The Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework is one of the main focuses of current negotiations for the Convention on Biological Diversity. This paper outlines the background of the “Framework,” introduces the OEWG-1 negotiation process, comprehensively analyzes the views of the Parties in the relevant consultation processes, introduces the current consensuses and differences of the Parties on the various elements of the “Framework,” assesses the progress of the “Framework,” and puts forward four suggestions on the design of the “Framework”. These suggestions include: (1) Clarify the specific implementation path of transformational change; (2) Balance the three major objectives of the CBD; (3) Strengthen collaboration with other global governance processes; (4) Strengthen the “Framework” assessment and review of global and the Parties' progress in compliance. Finally, we put forward suggestions for China: (1) Update the domestic NBSAP in a timely manner; (2) Strengthen the coordination of domestic biodiversity work; (3) Continue to strengthen the ecological environmental law enforcement and responsibility mechanism. These recommendations provide a reference for the Parties to better participate in the “Framework” development process and gain insight into the framework and its progress in order to provide useful feedback for the formulation of the “Framework.”

“2020年后全球生物多样性框架”是当前《生物多样性公约》谈判的焦点议题之一。本文阐述了框架制定的背景, 介绍了“2020年后全球生物多样性框架”不限成员名额工作组(Open Ended Working Group, OEWG),的谈判过程, 综合分析了缔约方在各有关磋商进程中的观点, 以及目前缔约方对框架各个要素的共识和分歧, 评估了框架的制定进展, 并就框架的设计提出四点展望: (1)阐明转型变革的具体实施路径; (2)平衡反映公约三大目标; (3)加强与其他全球治理进程的协同; (4)强化框架对全球及缔约方履约进展的评估和审查。最后提出对我国的建议: (1)及时更新国家生物多样性战略与行动计划(National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans, NBSAP); (2)加强国内生物多样性工作的协调; (3)继续加强生态环境执法和责任机制。为缔约方更好参与框架制定进程, 深入了解框架及其磋商进展提供参考, 并为下一步框架制定提供参考。

Digital sequence information (DSI) on genetic resources is a product of unprecedented improvements in genetic sequencing technology in recent years. The application of genetic DSI can help to explain the molecular basis and evolutionary theory of life and provide new technical methods for the conservation and sustainable utilization of biodiversity. With the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol, the Conference of the Parties (COP) has gradually deepened their understanding of benefit-sharing and adopted effective legislative and administrative measures to control their biological genetic resources. As a special kind of “non-physical” information resource, the application of genetic digital sequence information will bring challenges to access systems and benefit sharing. In recent years, genetic digital sequence information has become the focus of negotiations for CBD. China, as a large country with rich biodiversity, a contracting party of Nagoya Protocol, and also one of the countries with rapid development in biotechnology in recent years, should strive to participate in relevant research on this topic and actively respond to the challenges arising therewithin.

遗传资源数字序列信息是近年来DNA测序技术的产物, 目前已经渗透到生命科学和环境科学等领域。遗传资源数字序列信息的应用有助于解释生命的分子基础和进化理论, 为生物多样性的保护和可持续利用提供新的技术手段。随着《名古屋议定书》的生效和履行, 各缔约方对遗传资源惠益分享的认识逐步提高, 并采取有效的立法、行政等措施对本国的生物遗传资源进行管制。遗传数字序列信息作为一种特殊的非实物性质的信息资源, 将会给获取与惠益分享制度带来挑战。近几年, 遗传资源数字序列信息已成为《生物多样性公约》缔约方大会谈判的焦点议题。中国是生物多样性大国, 也是近年来生物技术发展较快的国家之一。中国作为《名古屋议定书》的缔约方, 应积极参与遗传资源数字序列信息相关的研究, 并应对由此带来的各种挑战。

The Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework is currently the focus of negotiation at the Convention on Biological Diversity. Understanding the progress of the negotiation will have a positive impact on the success of the 15th Conference of the Parties (COP15) which will be held in China. Based on the progress of the negotiation, this paper analyzes the views of the main parties involved and makes suggestions to the government of China on how to prepare for international negotiations and promote the development of the framework as the host country. Results show that the main parties involved have reached a relatively unanimous consensus on timetable, procedures and general principles for the formulation of the framework. They believe that the procedures and the timetable for the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework should be confirmed as soon as possible. Additionally, the main parties have expressed the following views on the formulation of the framework. Firstly, the framework should be based on experience gained by implementation of the Aichi Biodiversity Target, scientific conclusions and extensive sources of information. Secondly, negotiation should be linked with the Sustainable Development Goals and other international processes. Thirdly, scenarios and models should be used. Fourthly, support should be extended for more stakeholders’ participation in the formulation process. Involved parties also believe that the framework should mainly include land use, measures to protect and restore biodiversity, address underlying causes of biodiversity loss, mainstreaming, capacity building, resource mobilization, and national commitments. In order to prepare for international negotiations, it is suggested that China put forward the following viewpoints at the conferences of the convention on negotiations in a timely manner: accord importance to achieving the goals on sustainable use; improving the rationality of the evaluation index system; making measures scientific. In addition, it is suggested that China should promote the development of the framework by making full use of the international high-level meeting to increase political attention to the framework, actively collaborate with major international processes to promote in-depth discussion of the framework, and make it a priority to mobilize the enthusiasm of stakeholders.

<p id="p00005"><strong>Background &#x00026; Aims: </strong>The post-2020 global biodiversity framework (the “Framework”) being prepared by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) will be negotiated and adopted at the second part of the 15th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention (COP15). The Framework is a landmark and plays an important guiding role for future global biodiversity conservation, economic and social development. Due to the continuous loss of biodiversity, the vision of living in harmony with nature by 2050 can only be fulfilled through transformative actions. In this paper, we describe the progress of the negotiations of the 22 action-oriented targets in drafting the Framework as at the fourth meeting of the Open-ended Working Group (hereinafter referred to as “OEWG”), so as to provide a perspective and methodological reference for management departments, scientific research institutions, enterprises, social organizations, and professionals engaged in biodiversity education and conservation to understand the reshaping of the international economic order through global biodiversity governance.</p> <p id="p00010"><strong>Progress:</strong> The Framework is built around a theory of change, and aims to set ambitious, practical and balanced biodiversity conservation goals. Biodiversity greatly affects human beings, and the actualization of the goals and targets set by the Framework will have a great impact on the production and consumption of human society. For several reasons including the complexity of the Convention mechanisms and Framework negotiations, few people have a full understanding of the content of the Framework and the negotiation process it entails. After four meetings of OEWG, the structure and elements of the Framework have been defined. The 22 urgent action-orientated targets over the next decade for 2030 are of greatest concern. The targets break down into three components: reducing threats to biodiversity (targets 1-8), meeting people’s needs through sustainable use and benefit-sharing (targets 9‒13) and tools and solutions for implementation and mainstreaming (targets 14‒22).</p> <p id="p00015"><strong>Prospects:</strong> In this paper, we discussed the core topics of the negotiations, such as the 30 × 30 target and resource mobilization in the Framework in order to provide a reference for relevant stakeholders to better grasp the dynamics of environmental politics and trends of participating in an international competition of science and technology, trade, investment, manufacturing, and other fields. This will promote people’s living in harmony with nature, and help build a planetary community of life with a shared future.</p>

