The mechanisms underlying interspecific variation in conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) are poorly understood. Using a multilevel modeling approach, we combined long-term seedling demographic data from a subtropical forest plot with soil fungal community data by means of DNA sequencing to address the feedback of various guilds of soil fungi on the density dependence of trees. We show that mycorrhizal type mediates tree neighborhood interactions at the community level, and much of the interspecific variation in CNDD is explained by how tree species differ in their fungal density accumulation rates as they grow. Species with higher accumulation rates of pathogenic fungi suffered more from CNDD, whereas species with lower CNDD had higher accumulation rates of ectomycorrhizal fungi, suggesting that mutualistic and pathogenic fungi play important but opposing roles.Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

<p id="p00010"><strong>Aims:</strong> The Oriental Stork (<i>Ciconia boyciana</i>) primarily breeds in the Far East of Russia and Northeast China. There are two main migratory populations wintering in China, the Yangtze River wintering population, with a migration distance of about 2,600 km, and the Bohai Bay wintering population, with a migration distance of about 1,500 km. This study was conducted to obtain the characteristics of migration strategies and wind utilization of wintering populations in Bohai Bay during spring and autumn migration. </p> <p id="p00015"><strong>Methods:</strong> Based on the satellite tracking data of 14 juveniles from 2016 to 2018, we compared differences in their autumn and spring migration patterns and studied the effects of wind speed and direction at 850 mb on migration speed of the Bohai Bay wintering population. </p> <p id="p00020"><strong>Results:</strong> The migration distances in spring and autumn were similar, and the tailwind conditions in spring (2.2 &#x000b1; 6.3 m/s) were significantly better than that in autumn (-2.4 &#x000b1; 4.1 m/s, <i>P</i> &lt; 0.05), leading to the daily flying speed in spring (280.4 &#x000b1; 62.0 km/d) being significantly faster than that in autumn (185.5 &#x000b1; 72.0 km/d, <i>P</i> &lt; 0.05), and the flight duration of the spring migration (5.9 &#x000b1; 2.9 d) was significantly shorter than that of the autumn migration (10.3 &#x000b1; 6.5 d). Furthermore, the stopover time in spring (5.4 &#x000b1; 9.7 d) was significantly shorter than that in autumn (17.8 &#x000b1; 18.2 d, <i>P</i> = 0.05). Based on the above two points, the migration duration in spring (11.2 &#x000b1; 8.7 d) was significantly shorter than that in autumn (28.0 &#x000b1; 21.2 d, <i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). </p> <p id="p00025"><strong>Conclusion:</strong> When migrating from/to Bohai Bay, the 14 juveniles used tailwinds to reach summering grounds faster in spring, and when they migrated headwinds in autumn, they flied slower and had longer flight and rest times. In conclusion, the Oriental Stork is a migratory soaring bird that primarily relies on thermal flow, while the tailwind also contributes to the migration success.</p>

东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)主要在俄罗斯远东和中国东北繁殖, 在中国主要有两个越冬群体(长江越冬群体, 迁徙距离约2,600 km; 渤海湾越冬群体, 迁徙距离约1,500 km)。本文基于2016-2018年的卫星追踪数据(N = 14), 分析了渤海湾越冬群体幼鸟春季和秋季的迁徙策略和利用风的方式, 总结了850 mb压力下风速和风向对日迁徙飞行速度的影响。该群体春秋两季迁徙距离相似, 但春季的顺风条件(2.2 &#x000b1; 6.3 m/s)显著优于秋季的逆风条件(-2.4 &#x000b1; 4.1 m/s, P &lt; 0.05), 这使得春季迁徙飞行速度(280.4 &#x000b1; 62.0 km/d)显著快于秋季(185.5 &#x000b1; 72.0 km/d, P &lt; 0.05), 春季迁徙飞行时间(5.9 &#x000b1; 2.5 d)显著短于秋季(10.3 &#x000b1; 6.5 d, P &lt; 0.05); 同时, 春季停歇时间(5.4 &#x000b1; 9.7 d)短于秋季(17.8 &#x000b1; 18.2 d, P = 0.05)。基于以上原因, 东方白鹳春季迁徙持续时间(11.2 &#x000b1; 8.7 d)显著短于秋季(28.0 &#x000b1; 21.2 d, P &lt; 0.05)。渤海湾越冬群体幼鸟迁徙时, 春季利用顺风更快到达度夏地, 秋季逆风迁徙, 迁徙飞行速度慢, 迁徙飞行时间和停歇时间长。因此, 东方白鹳迁徙时虽然主要利用上升热气流翱翔, 但顺风也是其成功迁徙的有利因素。

