocene of Shuanghu, Xizang; B, C. tibeticum from the late Eocene of Shenzha, Xizang; C, Ailanthus maximus from the late Oligocene of Shuanghu, Xizang; D, Koelreuteria kvacekii from the middle Eocene of Bange, Xizang; E, Sabalites tibetensis from the late Oligocene of Shuanghu, Xizang; F, C. asiaticum from the late Eocene of Maguan, Yunnan; G, H, A. confucii from the late Eocene of Maguan, Yunnan; I, K. sp. from the late Eocene of Maguan, Yunnan; J, Craigia sp. from the late Eocene of Maguan, Yunnan; K, Sabalites sp. from the late Eocene of Maguan, Yunnan; L, Meconopsis pseudointegrifolia; M, Incarvillea younghusbandii; N, Rheum alexandrae; O, P, A. altissima; Q, K. bipinnata; R, Craigia yunnanensis; S, Livistona jenkinsiana. Scale bar = 5 mm.

图7 我国西南椿榆属和臭椿属化石点始新世以来的位置及古环境变化。紫色三角号示化石点位置, 编号对应表1中的化石点。

Fig. 7 The changes of position and paleoenvironment of Cedrelospermum and Ailanthus fossil localitiesin Southwest China since the Eocene. The purple triangles show the location of the fossil localities, and the numbers correspond to the fossil localities in Table 1.

表1 我国西南椿榆属及臭椿属化石记录

Table 1 Fossil occurrences of Cedrelospermum and Ailanthus in Southwest China. CD, Cedrelospermum; AL, Ailanthus.

编号 No.	化石点 Fossil site	时代 Age	类群 Taxon	经度 Longitude	纬度 Latitude	参考文献 Reference
1	西藏班戈 Bange, Xizang	中始新世 Middle Eocene	椿榆属 CD 臭椿属 AL	90.03	31.63	2019 2020
2	西藏尼玛 Nima, Xizang	晚始新世 Late Eocene	椿榆属 CD 臭椿属 AL	87.76	31.8	2019 2019
3	西藏申扎 Shenzha, Xizang	晚始新世 Late Eocene	臭椿属 AL	89.15	32.33	本研究 This study 2019
4	西藏双湖 Shuanghu, Xizang	晚渐新世 Late Oligocene	椿榆属 CD	89.76	32.03	2019
5	青海海西 Haixi, Qinghai	渐新世 Oligocene	臭椿属 AL	~91.2	~38.07	2020
6	云南马关 Maguan, Yunnan	晚始新世 Late Eocene	椿榆属 CD 臭椿属 AL	104.38	23.01	本研究 This study 2015
7	云南文山 Wenshan, Yunnan	早渐新世 Early Oligocene	臭椿属 AL	104.28	23.33	2013
8	广西宁明 Ningming, Guangxi	晚渐新世 Late Oligocene	臭椿属 AL	107.1	22.12	2014

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我国西南植物区系的分异: 椿榆属和臭椿属化石的启示

The floristic differentiation of Southwest China: Insights from Cedrelospermum and Ailanthus fossils

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