《生物多样性公约》(简称《公约》)第十五次缔约方大会(COP15)第二阶段会议上将审议通过正在编制的2020年后全球生物多样性框架(简称“框架”)。该框架具有里程碑意义, 对未来全球生物多样性保护、经济和社会发展有重要指导作用。由于生物多样性的持续丧失, 只有通过变革式的转型, 才能实现到2050年人与自然和谐发展的美好愿景。框架以变革理论为基础, 拟制定雄心勃勃又务实平衡的生物多样性保护目标。生物多样性与人类息息相关, 目标的制定将对人类社会的生产、消费等产生重大影响。由于《公约》机制和框架磋商的复杂性等多种原因, 仅极少数人完整地了解框架的内容和谈判进程。经过框架不限成员名额工作组(以下简称“OEWG”) 4次会议的磋商, 框架结构和要素已基本确定, 其中最受关注的是22个2030年行动目标, 包括减少对生物多样性的威胁(行动目标1‒8)、通过可持续利用和惠益分享来满足人的需求(行动目标9‒13)和执行工作和主流化的工具和解决方案(行动目标14‒22) 3个部分。本文介绍了OEWG第四次会议磋商的框架草案中行动目标的谈判进展, 对框架中30 × 30目标、资源调动等核心议题进行了分析, 从而为管理部门、科研机构、企业、社会组织、从事生物多样性教育和保护的广大工作者等社会各界了解全球生物多样性治理对国际经济秩序的重塑提供视角和方法上的参考, 从而更好地把握参与科技、贸易、投资、制造等领域国际竞争的环境政治动态与方向, 促进人与自然和谐共生, 共建地球生命共同体。

<p id="p00005"><strong>Aims and Methods: </strong>Nature-based solutions (NbS) is a hot synergy approach to address the global environmental challenges, such as biodiversity loss and climate change, but there are controversies surrounding the negotiation of relevant conventions. Here we reviewed the resolutions and decisions on NbS of the World Conservation Congress (WCC), the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA), and the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), as well as the formal statements of the main Parties. We aimed to analyze the major progress and challenges of NbS implementation at global and national levels, and to propose countermeasures based on China’s national conditions.</p> <p id="p00006"><strong>Review Results:</strong> By the active promotion of international organizations such as the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and Parties such as European Union and its member states, the WCC and the UNEA have made positive progress in defining NbS and creating standards. However, during the negotiation process related to the CBD and the UNFCCC, Parties have different views on the implementation of NbS to synergistically address biodiversity loss and climate change. The technical explanation is the lack of a concrete and universal definition of NbS and its pathways agreed to by all Parties. Other possible reasons are that large developing country Parties prevent developed country Parties from (1) restricting the exploitation of natural resources and development of biological industries by defining the pathways of NbS; (2) transitioning the responsibility for “mitigation” from the UNFCCC to the CBD and shifting it to biodiversity-rich developing countries; (3) blurring the boundaries between climate and biodiversity action and funding, and thus reducing the opportunities for developing countries to seek international public funding for biodiversity conservation. As an active practitioner of NbS, China has incorporated NbS into national policies related to addressing climate change, and has carried out NbS practices such as ecological protection and restoration for decades. However, these policies and practices mainly focused on domestic ecological and environmental issues, which still lag behind China’s leadership in the global environmental governance and the expectations of the international community.</p> <p id="p00007"><strong>Suggestions: </strong>In this regard, we suggest to (1) strengthen the cross-sectorial cooperation and improve the local NbS policies and practices; (2) promote the research of NbS pathways and define national standards; (3) carry out comprehensive evaluation of NbS to support natural financing and green trading; and (4) strengthen international exchanges and cooperation with NbS, balancing the concerns of all Parties.</p>

<p id="p00010"><strong>Background &#x00026; Aim:</strong> Finance-related issues have been the focus of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Financial mechanism and resource mobilization are recurring topics at each Conference of the Parties (COP) of CBD. As the funding issue relates to the political wills of the CBD parties, there are substantial disputes between developed and developing countries. As the largest developing country and the current president of CBD COP15, China plays a significant role in resource mobilization, which necessitates additional research. In this context, this paper discussed the central elements of the CBD’s financial issues, including public funding, funding efficiency and effectiveness, biodiversity-harmful incentives, and the participation of stakeholders.</p> <p id="p00015"><strong>Methods:</strong> We analyzed the major points of contention that arose during negotiations, including whether to emphasize multi-channel capital increase, whether to establish a new financial mechanism, whether to eliminate all biodiversity-harmful subsidies, and the specific financing goals.</p> <p id="p00020"><strong>Suggestions:</strong> We propose to increase government funding for biodiversity, improve the coordination amongst related departments, catalyze social funds by various financial tools, minimize biodiversity-related risks, improve information closure, maximize the role of market mechanisms and to develop innovative financing channels.</p>