A typical plant community that reflects the basic community characteristics of a vegetation classification unit can be designated as the standard for describing a distinct vegetation type. The Steppe and Desert Biodiversity Observation Network of Sino BON aims to establish a series of typical plant community plots for long-term biodiversity observations using standardized methods. This paper emphasizes the importance of plant community observations for the study of biodiversity, defines the concept of a typical plant community, and introduces a system of typical plant community observations including the framework, primary observations, methods, parameters, and predictable output.

&#x0201c;模式群落&#x0201d;是指能够反映某种植被分类单元基本特征, 并可作为准确描述该植被类型&#x0201c;标准&#x0201d;的典型植物群落。中国生物多样性监测网络&#x02014;&#x02014;草原/荒漠植物多样性监测网旨在统一监测方法和技术规范的基础上, 在草原/荒漠植被主要群系分布的典型地段建立模式植物群落监测固定样方, 定期复查, 长期监测草原和荒漠的植物多样性变化。文章强调了典型植物群落监测是生物多样性监测的重要组成部分, 阐述了模式群落的概念, 介绍了草原/荒漠植物多样性监测网的总体思路和布局, 以及主要监测内容、方法、指标和预期产出。

A prominent tree species coexistence mechanism suggests host-specific natural enemies inhibit seedling recruitment at high conspecific density (negative conspecific density dependence). Natural-enemy-mediated conspecific density dependence affects numerous tree populations, but its strength varies substantially among species. Understanding how conspecific density dependence varies with species' traits and influences the dynamics of whole communities remains a challenge. Using a three-year manipulative community-scale experiment in a temperate forest, we show that plant-associated fungi, and to a lesser extent insect herbivores, reduce seedling recruitment and survival at high adult conspecific density. Plant-associated fungi are primarily responsible for reducing seedling recruitment near conspecific adults in ectomycorrhizal and shade-tolerant species. Insects, in contrast, primarily inhibit seedling recruitment of shade-intolerant species near conspecific adults. Our results suggest that natural enemies drive conspecific density dependence in this temperate forest and that which natural enemies are responsible depends on the mycorrhizal association and shade tolerance of tree species.

Amphibians and reptiles are important indicator species of ecosystem health, and they are sensitive to environmental changes and are often regarded as critical “early warning systems”. Many of their populations are undergoing rapid decline and therefore a long-term monitoring system is imperative to identify immediate threats to the animals. Monitoring program on Chinese amphibians began in the Zoige wetlands in 1997. Since 2000, a great number of monitoring studies of amphibians and reptiles have been carried out in mountains of Southwest China, Taiwan, and other regions with rich biodiversity. In 2011, the Ministry of Environmental Protection officially launched the “Amphibian Observation Initiative of China” program, which expanded regional programs to country-wide using both qualitative and quantitative methods to collect amphibian biodiversity data across long-term temporal scales. From an ecosystem viewpoint, long-term monitoring studies should include not only species distribution, richness, and population structure, but also population growth, key life-history traits, species interactions (e.g., predation, competition, and mutualism), community structure, and other dynamic factors. The program “Monitoring and Research of Amphibians and Reptiles in Key Areas of China” will cover 22 key areas with rich biodiversity and high habitat heterogeneity across China. As part of the Chinese Biodiversity Monitoring and Research Network (Sino BON), this program aims to combine intensive field surveys and ecological modeling techniques to evaluate population dynamics and community structures of amphibian and reptile species in the study areas.

两栖爬行动物是良好的环境指示物种, 是环境变化的早期预警系统之一, 目前正经历着全球范围的种群快速下降和物种灭绝。为了观测和研究物种及种群下降或灭绝的态势和机制, 亟需对我国两栖爬行动物多样性开展长期监测和研究。在中国, 对两栖爬行动物的监测研究始于1997年对若尔盖湿地两栖动物的监测。此后, 两栖爬行动物监测率先在西南山地、台湾等生物多样性丰富地区开展起来。2011年, 在借鉴美国和英国的两栖爬行动物监测计划的基础上, 环境保护部启动了&#x0201c;两栖类示范观测项目&#x0201d;, 初步实现了由点到面、由定性到定量、由静态向动态的突破。因为单一类群的监测仅代表生态系统的基本组成, 而从生态系统角度考量, 必须深入研究生态系统的结构(食物网中各类群的捕食、竞争、共生等种间关系)和动态(各类群的生长、繁殖、种群波动和致危因素等)。因此, 作为中国生物多样性监测与研究网络(Sino BON)的重要组成部分, &#x0201c;中国关键地区两栖爬行动物监测与研究专项网&#x0201d;项目将在22个生物多样性关键地区对典型生态系统中的两栖爬行动物组成、种群动态和结构进行长期监测与研究, 构建生态模型, 探讨两栖爬行动物的种群现状、群落结构及其动态趋势和相关机制, 制定和不断完善我国两栖爬行动物应对未来环境变化的保护和管理对策。

Soil microbial diversity has not been extensively observed due to technique limitations. With the development of the high-throughput sequencing technique and bioinformatics, much progress has been made in observations of microbial diversity. Currently, international microbiome initiatives have been founded (including the Earth Microbial Project). However, problems in these projects include a lack of dynamic observations, differences in observational methods, and data integration. The soil microbial observation network (SMON) is an important part of the Chinese Biodiversity Monitoring and Research Network (Sino BON). The observational network initially selected field observation sites in forest ecosystems along a temperature and precipitation gradient from south to north, in grassland ecosystems along a precipitation transect from east to west, and in typical wetland and agricultural ecosystems in China. Field ecological observation stations have been established in these selected ecosystems. Key tasks for the SMON are to observe spatial and temporal dynamics of soil microbial communities and functional genes in various ecosystems, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and lichens. Observational data will be published periodically in the format of database, annals, and illustrated handbooks. Key methods used in the SMON are high- throughput sequencing, metagenomics, and bioinformatics. A soil biota database is currently being constructed to store observational data for public inquiry and analysis. Through the efforts of SMON, we plan to explore the driving mechanisms of spatial and temporal variations of soil microbial communities and their functional genes, and understand the relationships between microbial diversity and ecosystem function, in order to predict microbial dynamics under global environmental change scenarios, and to design strategies to protect soil microbial diversity and properly utilize microbial resources.

土壤微生物多样性研究是整个生态系统研究中最薄弱的环节之一。高通量测序技术和生物信息学方法的快速发展极大地促进了土壤微生物多样性监测研究的深度和广度。目前世界范围内已经开展了一些综合的微生物多样性研究计划, 如地球微生物计划。这些计划存在的主要问题是缺少动态的监测、研究方法不统一、数据整合困难等。中国土壤微生物多样性监测网(Soil Microbial Observation Network, SMON)是中国生物多样性监测与研究网络(Chinese Biodiversity Monitoring and Research Network, Sino BON)的重要组成部分, 本文中我们对该监测网的建设提出了一些思考。在监测布局上建议选择我国南北水热梯度下的森林生态系统、东西降雨梯度下的草原生态系统、典型湿地生态系统及重要农田生态系统, 同时依托现已建成的生物多样性监测网络观测点或大样地, 布设监测样点, 利用现代环境基因组学和生物信息学技术, 重点围绕土壤微生物群落和功能基因组的组成与多样性, 开展长期定点的动态监测。监测的结果将以名录、数据集或图鉴的形式发布, 包括中国典型生态系统中土壤细菌、古菌、真菌与地衣、土壤宏基因组和重要功能基因的组成和多样性等数据, 同时建设土壤生物大数据平台, 达到监测数据的储存、查询、分析、下载、成图的功能。通过土壤微生物多样性监测, 将阐明我国重要森林、草地、湿地、农田生态系统中土壤微生物组成、多样性、功能基因的时空变化特征和驱动机制, 建立土壤微生物多样性变化与生态系统功能的关系及相关的模型, 预测全球环境条件变化下土壤微生物的演变规律, 为土壤微生物多样性资源的保护和利用提供科学依据。