资金议题一直是《生物多样性公约》关注的热点, 资金机制和资源调动也一直是每届缔约方大会(COP)的常设议题。然而由于资金问题涉及各方政治意愿, 发达国家和发展中国家间存在较大分歧。中国作为最大的发展中国家和COP15主席国, 在资源调动中扮演着重要角色, 需要对资金问题开展更多研究。在这种背景下, 本文阐述了公共资金投入、资金使用效率与效力、对生物多样性有害的资金投入、利益相关方的参与等《生物多样性公约》资金问题重点要素; 分析了是否强调多渠道增资、是否建立新的资金机制、是否取消全部生物多样性有害补贴、具体筹资目标等谈判主要分歧; 提出了加大生物多样性财政资金投入、加强相关部门间资金协同管理, 利用各类金融工具撬动社会资本的生物多样性投入, 降低生物多样性损害风险、加强生物多样性信息披露, 充分发挥市场机制作用、创新融资路径等建议, 以期为中国生物多样性资源调动提供参考。

可持续发展是我们时代的主题，也是人类面临的最大挑战.自20世纪70年代，尤其是近20年来，可持续发展的概念日益频繁地出现在学术文章、政府文件以及公益宣传和商业广告之中.然而，为可持续发展提供理论基础和实践指导的科学&mdash;&mdash;可持续性科学&mdash;&mdash;是在21世纪初才开始形成的.该科学在短短的十几年中迅速开拓、不断发展，正在形成其科学概念框架和研究体系.中国是世界大国，是可持续性科学的哲学思想&mdash;&mdash;&ldquo;天人合一&rdquo;&mdash;&mdash;的故乡，有必要承担起时代之重任，在追求&ldquo;中国梦&rdquo;的同时促进全球可持续发展，并积极参与进而引领可持续性科学的研究和实践.为了帮助实现这一宏伟而远大目标，本文拟对可持续性科学的基本概念、研究论题和发展前景作一概述.可持续性科学是研究人与环境之间动态关系&mdash;&mdash;特别是耦合系统的脆弱性、抗扰性、弹性和稳定性&mdash;&mdash;的整合型科学.它穿越自然科学和人文与社会科学，以环境、经济和社会的相互关系为核心，将基础性研究和应用研究融为一体.可持续发展的核心内容往往因时、因地、 因人而异.因此，可持续性科学必须注重多尺度研究，同时应特别关注 50到100年的时间尺度和景观以及区域的空间尺度. 景观和区域不但是最可操作的空间尺度，同时也是上通全球、下达局地的枢纽尺度.可持续性科学需要聚焦于生态系统服务和人类福祉的相互关系，进而探讨生物多样性和生态系统过程，以及气候变化、土地利用变化和其他社会经济驱动过程对这一关系的影响.我们认为，景观和可持续性是可持续性科学的核心研究内容，也将是可持续性科学在以后几十年的研究热点.