In recent years, the establishment of biodiversity observation networks (BON) has been of great concern. The global scale GEO-BON (Global Earth Observation—Biodiversity Observation Network), regional EBONE (European Biodiversity Observation Network) and AP BON (Asia-Pacific BON), and local networks such as the J-BON (Japanese BON) and French BON have been successful. The introduction of Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBV) has laid a theoretical foundation for biodiversity observations. The fish biodiversity observation theory is embedded in the EBV, and includes work at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. Originally designed for fish monitoring, the index of biotic integrity (IBI) has become the most popular index, and emphasizes the identification of different ecological functional groups, which can reflect changes in community structure and function. Fish diversity survey methods include both traditional nets and modern instruments such as a hydroacoustic sonar system. Analysis of monitoring data can be completed as simple comparisons of various indices, modeling long term trends to identify change-points, and exploring ecological regime shifts. As a part of the Chinese Biodiversity Monitoring and Research Network (Sino BON)—Inland Water Fish is designed to conduct fish monitoring work in 8 major drainage basins in China including the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, the Heilongjiang River, the Zhujiang River, the Lancang River, the Nujiang (Salween) River, the Tarim River, and the Qinhaihu Lake. A total of 25 focused areas and 24 targeted species (groups) have been selected as sampling sites and crucial indicators, respectively, and monitoring variables including community structure, population structure and dynamics, biological traits, genetic diversity, and fish early resources.

近年来, 生物多样性监测网络的建设得到广泛重视, 全球、地区或国家生物多样性观测网不断组建。生物多样性观测的理论框架得到发展, 提出了生物多样性核心监测指标(Essential Biodiversity Variables, EBV)。鱼类多样性监测的理论框架包含于生物多样性核心监测指标之内, 在遗传、物种、生态系统等多层次进行。基于鱼类监测提出的生物完整性指数(index of biotic integrity, IBI)强调不同物种的生态功能, 可以综合反映群落结构和功能的变化, 得到广泛应用。鱼类多样性的监测方法是传统网具和现代水声学等方法的结合。监测结果的分析可以进行简单的指数比较, 也可以进行长期的趋势分析, 寻找关键节点, 探讨宏观生态格局的变化。中国内陆水体鱼类多样性监测网隶属于中国生物多样性监测与研究网络, 拟选取长江、黄河、黑龙江、珠江、澜沧江、怒江、塔里木河及青海湖8大流域, 对25个重要区域和24个重点物种(类群)进行监测, 从重要区域鱼类群落结构、重点物种(类群)种群动态和个体生物学特征、遗传多样性、早期资源等不同层次, 全面监测我国内陆水体鱼类生物多样性状况。

, is described from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, representing the first record of the family Plokiophilidae from China. The new species also represents the first record of the genus in the Oriental Region, a second zoogeographical region besides the Afrotropical Region. Photographs of the live individuals inhabiting a spider web within natural habitats, male and female habitus, wings of adult, male genitalic structures, female abdomen structures and scanning electron micrographs of forewing, head, thorax and legs are provided. A key to all known species of is presented, with a distribution map.Jiuyang Luo, Yanqiong Peng, Qiang Xie.

While many avian populations follow narrow, well-defined "migratory corridors," individuals from other populations undertake highly divergent individual migration routes, using widely dispersed stopover sites en route between breeding and wintering areas, although the reasons for these differences are rarely investigated. We combined individual GPS-tracked migration data from Mongolian-breeding common shelduck and remote sensing datasets, to investigate habitat selection at inland stopover sites used by these birds during dispersed autumn migration, to explain their divergent migration patterns. We used generalized linear mixed models to investigate population-level resource selection, and generalized linear models to investigate stopover-site-level resource selection. The population-level model showed that water recurrence had the strongest positive effect on determining birds' occupancy at staging sites, while cultivated land and grassland land cover type had strongest negative effects; effects of other land cover types were negative but weaker, particularly effects of water seasonality and presence of a human footprint, which were positive but weak or non-significant, respectively. Although stopover-site-level models showed variable resource selection patterns, the variance partitioning and cross-prediction AUC scores corroborated high inter-individual consistency in habitat selection at inland stopover sites during the dispersed autumn migration. These results suggest that the geographically widespread distribution (and generally rarity) of suitable habitats explained the spatially divergent autumn migrations of Mongolian breeding common shelduck, rather than the species showing flexible autumn staging habitat occupancy.© The Author(s) (2019). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Editorial Office, Current Zoology.

The management and restoration of forest biodiversity is strongly dependent on information regarding biodiversity monitoring. The design of a monitoring network consists of monitoring objects and variables, an effective sampling strategy, data collection and analyses, network maintenance, and organization. Firstly, we reviewed the roles of these components in designing an effective monitoring network. We then introduced five large biodiversity networks, namely, GEO BON (Group on Earth Observations-Biodiversity Observation Network), ForestGEO (Forest Global Earth Observatory), TEAM (Tropical Ecology Assessment and Monitoring Network), Pan-European Forest Monitoring Network, and RAINFOR (Amazonian Forest Inventory Network). Finally, we reviewed the history of Chinese forest biodiversity monitoring, and put forward the aims, monitoring variables and methods, and sampling strategy for forests in the Chinese Biodiversity Monitoring Network. Chinese forest biodiversity monitoring was based on a national forest resource inventory and long-term research of forests ecosystem from 1970s to 1980s. Regulations and methods of biodiversity monitoring were defined during the establishment and operation of the Chinese Forest Biodiversity Monitoring Networks (Sino BON-CForBio). Sino BON-CForBio has important achievements in biodiversity monitoring and maintenance. The planning aims of Sino BON-CForBio include: (1) to study biodiversity maintenance mechanisms of typical zonal forests, (2) to monitor trends of forest biodiversity change and to explore mechanisms at the national scale, and (3) to study the effects of biodiversity change based on manipulation experiments. Results will provide scientific foundations for management and restoration of forest biodiversity. The framework and sampling strategy of Sino BON-CForBio are based on the regionalization of forest vegetation. The framework for Sino BON-CForBio includes four levels of forest biodiversity monitoring. We will integrate essential biodiversity variables and indicators of conventional forest surveys as monitoring variables for Sino BON-CForBio. Sino BON-CForBio aims to establish forest biodiversity monitoring networks at the national scale and will continue to explore mechanisms of biodiversity maintenance and the effects of biodiversity change. In addition, Sino BON-CForBio will monitor the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation and validate the mechanisms of biodiversity change for key ecological conservation projects.

中国森林生物多样性保护和恢复措施的制订依赖于生物多样性的监测信息。设计一个有效的生物多样性监测网络是一项复杂的系统工程。监测网络的设计框架可分为监测目标、监测对象、监测指标、取样策略、数据采集和处理、网络维护以及组织工作等几个部分。目前, 国际上已有5个得到广泛认可的生物多样性监测网络, 包括地球观测组织-生物多样性监测网络、全球森林监测网络、热带生态评估与监测网络、泛欧洲森林监测网络和亚马逊森林清查网络, 它们的监测目标、监测内容和方法、样地布局及部分监测成果各有特色。我们试图在全国生物多样性监测、森林资源清查和森林生态系统定位研究的基础上, 通过网络布局、建设和运行, 形成中国森林生物多样性监测网(Chinese Forest Biodiversity Monitoring Network, Sino BON-CForBio)及其监测规范体系。该网络的科学目标是, 在全国尺度上研究不同典型地带性森林的生物多样性维持机制、监测森林生物多样性变化并阐明其机理、研究生物多样性变化的效应。该网络布局以《中国植被区划》中的森林植被区划成果作为顶层设计和监测样地选择的核心依据, 设计了4个层级的监测系统; 其监测指标体系以生物多样性核心指标为主, 并结合我国传统森林群落调查方法进行拓展; 预期建成国家水平上的森林生物多样性监测网络, 阐明森林生物多样性维持机制和生物多样性变化的效应, 同时对重大生态保护工程的生物多样性保护效果进行有效性监测和验证型监测。