生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台(IPBES)的目标是加强科学政策对生物多样性和生态系统服务的影响。为了更好地理解和展示IPBES目标的基本要素及其相互关系, 在千年生态系统评估(MA)的基础上, IPBES融合多种知识体系, 不断完善、创新, 逐步形成了以&#x0201c;自然对人类的贡献&#x0201d; (NCP)为核心的概念框架。本文首先梳理了NCP的发展历程, 论述了NCP与生态系统服务的关系, 指出两者均关注人类福祉, 但与生态系统服务不同的是, NCP涵盖了自然对人类生活的消极影响, 强调社会文化因素、传统知识和土著居民的地位以及人与自然共同作用的重要性。其次, 本文阐述了人与自然共同实现NCP进而影响人类良好生活质量的机制, 并分析了NCP大幅下降的全球趋势, 提出世界各国应不断推动生物多样性保护主流化, 增加国际交流与合作, 致力实现&#x0201c;人与自然和谐共生&#x0201d;的2050年愿景。最后, 本文讨论了NCP在IPBES评估和《生物多样性公约》磋商谈判中的应用前景, 为今后NCP理论研究和实践提供科学支持。

<p id="C2"><strong>Background:</strong> The loss of global biological diversity represents a global common concern and a major challenge, while it is urgently needed to strengthen the global biodiversity governance and the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity. The review mechanism is a crucial agenda item with wide attention of the international community, and a multi-dimensional system has been preliminarily established to support the review of the implementation of the Convention, its protocols and other legal documents. <br><strong>Challenges:</strong> However, the review mechanism has been confronted by the lack of political wills of participation with enhanced accountability, insufficient national inputs, ineffectiveness of review results to enhance implementation, as well as lack of coordination among a proliferation of review tools, all of which constrain the completeness and effectiveness of the review. <br><strong>Purpose:</strong> This paper recaps the implementation mechanism of the Convention and outlines the major processes and contents of the review mechanism, followed by analysis of key obstacles. The paper further discusses and recommends strategic and technical steps to enhance the review mechanism of the Convention, in order to inform the implementation of the Convention, future development of the Convention and related research works.<br><strong>Recommendations:</strong> Our strategic recommendations include strengthening the review mechanism in the light of a comprehensive and balanced advancement of the entire Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, enabled by high-level political support, as well as by the mobilization of willingness and actions from all stakeholders, meanwhile providing necessary flexibility to developing country parties. On the technical side, it is suggested to further enhance national information reporting to be reviewed and to encourage wide participation of parties in facilitative reviews of implementation, complementing those assessment efforts made by party themselves. Meanwhile, information to be reviewed shall also be comprehensive and balanced, while it is also suggested to consider the global stock-take mechanism to support efforts by parties to close the implementation gaps and to enhance actions and ambitions.</p>

生物多样性丧失是全球共同面临的一项重大挑战, 强化《生物多样性公约》的执行是生物多样性全球治理当前面临的迫切问题, 而推进审查机制建设则是强化执行的一项重要议题, 引起国际社会高度关注。《生物多样性公约》框架下已初步建立起一套涉及多个维度的审查机制, 不断审查《生物多样性公约》及其有关议定书和其他法律文书的执行情况。然而, 审查机制面临着参与审查并强化问责的政治意愿尚显不足、国家信息投入有待加强、审查结论有待助力强化《生物多样性公约》执行、各类审查工具需加强统筹协调等主要问题, 由此也制约了审查工作的完善性和有效性。本文概述了《生物多样性公约》框架下的执行机制, 并重点梳理了审查机制的主要环节和内容, 分析了当前面临的主要障碍, 并就审查机制的进一步建设与强化提出建议, 以期为开展《生物多样性公约》履约与制度建设, 以及有关的研究工作提供参考。在战略层面, 本文认为应当在整体、全面和平衡地推进构建“2020年后全球生物多样性框架”的前提下推进《生物多样性公约》审查机制建设, 应当加强高层政治推动并调动各方行动意愿, 为发展中国家适用一定的和必要的灵活性; 在技术层面, 本文认为应当强化作为《生物多样性公约》审查机制前端的国家信息汇报, 应鼓励缔约方参与具有促进性的审查工作, 为国家自主评估执行情况提供重要补充, 并且审查内容也应当全面和平衡, 可以考虑采取全球盘点机制助力各方弥合执行差距并提升执行力度。