The important roles of soil fauna diversity and associated indicative functions of environment changes have received increasing attention from both academic circles and government decision makers. This paper summarizes the current situation of soil fauna monitoring in developed countries and related work in China. We introduce the objectives and structure of the thematic monitoring network of soil fauna diversity (TMNSFD), and highlighted some aspects that need attention. The TMNSFD proposed to establish permanent monitoring plots within forest plots established by Chinese Forest Biodiversity Monitoring Network for monitoring soil fauna including earthworms, mites, springtails, nematodes and protists. During the years 2016-2020, TMNSFD may choose typical forest ecosystems as priority ecosystems for soil fauna monitoring, which cover temperate forest ecosystems (including broadleaved Korean pine mixed forests in Changbaishan, Jilin Province and warm temperate deciduous broadleaved forests in Donglingshan, Beijing), subtropical forest ecosystems (including typical subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests in Gutianshan, Zhejiang Province, lower subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests in Dinghushan, Guangdong Province, and north subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests in Dujiangyan, Sichuan Province), tropical forest ecosystems (tropical rainforests in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province and Jianfengling, Hainan Province), as well as mountainous dark coniferous forests in Liziping, Sichuan Province. By 2030, TMNSFD soil fauna monitoring plots may cover various ecosystems including forests, grasslands, wetlands, deserts, farmland, urban areas and other typical ecosystems in different regions of China. TMNSFD emphasizes the value of applied molecular biology technology, unified monitoring methods, and manipulation experiments to simulate the effects of global change on soil fauna during the processes of monitoring. We propose monitoring soil fauna diversity once every 5 years in established monitoring plots. The objective of TMNSFD is to provide reliable and integrated data of soil fauna diversity via the establishment of standard monitoring methods and a data-sharing network at the national level, which could support the development of ecological civilization in China.

土壤动物多样性变化及其对环境的指示作用已被学术界和政府决策部门高度关注。本文从土壤动物多样性监测的重要性及面临的挑战、国内外土壤动物多样性监测概况等方面进行了评述, 提出了未来、尤其是2016-2020年我国土壤动物多样性监测的目标、站点布局、样地设置、监测类群和指标等, 并讨论了在制定土壤动物多样性监测方案时需考虑的问题, 有助于在全国开展多点化土壤动物多样性及分布状况的监测工作, 建立标准统一、数据共享的土壤动物监测网, 提供完整的、可信的监测数据, 为国家生态文明建设提供科技支撑。

As the most direct and active ecological interface of the interaction between forest and its environment, the forest canopy, known as the earth’s “eighth continent”, contains the greatest forest biological diversity, and plays an important role in the formation and maintenance of biodiversity as well as the processes and functions of the ecosystem. However, the forest canopy is highly sensitive to global climate change and human disturbance. In the wake of increasing human activities and global climate change, the forest ecosystem, especially the forest canopy, is facing a serious threat. Therefore, protection of forest canopy biodiversity and sustainable utilization are increasingly important issues in modern ecology research under the scenarios of climate change, and have gained more and more attention in the fields of forest ecology, climatology, and environmental science. Accordingly, in 2015, the Chinese Forest Canopy Biodiversity Monitoring Network was created within the framework of Sino BON. This network includes biodiversity monitoring plots those were or will be equipped with forest canopy cranes. According to international standards, the network will unify monitoring parameters of forest canopy biodiversity using monitoring standards and norms, and conduct long-term monitoring of plant diversity (including epiphytic seed plants and epispore plants), fauna diversity, microbial diversity and their dynamic changes, through large scale zonal forest canopies. Combined with monitoring of the microclimate, we will build four dynamic databases (including a forest canopy microclimate database, canopy plant, canopy arthropod, and canopy microbial). The network is expected to discern the change patterns of forest canopy biodiversity of typical forest ecosystems in China, and to reveal how they influence the functioning of forest ecosystems and respond to global change.

林冠作为森林与外界环境相互作用最直接和最活跃的关键生态界面, 承载了森林生物多样性的主体, 在生物多样性的形成与维持以及生态系统功能过程中发挥着重要的作用, 被称为地球的&#x0201c;第八大洲&#x0201d;。同时, 林冠对气候变化和人为干扰高度敏感, 在人类活动和全球气候变化加剧的背景下, 森林生态系统正面临着严重的威胁, 首当其冲的就是森林冠层。气候变化下的林冠生物多样性保护与可持续利用已成为现代生态学研究的热点问题, 受到森林生态学、气候学、环境科学等研究领域的学者越来越多的关注。据此, 中国生物多样性监测与研究网络以网络内拥有森林冠层塔吊的生物多样性监测样地为平台, 建立了林冠生物多样性监测专项网。该专项网将参照国际标准, 统一监测指标, 规范监测标准, 通过大尺度地带性森林冠层内植物(包括附生种子植物和附生孢子植物)多样性、动物多样性、微生物多样性及其动态变化的长期监测, 结合林冠小气候环境特征监测, 建立林冠小环境特征、植物多样性、节肢动物多样性和微生物多样性等4个动态更新的数据库, 以阐明我国典型森林林冠生物多样性变化的规律, 揭示其对森林生态系统功能过程的影响和对全球变化的响应。

Tracking seasonally changing resources is regarded as a widespread proximate mechanism underpinning animal migration. Migrating herbivores, for example, are hypothesized to track seasonal foliage dynamics over large spatial scales. Previous investigations of this green wave hypothesis involved few species and limited geographical extent, and used conventional correlation that cannot disentangle alternative correlated effects. Here, we introduce stochastic simulations to test this hypothesis using 222 individual spring migration episodes of 14 populations of ten species of geese, swans and dabbling ducks throughout Europe, East Asia, and North America. We find that the green wave cannot be considered a ubiquitous driver of herbivorous waterfowl spring migration, as it explains observed migration patterns of only a few grazing populations in specific regions. We suggest that ecological barriers and particularly human disturbance likely constrain the capacity of herbivorous waterfowl to track the green wave in some regions, highlighting key challenges in conserving migratory birds.

Mammals are key indicators for biodiversity conservation and management due to their high diversity, wide distribution range, and sensitivity to habitat changes. Recently launched by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Mammal Diversity Monitoring Network of Sino BON (Sino BON-Mammal) is a key member of the Biodiversity Monitoring Networks of Sino BON for the monitoring and inventory of terrestrial mammal resources in China. Firstly, this paper reviews several major advances in terrestrial mammal diversity observations in both China and other parts of the world. We then provide an overview of Sino BON-Mammal, including the major scientific goals, monitoring framework, methods, and data products. In addition, we also summarize some working advances of the Mammal Diversity Observation Network of Sino BON since 2011. This overview will be helpful for the development of national observation programs of mammal diversity in China.

兽类类群和物种多样, 分布范围广, 适应于多种生境类型, 对栖息地变化特别敏感, 是生物多样性保护管理与评价的关键指示类群。中国兽类多样性监测网是由中国科学院近年来推动建立的中国生物多样性监测与研究网络的专项网之一, 重点对分布于我国境内的陆生兽类物种多样性及资源进行监测与研究。针对当前我国兽类监测研究面临的三大根本任务(兽类物种有什么? 在哪里? 有多少?), 当务之急是应尽快建立和完善我国兽类各类群的监测技术规范, 制定常态监测计划, 全面建设全国性的兽类多样性监测网络技术体系和监测数据公共信息平台。本文在总结国内外兽类监测研究的基础上, 提出了我国陆生兽类多样性监测网的建设规划, 重点介绍该监测网的科学目标、布局、监测技术和监测数据产品等。本文也总结了近年来我国陆生兽类多样性监测网建设所取得的重要进展及存在的问题, 为全面推动我国兽类多样性联网监测明确发展方向。

<p id="C3"><strong>Aims:</strong> Gaoligong is located in northwest Yunnan, a mountainous biodiversity hotspot in Southwest China. In this region, insect diversity has not been systematically investigated or summarized. <br> <strong>Methods:</strong> We focused on investigating butterfly diversity using a 1-km transect method at different altitudes, habitats and seasons in Gaoligong region. <br> <strong>Results:</strong> A total of 2,055 butterflies were recorded, belonging to 5 families, 85 genera, and 151 species. Of these, 27 species were recorded for the first time, increasing the total number of recorded butterfly species in Gaoligong to 488 species. Among the five families, the Nymphalidae had the highest species diversity, followed by Lycaenidae, while Hesperiidae had the lowest. The species diversity of butterflies showed the greatest abundance and highest richness at the 1,000-2,000 m altitude. At low elevations species were concentrated, and there was little overlap of species with those at higher elevations. The species and individuals of butterflies in different habitats were also different, the diversity was higher in the nature reserve, followed by the ecotone, and was lowest in the farm area. Additionally, diversity and abundance varied seasonally, with the lowest abundance observed in spring and the lowest diversity in summer, both diversity and abundance were the highest in autumns of two years, but exhibited intra-seasonal variation. Overall, the community composition of butterflies had distinct characteristics at different altitudes, habitats and seasons, only a few species were shared between communities and the community similarity of butterflies was found to be low. The butterflies were comprehensively evaluated in Gaoligong region, including 17 vulnerable species, 50 near-threatened species, and 3 species that were listed as second class protection animals in China. <br> <strong>Conclusion:</strong> This study systematically identified the species of butterflies in Gaoligong region, and obtained the diversity pattern of butterfly communities within different altitudes, habitats and seasons. The results will provide the scientific basis for strengthening regional species monitoring and biodiversity conservation.</p>

位于滇西北的高黎贡山是全球生物多样性研究和保护的热点地区之一, 然而该地区昆虫多样性缺乏系统调查和总结。本研究聚焦蝴蝶类群, 考虑该区域高山峡谷特点, 结合海拔梯度、生境类型和季节变化, 采用样线法调查、分析蝴蝶物种多样性及群落结构变化。结果显示: 共观测记录到蝴蝶2,055只, 隶属于5科85属151种, 在历史记录上新增27种, 使该地区已知蝴蝶种类达488种; 其中蛱蝶科物种多样性最高, 灰蝶科次之, 凤蝶科最低。蝴蝶群落多样性分析结果表明: 中海拔1,000-2,000 m区域种类丰富、多样性指数最高; 低海拔区蝴蝶分布明显聚集, 并且与高海拔地区空间上分离, 少有重叠。该地区不同生境中蝴蝶的种类及数量差异也较大, 物种数及多样性指数在自然保护区最高、边缘交错带居中及农业种植区最低。此外, 蝴蝶的种类和数量也存在季节差异, 春季调查到的个体数少, 夏季观察到的物种数少, 两年秋季调查到的物种丰富度、多样性均高, 但存在季节内变化。总之, 高黎贡山地区不同海拔、生境、季节间和季节内蝴蝶群落组成有自身特点, 共存物种有限, 蝴蝶群落相似性低。综合评估分布于该地区的蝴蝶保护种类, 包括易危种17种、近危种50种, 有国家二级保护蝴蝶3种。本研究弄清了高黎贡山地区蝴蝶的物种本底, 并调查获得其多样性随海拔、生境和季节变化的模式, 为加强区域物种多样性监测、保护生物多样性提供了科学依据。

Latitudinal gradients provide opportunities to better understand soil fungal community assembly and its relationship with vegetation, climate, soil and ecosystem function. Understanding the mechanisms underlying community assembly is essential for predicting compositional responses to changing environments. We quantified the relative importance of stochastic and deterministic processes in structuring soil fungal communities using patterns of community dissimilarity observed within and between twelve natural forests and related these to environmental variation within and among sites. The results revealed that whole fungal communities and communities of arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal fungi consistently exhibited divergent patterns but with less divergence for ectomycorrhizal fungi at most sites. Within those forests, no clear relationships were observed between the degree of divergence within fungal and plant communities. When comparing communities at larger spatial scales, among the twelve forests, we observed distinct separation in all three fungal groups among tropical, subtropical and temperate climatic zones. Soil fungal β-diversity patterns between forests were also greater when comparing forests exhibiting high environmental heterogeneity. Taken together, although large-scale community turnover could be attributed to specific environmental drivers, the differences among fungal communities in soils within forests was high even at local scales.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.